Asphalt roof shingle installation procedures: good workmanship
Asphalt shingle installation temperature
Asphalt roof shingle sealing methods
Asphalt shingle nailing spacing and locations
Asphalt roof shingle course offset requirements
Low slope and steep slope limits for asphalt shingles
Asphalt shingle roof flashing at eaves & skylights
Best practices for roofing material installation, flashing, ventilation, nailing, underlayment
Questions & answers about the best practices to follow when installing asphalt shingle roofing.
This article discusses best roofing practices for the installation of asphalt roof shingles, including installation temperature, shingle sealing methods, shingle course offsets, asphalt shingle nailing location and specifications, low slope and steep slope limits for asphalt shingles, and roof flashing at building eaves and around skylights. This article series discusses best practices in the selection and installation of residential roofing.
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers nor with topics or services discussed at this website.
Installation Temperature Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
Ideally, shingles should be
installed at temperatures ranging from 40°F to 85°F.
Below 40°F, shingles are brittle and crack easily when
hammered or bent. Above 85°F, it is easy to tear the shingles
or mar the granular coating. In hot temperatures,
roofers often start very early in the morning and break at
midday. In cold temperatures, it is best to store the shingles
in a heated enclosure until they are installed.
Manual Sealing Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
Details about the sealing recommendations from asphalt shingle roofing experts are atWIND DAMAGE to ROOFS including an exhaustive review of the argument around whether or not one should remove the cellophane strips from the back of asphalt roof shingles before they are installed [basically, no provided they are secure and in place].
Here is what the GAF Materials Corporation, Grand Timberline™ Premium Architectural Shingle Application Instructions say about the glue strips and cellophane. You'll note that we are to leave the cellophane in place, but if site conditions (high wind) require immediate shingle sealing, an extra step, using additional shingle tab adhesive, is permitted.
WIND RESISTANCE/HAND SEALING: These shingles have a special thermal sealant that
firmly bonds the shingles together after application when exposed to sun and warm temperatures.
Shingles installed in Fall or Winter may not seal until the following Spring. If shingles are damaged
by winds before sealing or are not exposed to adequate surface temperatures, or if the self sealant gets dirty, the shingles may never seal. Failure to seal under these circumstances results from the nature of self-sealing shingles and is not a manufacturing defect.
To insure immediate sealing, apply 4 quarter-sized dabs of shingle tab adhesive on the back of
the shingle 1" (25mm) and 13" (330mm) in from each side and 1" (25mm) up from bottom of the
shingle. Press shingle firmly into the adhesive. For maximum wind resistance along rakes, cement
shingles to underlayment and each other in a 4" (102mm) width of asphalt plastic roof cement.
NOTE: Excess tab adhesive can cause blistering of the shingle. [The company is referring to the use of additional roof shingle adhesive, not the factory-applied glue strip. Also see BLISTERS on ASPHALT SHINGLES -- InspectAPedia]. The film strips on the back of each shingle are to prevent sticking together of the shingles while in the bundle and to keep dirt and debris out of the adhesive material so that after installation the adhesive will work. Their removal is NOT required during application.
In cold climates, the asphalt shingle sealant strip may
not set up properly and may require manual sealing.
For
three-tab shingles, place two quarter-size spots of plastic
roof cement under the lower corners of each tab (as shown
in Figure 2-7).
With laminated shingles, place four to six
quarter-sized dots, spaced evenly, about one inch above
the bottom of the overlapping shingle.
Our page top photo shows the standard sealant strips found on asphalt shingles, in this case a GAF® product we photographed at a Home Depot® store.
Details about the sealing recommendations from asphalt shingle roofing experts are at WIND DAMAGE to ROOFS.
Starter Course Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
After the underlayment and drip edge
are installed, a starter course of asphalt shingles, with the
tabs removed, is nailed along the eaves so its sealant strip
seals down the first course.
Offsets Between Shingle Courses, Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
Successive courses are typically offset 6 inches
(half a tab) on a 36-inch shingle in a stepped fashion,
making cutouts align every other course and butt joints
align every seventh course (Figure 2-8).
