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 Mobile ViewBUILDING INTERIORS ACOUSTICAL SEALANT CHOICES AGE of a BUILDING - how to determine AIR POLLUTANTS, COMMON INDOOR AIR SEALING STRATEGIES ANIMAL ALLERGENS ANTI SCALD VALVES APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY RATINGS ARCHITECTURE & BUILDING COMPONENT ID ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN buildings ATTIC LEAKS, CONDENSATION & MOLD ATTIC VENTILATION BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIER BASEMENT HEAT LOSS BASEMENT WATERPROOFING BATH & KITCHEN DESIGN GUIDE Bath & Kitchen Associations, Product Sources BATHROOM DESIGN Bathroom Design, Accessible Bathroom Ventilation CABINETS & COUNTERTOP DEFECTS CABINET CHOICES, Bath / Kitchen CEMENT BACKERBOARD Installation COUNTERTOPS, KITCHEN FAUCETS, Kitchen & Bathroom FLOOR DESIGN, Kitchen & Bathroom FLOOR ENGINEERED WOOD & LAMINATES FLOOR FRAMING & SUBFLOOR for TILE Floor, Stone, Granite, Marble, Agglomer Floor Tile, Ceramic for K & B Floor Tile Sealers, Ceramic/Stone Floor Tile Over Concrete Slabs Floor Tile Setting Compounds GROUT Installation, Tile KITCHEN CABINET DESIGN Guide KITCHEN DESIGN Principles Kitchen Design, Accessible KITCHEN LAYOUTS, Typical Kitchen Ventilation PLUMBING FIXTURES SCALD PROTECTION SHOWER PANS SPAS, Whirlpools, Soaking & Jetted Tubs Spa, Whirlpool, Soaking & Jetted Tub Installation TILE INSTALLATION DETAILS TOILET TYPES, Design Choices Toilet Installation Procedures TUBS & Tub/Shower Units BATHROOM VENTILATION BEST CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES GUIDE Best Interior Finish Practices BLOWER DOORS & AIR INFILTRATION BLOWN-IN INSULATION BOOKSTORE - INTERIORS BRICK LINED WALLS BRICK VENEER WALL INSULATION BRICK VENEER WALL Loose, Bulged BRICK WALL DRAINAGE WEEP HOLES BUCKLED FOUNDATIONS due to INSULATION? BUILDING SAFETY HAZARDS GUIDE BUILDING NOISE DIAGNOSIS & CURE CABINETS & COUNTERTOPS CARPETING & INDOOR AIR QUALITY CARPETING, SELECTION & INSTALLATION CASEWORK, CABINETS, SHELVING INSTALLATION CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION CATHEDRAL CEILING VENTILATION CEILING FINISHES INTERIOR CEILINGS, DROP or SUSPENDED PANEL CEILINGS, PLASTER TYPES CERAMIC TILE FLOOR, WALL CERAMIC TILE, ASBESTOS in? CHIMNEY INSPECTION DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR CHINESE DRYWALL HAZARDS CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR COMBUSTION AIR for TIGHT buildings CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS COOLING LOAD REDUCTION by ROOF VENTS CRAWL SPACES DEW POINT CALCULATION for WALLS DOORS, INTERIOR DRYWALL HAZARDS, CHINESE DRYWALL INSTALLATION Best Practices DRYWALL MOLD DRYWALL MOLD RESISTANT EARTHQUAKE DAMAGED FOUNDATIONS EFFLORESCENCE, Salts & White / Brown Deposits ELDERLY & VETERANS HOME SAFETY ELECTRICAL INSPECTION, DIAGNOSIS, REPAIR ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings ENGINEERED WOOD Flooring ENGINEERED WOOD Products EXTERIOR WALL SIDING TRIM & FINISHES FIBERGLASS INSULATION FIBERGLASS HAZARDS FLAT ROOF MOISTURE & CONDENSATION FLOOD DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, SAFETY & CLEANUP FLOOR TYPES & DEFECTS FORMALDEHYDE HAZARDS FOOTING & FOUNDATION DRAINS FOUNDATION CRACKS & DAMAGE GUIDE FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING FRENCH DRAINS FRAMING DETAILS for BETTER INSULATION FREEZE-PROOF A BUILDING FROST HEAVES, FOUNDATION, SLAB FUNGICIDAL SPRAY & SEALANT USE GUIDE GAS EXPOSURE LIMITS & STANDARDS HEAT LOSS in buildings HEATING COST SAVINGS METHODS HOT ROOF DESIGNS: Un-Vented Roof Solutions HOT WATER HEATERS HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS HOUSE DOCTOR, how-to be HUMIDITY LEVEL TARGET ICE DAM PREVENTION INDOOR AIR QUALITY & HOUSE TIGHTNESS INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GUIDE INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT KIT HOMES, Aladdin, Sears, Wards, Others KITCHEN & BATH DESIGN GUIDE LIGHTING, EXTERIOR GUIDE LIGHTING, INTERIOR GUIDE LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS LOW VOLTAGE BUILDING WIRING LOG HOME GUIDE METAL LATH, PLASTER & STUCCO MIXING / ANTI-SCALD VALVES MOBILE HOME INSPECTIONS MOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGS MOLD INFORMATION CENTER NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE NOISE CONTROL for FLOORS NOISE CONTROL for PLUMBING NOISE, PLUMBING DRAIN DIAGNOSIS NOISE, PLUMBING DRAIN REPAIR NOISE, WATER HEATER NOISES, WATER PUMP ODORS GASES SMELLS, DIAGNOSIS & CURE ODORS IN WATER