For a more random
pattern where cutouts align only every eighth course,
offset shingles only five inches.
Both of these patterns
effectively resist leakage, but the 5-inch offset may provide
longer wear since water will not be channeled down
the cutouts thereby eroding the stone topping.
Shingle Laddering Not Recommended
As we discuss in detail at LADDERING & STAIR STEPPING SHINGLES, For ease of installation some roofers install shingles
straight up the roof, staggering shingles 6 inches or
18 inches back and forth (Figure 2-9).
Since this lines up
butt joints every other course, this is considered a less watertight
roof and may leak under extreme situations, such
as windblown rain on a low pitch.
Ladder style application of asphalt roof shingles is not recommended
by any roofing manufacturers. Manufacturers also claim
that shingle color patterns may create splotches or stripes
if laid this way.
Fastening (Nailing) Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
The preferred fastener is galvanized roofing
nails with a minimum 12-gauge shank and head diameter
of at least
3/8 inch. Although staples are allowed in some
jurisdictions, they do not provide the same holding power.
Both nails and staples should be long enough to penetrate
the roof sheathing by
3/4 inch or penetrate
1/4 inch through the
sheathing if it is less than
3/4 inch thick.
Fasteners should
be driven straight and flush with the shingle surface
(Figure 2-10 above).
Overdriven nails or staples can cut into the
shingle or crack it in cold weather.
Fastener Location Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs - Where Do the Shingle Nails or Shingle Staples Go?
Standard shingle nailing for three-tab
shingles is four nails per shingle, about 1 inch in from either
end and one over each slot.
Shingle nail placement should follow
manufacturers specs, which typically require nailing or
stapling just below the sealant strip (Figure 2-11 at left).
Nailing the roof shingle too high can allow wind to get under the shingles.
Nailing the roof shingle too low will expose nails to the weather and
to view from below.
Nailing the shingle through the sealant strip can
interfere with sealing.
Shingle Nailing in Areas of High winds
For areas subjected to high winds,
use six nails as shown in Figure 2-11 or add two
dabs of sealant at the bottom of each tab (as
discussed at WIND DAMAGE to ROOFS and as shown in Figure 2-7).
Also special wind-rated
shingles with heavier sealing strips are available
by special order and may be required in some
jurisdictions.
Nailing Requirements for Laminated or Architectural Asphalt Roof Shingles
Use 4 or 6 roofing nails in architectural shingles, as shown here.
With laminated asphalt roof shingles,
standard nailing is four fasteners spaced equidistant
as shown in Figure 2-12, or six fasteners equidistant
for heavy-duty installations.
It is important that
fasteners go in the designated nail area where they
will penetrate both laminations.
Nailing a laminated or architectural asphalt roof shingle too high will leave the bottom lamination loose and subject
to slipping out of place.
Low Slope Roof Specifications for Asphalt Shingle Roofs: Special Procedures
Asphalt shingles can be installed on roof slopes of 2:12 to
4:12 if special procedures are followed for underlayment
(see details at OOFING UNDERLAYMENT BEST PRACTICES or see comments on page 54 in the printed text Best Practices Guide). Eaves flashing to a point
at least 24 inches inside the interior wall is recommended
if there is any possibility of ice dams or water backup from
leaves or pine needles.
A conservative approach is to run
self-adhering bituminous membrane over the entire low slope
area. Once the underlayment is complete, shingles
are installed in the standard fashion. In cold weather, manual
sealing may be required as wind uplift will be greater
on shallow roofs (see manual sealing discussed at “WIND DAMAGE to ROOFS,” or see page 57 in the printed text Best Practices Guide).
Steep Slope Limits & Shingle Nailing and Hand Sealing Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
Asphalt shingles should not be installed on vertical walls,
but they can be used on steep slopes, such as mansard-style
roofs.
For slopes greater than 21:12, apply underlayment in
the normal fashion.
However, shingle sealing may be a
problem, particularly on shaded portions of the roof.
For
best performance, use the six-fasteners-per-shingle method
(Figure 2-11 at left) and manually seal the shingles with plastic
roofing cement (see manual sealing discussed at “WIND DAMAGE to ROOFS” ).
Nailing & Sealing Asphalt Shingles on Near-Vertical Building Surfaces
Our steep roof photo (left) shows quite a few shingles lost from this rather steep church roof slope. Similar problems occur when asphalt shingles are nailed to the steep sides of mansard roofs unless proper nailing and sealing have been performed.
Flickinger cites the NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual 4th Ed where, in referring to roof slopes of 18" rise in 12" of run (150%) or more, [note that this is more cautious than Bliss's advice above] the NRCA (Flickinger) points out that there are differing views within the roofing industry about the maximum slope on which asphalt shingles may be applied using typical methods.
We discuss the recommended installation details for installing asphalt roof shingles on very steep or near vertical roof slopes and also use of roof shingles or even roll roofing on vertical building walls separately at ASPHALT SHINGLES on VERY STEEP ROOFS
Flashing Requirements for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
Flashings for asphalt shingles should be corrosion resistant
metal with a minimum thickness of 0.019 inch. A
cricket or saddle should be installed on any chimney
greater than 30 inches wide and can be covered with flashing
or the same materials used as a roof covering.
Underlayment Requirements for Asphalt Roof Shingles
The roof deck should be sound and level before laying the
underlayment. Fifteen-pound or heavier felt underlayment
is required by code in some areas. Whether or not it is
required, underlayment is cheap insurance against problems.
There are several good reasons to install underlayment:
It protects the roof deck from rain before the roofing is
installed.
It provides an extra weather barrier in case of blowoffs
or water penetration through the roofing or
flashings.
It protects the roofing from any resins that bleed out of
the sheathing.
It helps prevent unevenness in the roof sheathing from
telegraphing through the shingles.
It is usually required for the UL fire rating to apply
(since shingles are usually tested with underlayment).
Details about the requirements and benefits of roofing underlayments are at these articles:
Underlayment On Standard Slopes where Asphalt Roof Shingles are Installed
On roofs with a slope of 4:12 or
greater, use a single layer of 15 lb. asphalt-saturated felt,
starting at the eaves and lapping upper courses over lower
by a minimum of 2 inches. Vertical joints should lap a minimum
of 4 inches and be offset by at least 6 feet in successive
rows (see Figure 2-2 at left).
Secure each shingle course along seams and edges with
enough corrosion-resistant nails to hold it in place until
the roofing is installed.
In high-wind areas, apply fasteners
a maximum of 36 inches on-center along overlaps.
For best protection against leaks, run felt 6 inches
over ridges and hips, from each direction, and 6 inches
up any adjoining walls. Valleys should be lined with a
full width of roofing felt (or bituminous membrane)
pushed tight into the valley so there is no slack.
Side
courses of underlayment should run over the valley lining
and extend 6 inches past its edge. (see ASPHALT SHINGLE VALLEY FLASHING)
Underlayment Application of Asphalt Shingles on Low Slope Roofs
Asphalt shingles can be used on roofs with
a slope of 2:12 to 4:12 if double-coverage underlayment is
used.
Start with a 19-inch strip of 15 lb. asphalt-saturated
felt along the eaves, and lap succeeding courses by
19 inches as shown in Figure 2-3 at left.
Wherever there is a possibility of ice or snow buildup
or the backup of water from leaves or pine needles, install
a self-adhering bituminous membrane along the eaves that
extends up the roof to a point at least 36 inches inside the
interior wall line.
An alternative approach, not widely used
anymore, is to seal all laps in the lower courses of roofing
felt with lap cement or asphalt plastic cement.
In areas with extensive snowfall or windblown rain,
the best protection against leakage is to cover the entire
low-slope roof area with a bituminous membrane, as
shown in Figure 2-4.
Vertical end laps should be at least 3 inches and horizontal
laps 6 inches. If the roof changes to a steeper slope,
for example, where a shed dormer joins the main roof, extend
the membrane 12 to 18 inches up the main roof slope.
Bituminous membranes are self-healing around nail holes,
and because they bond fully to the sheathing, any leaks
that occur cannot spread. As a safeguard against expensive
callbacks, many roofers now apply membrane to the entire
surface of any roof with a slope of 4:12 or less.
Eaves Flashing Recommendations for Asphalt Shingle Roofs
The best defense against ice dams in
cold climates is a so-called “cold roof,” consisting of high
levels of ceiling insulation separated from the roof surface
by a free-flowing vent space (see Preventing Ice Dams on Roofs).
Where a cold roof cannot be achieved due to
complex roof shapes, unvented roofs, or retrofit constraints,
ice dams may form during severe winters, in some cases,
causing pooled water to wet wall cavities and interior
finishes.
Where adequate insulation and ventilation cannot be
assured, self-adhering bituminous eaves flashing should
be installed.
The membrane should go from the lower edge
of the roof to a point at least 24 inches inside the interior
wall line (Figure 2-5 at left).
Where two lengths of eaves flashing meet at a valley,
run each across the valley, starting with the length from
the roof with the lower slope or lesser height. The valley
flashing should later lap over the eaves flashing.
Skylights and Ice Dams on Asphalt Shingle Roofs
With deep snow, melting water from above
and around the skylight can lead to ice dams below. For
full protection, some contractors extend the eaves membrane
up to the bottom of any skylights and continue it
around the sides and top of the skylight.
By wrapping the
skylight curb with membrane as well, any potential flashing
leaks are also eliminated as shown in Figure 2-5 at left.
If it is impractical to install membrane all the way from
eaves to skylight, install a 3-foot-wide band of membrane
below the skylight, lapping the bottom edge of the membrane
over the row of shingles where the membrane terminates.
Drip Edge. Drip edge should always be used along the
eaves to kick water away from the fascia, and it is a good
idea along rakes as well.
Drip edge should lap over the underlayment
at the rakes and under it at the eaves (as shown
in Figure 2-6 at left).
Overlap joints in the drip edge by 2 inches.
Shingles can be set even the with the drip edge or overlap
by up to 3/4 inch.
Some manufacturers of eaves membranes specify that
the drip edge be installed on top of the membrane along the
eaves, violating the principle that upper layers of flashing
should overlap lower layers. To remedy the problem, the
manufacturers suggest using a second strip of membrane to
seal the top of the drip edge to the eaves membrane. In
practice, however, most installers place the drip edge first
and lap the eaves membrane over it, consistent with good
building practice.
Tamko Roofing Products
www.tamko.com
Fiberglass and organic felt shingles
Low-Slope Roofing Membranes
Duradek
www.duradek.com
Vinyl roofing and walkable deck membrane
Firestone
www.firestonebpe.com
RubberGard EPDM residential roofing system
GenFlex Roofing Systems
www.genflex.com
Peel-and-stick TPO membrane
Hyload, Inc.
www.hyload.com
Kwik-Ply self-adhering polyester and coal-tar
roofing membrane
Ridge Vents
Air Vent/A Gibraltar Company
www.airvent.com
A complete line of roof ventilation products, including
shingle-over and exposed-ridge vents with exterior wind
baffles and internal weather filters. Also soffit and drip
edge vents and passive and powered attic turbine-type
vents.
Benjamin Obdyke
www.benjaminobdyke.com
Shingle-over ridge vents. Low-profile Roll Vent uses nylonmatrix.
Extractor vent is molded polypropylene with internal
and external baffles.
Cor-A-Vent
www.cor-a-vent.com
Shingle-over low-profile ridge vents, including Cor-a-vent,
Fold-a-vent, and X-5 ridge vent, designed for extreme
weather. Corrugated core.
GAF Materials Corp.
www.gaf.com
Cobra vent: roll-out shingle-over ridge vent with a
polyester-matrix core
102 CHAPTER 2 | Roofing
Mid-America Building Products
www.midamericabuilding.com
Ridge Master and Hip Master shingle-over molded plastic
ridge vents with internal baffles and foam filter
Owens Corning
www.owenscorning.com
VentSure corrugated polypropylene ridge vents; also
passive roof vents and soffit vents
Trimline Building Products
www.trimline-products.com
Shingle-over low-profile ridge vents, Flow-Thru battens for
tile roofs
Elk Premium Building Products
www.elkcorp.com
Highpoint polypropylene shingle-over ridge vents
Tamko Roofing Products
www.tamko.com
Shingle-over ridge matrix–type Roll Vent and Rapid Ridge
(nail gun version) and Coolridge, which is molded
polypropylene with external and internal baffles
Venting Underlayments
Benjamin Obdyke
www.benjaminobdyke.com
Cedar Breather, a
3/8 -in.-thick matrix-type underlayment
designed to provide ventilation and drainage space under
wood roofing
More Information about Roofing Materials, Methods, Standards
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA)
www.asphaltroofing.org
Cedar Shake and Shingle Bureau
www.cedarbureau.org
Steven Bliss served as editorial director and co-publisher of The Journal of Light Construction for 16 years and previously as building technology editor for Progressive Builder and Solar Age magazines. He worked in the building trades as a carpenter and design/build contractor for more than ten years and holds a masters degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Excerpts from his recent book, Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, Wiley (November 18, 2005) ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, appear throughout this website, with permission and courtesy of Wiley & Sons. Best Practices Guide is available from the publisher, J. Wiley & Sons, and also at Amazon.com.
Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest corrections or additions to articles at this website, and if you wish, to receive online listing and credit as a contributor. Particular thanks are due to the many experts and also consumers who read and critique technical articles at InspectAPedia.com.
Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.
Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.
GAF Materials Corporation, Grand Timberline Premium Architectural Shingle Application Instructions.
http://www.gaf.com/Content/Documents/20573.pdf discusses the requirements for successful asphalt shingle installation including the condition of the roof deck, the use of roofing felt underlayment, the selection of roofing nails by type and length and penetration of the roof decking, and the role of glue strips on the back side of asphalt roof shingles.
Roofing The Right Way, Steven Bolt, McGraw-Hill Professional; 3rd edition (November 1, 1996), ISBN-13: 978-0070066502, p. 350 for one of many citations on this point.
"Hurricane Damage to Residential Structures: Risk and Mitigation", Jon K. Ayscue,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, published by the Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, November 1996. Abstract: "Property damage and loss from hurricanes have increased with population growth in coastal areas, and climatic factors point to more frequent and intense hurricanes in the future. This paper describes potential hurricane hazards from wind and water. Damage to residential structures from three recent intense hurricanes - Hugo, Andrew, and Iniki - shows that wind is responsible for greater property loss than water. The current state-of-the-art building technology is sufficient to reduce damage from hurricanes when properly applied, and this paper discusses those building techniques that can mitigate hurricane damage and recommends measures for mitigating future hurricane damage to homes." - online at www.colorado.edu/hazards/publications/wp/wp94/wp94.html
"Evaluating OSB for Coastal Roofs," Paul Fisette, Coastal Contractor, Winter 2005, online at coastalcontractor.net/pdf/2005/0501/0501eval.pdf . Fisette cites: "Jose Mitrani, a civil engineer and professor at Florida. International University in Miami, was ... Florida’s official damage assessment team. ... After Hurricane Andrew, Florida code advisers ruled OSB sheathing inferior to plywood."
ARMA - Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association - http://www.asphaltroofing.org/
750 National Press Building, 529 14th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20045, Tel: 202 / 207-0917
ASTM - ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959 USA The ASTM standards listed below can be purchased in fulltext directly from http://www.astm.org/
NRCA - National Roofing Contractors Association - http://www.nrca.net/, 10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 600,
Rosemont, IL 60018-5607, Tel: (847) 299-9070 Fax: (847) 299-1183
"Applying Shingles on Extreme Slopes", Dave Flickinger, RRO, Professional Roofing, July 1999. [PDF copy] - National Roofing Contractors Association - http://www.nrca.net/,
10255 W. Higgins Road,
Suite 600,
Rosemont, IL 60018-5607,
Tel: (847) 299-9070
Fax: (847) 299-1183,
Office hours: 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. CST
UL - Underwriters Laboratories - http://www.ul.com/
2600 N.W. Lake Rd.
Camas, WA 98607-8542
Tel: 1.877.854.3577 / Fax: 1.360.817.6278
E-mail: cec.us@us.ul.com
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 2010, $69.00 U.S., is available from Carson Dunlop, and from the InspectAPedia bookstore. The 2010 edition of the Home Reference Book is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. InspectAPedia.com ® author/editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.
Architectural elements: the technological revolution: Galvanized iron roof plates and corrugated sheets; cast iron facades, columns, door and window caps, ... (American historical catalog collection), Diana S Waite, available used out of Amazon.
Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide, Edmund C. Snodgrass, Lucie L. Snodgrass, Timber Press, Incorporated, 2006, ISBN-10: 0881927872, ISBN-13: 978-0881927870. The text covers moisture needs, heat tolerance, hardiness, bloom color, foliage characteristics, and height of 350 species and cultivars.
Green Roof Construction and Maintenance, Kelley Luckett, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009, ISBN-10: 007160880X, ISBN-13: 978-0071608800, quoting: Key questions to ask at each stage of the green building process Tested tips and techniques for successful structural design
Construction methods for new and existing buildings
Information on insulation, drainage, detailing, irrigation, and plant selection
Details on optimal soil formulation
Illustrations featuring various stages of construction
Best practices for green roof maintenance
A survey of environmental benefits, including evapo-transpiration, storm-water management, habitat restoration, and improvement of air quality
Tips on the LEED design and certification process
Considerations for assessing return on investment
Color photographs of successfully installed green roofs
Useful checklists, tables, and charts
Problems in Roofing Design, B. Harrison McCampbell, Butterworth Heineman, 1991 ISBN 0-7506-9162-X (available used)
Roofing The Right Way, Steven Bolt, McGraw-Hill Professional; 3rd Ed (1996), ISBN-10: 0070066507, ISBN-13: 978-0070066502
Slate Roofs, National Slate Association, 1926, reprinted 1977
by Vermont Structural Slate Co., Inc., Fair Haven, VT 05743, 802-265-4933/34. (We recommend this book if you can find it. It
has gone in and out of print on occasion.)
Roof Tiling & Slating, a Practical Guide, Kevin Taylor, Crowood Press (2008), ISBN 978-1847970237, If you have never fixed a roof tile or slate before but have wondered how to go about repairing or replacing them, then this is the book for you. Many of the technical books about roof tiling and slating are rather vague and conveniently ignore some of the trickier problems and how they can be resolved. In Roof Tiling and Slating, the author rejects this cautious approach. Kevin Taylor uses both his extensive knowledge of the trade and his ability to explain the subject in easily understandable terms, to demonstrate how to carry out the work safely to a high standard, using tried and tested methods.
This clay roof tile guide considers the various types of tiles, slates, and roofing materials on the market as well as their uses, how to estimate the required quantities, and where to buy them. It also discusses how to check and assess a roof and how to identify and rectify problems; describes how to efficiently "set out" roofs from small, simple jobs to larger and more complicated projects, thus making the work quicker, simpler, and neater; examines the correct and the incorrect ways of installing background materials such as underlay, battens, and valley liners; explains how to install interlocking tiles, plain tiles, and artificial and natural slates; covers both modern and traditional methods and skills, including cutting materials by hand without the assistance of power tools; and provides invaluable guidance on repairs and maintenance issues, and highlights common mistakes and how they can be avoided.
The author, Kevin Taylor, works for the National Federation of Roofing Contractors as a technical manager presenting technical advice and providing education and training for young roofers.
The Slate Roof Bible, Joseph Jenkins, www.jenkinsslate.com,
143 Forest Lane, PO Box 607, Grove City, PA 16127 - 866-641-7141 (We recommend this book).
Solar heating, radiative cooling and thermal movement: Their effects on built-up roofing (United States. National Bureau of Standards. Technical note), William C Cullen, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govt. Print. Off (1963), ASIN: B0007FTV2Q
"Weather-Resistive Barriers [copy on file as /interiors/Weather_Resistant_Barriers_DOE.pdf ] - ", how to select and install housewrap and other types of weather resistive barriers, U.S. DOE
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