ODORS, SEPTIC or SEWER ODORS, SULPHUR SMELL SOURCES ODORS, URINE REMOVAL OIL FIRED WATER HEATERS OUTHOUSES & LATRINES PAINT FALURE, DIAGNOSIS, CURE, PREVENTION PIPING IN buildings, Clogs Leaks Types PLASTER & BEAVERBOARD & DRYWALL PLASTER BULGES & PILLOWS PLASTER LATH, METAL PLASTER TYPE IDENTIFICATION PLASTER VENEER Best Practices PLUMBING FIXTURES, KITCHEN, BATH FAUCETS & CONTROLS, KITCHEN & BATH FAUCETS, OUTDOOR HOSE BIBBS FLUSHOMETER VALVES for TOILETS URINALS PLUMBING FIXTURE TRAPS PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE REPAIR PLUMBING NOISE CHECKLIST PLUMBING NOISE CONTROL SCALD PROTECTION SHOWERS, TUBS SINKS, FIXTURES SPAS, WHIRLPOOLS, SOAK/JETTED TUBS SPAS, WHIRLPOOLS, INSTALLATION TOILETS, INSPECT, INSTALL, REPAIR TOILET ALTERNATIVES TOILET INSTALLATION PROCEDURE TOILET OVERFLOW EMERGENCY TOILET REPAIR GUIDE TOILET TISSUE CHOICES TOILET TISSUE TEST TOILET TYPES Toilet Types, Flush Methods TOILETS, DON'T FLUSH LIST TRAPS on PLUMBING FIXTURES TUBS & TUB REPLACEMENTS or RELINERS Plumbing Materials & Fixtures, Age, Types PLASTIC HEATER VENT PLASTIC PIPING PUMPS & WELLS RADIANT BARRIERS RADIANT HEAT RANGE BOILERS RELIEF VALVES - TP Valves on Boilers RELIEF VALVES - STEAM TP VALVES RELIEF VALVES - Water Heaters RELIEF VALVES - Water Tanks ROOF VENTILATION SPECIFICATIONS ROT, FUNGUS, TERMITES SAFETY HAZARDS & INSPECTIONS SAFETY: Elderly & Veterans Home Safety SEARS KIT HOUSES SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR SEPTIC METHANE GAS SEPTIC ODORS SEPTIC PUMPS SEPTIC SYSTEM ODORS SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY SEWAGE BACKUP, WHAT TO DO SEWAGE BACKUP PREVENTION SEWAGE CONTAMINATION in buildings SEWAGE EJECTOR / GRINDER PUMPS SEWAGE PUMPS SEWER GAS ODORS SEWER LINE REPLACEMENT SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES SLAB CRACK EVALUATION SOUND CONTROL in buildings STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING EXTERIORS STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORS STAINS & FINISHES, INTERIOR STAIRS, RAILINGS, LANDINGS, RAMPS STUCCO WALL METHODS & INSTALLATION SUMP PUMPS GUIDE SWEATING (CONDENSATION) on PIPES, TANKS THERMAL MASS in buildings THERMAL TRACKING Indicates Heat Loss TOILETS, INSPECT, INSTALL, REPAIR TOILET ALTERNATIVES TOILET FLUSHOMETER VALVES TOILET INSTALLATION PROCEDURE TOILET OVERFLOW EMERGENCY TOILET PLUGS, SEWER BACKUP TOILET REPAIR GUIDE TOILET TISSUE CHOICES TOILET TISSUE TEST TOILET TYPES Toilet Types, Flush Methods TOILETS, DON'T FLUSH LIST TRAPS on PLUMBING FIXTURES TRIM, EXTERIOR CHOICES, INSTALLATION TRIM, INTERIOR TRIM, INTERIOR INSTALLATION VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION in BUILDINGS VENTILATION in buildings VINYL Siding or PLASTIC Window ODORS in buildings VINYL CHLORIDE HEALTH INFO WALL SIDING TRIM & FINISHES WALL FINISHES INTERIOR WATER BARRIERS, EXTERIOR BUILDING WATER ENTRY in buildings WATER HEATERS WATER PRESSURE & FLOW MEASUREMENT WATER PRESSURE GAUGE ACCURACY WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE WATER PRESSURE REPAIRS & COSTS WATER PUMPS, TANKS, TESTS, WELLS, REPAIRS WATER PUMPS, TANKS, WELLS - BASICS WATER PUMP TYPES & LIFE EXPECTANCY WATER PURIFIERS WATER QUALITY TESTS, CONTAMINANTS, TREATMENT WATER QUANTITY IMPROVEMENT WATER QUANTITY USAGE GUIDE WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS WATER SUPPLY & DRAIN PIPING WATER TANK TYPES: WATER, OIL, EXPANSION, ALL WATER TANK AIR, HOW TO ADD WATER TANK REPAIRS WATER TESTS, CONTAMINANTS, TREATMENT WATER ODORS, CAUSE CURE WATER PUMPS & WELLS WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT CHOICES WELLS CISTERNS & SPRINGS WINTERIZE A BUILDING WOOD Burning Heaters Fireplaces Stoves More Information |
Sink types, choices, recommendations for kitchens & baths: this article discusses the properties, pros, and cons of different types of sinks and sink materials, including self-rimming sinks, flushmount sinks, and undermount sinks. We discuss the choices of enameled steel sinks, solid surfacing and composite sinks, cultured marble sinks, vitreous china (porcelain) sinks, acrylic sinks and basins, stainless steel sink properties, and enameled cast iron sinks. InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers nor with topics or services discussed at this website.© Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website. Design Guide to Plumbing Fixtures for Kitchens & Bathrooms
We include advice on choosing and installing kitchen countertops, cabinets, and kitchen or bathroom flooring, sinks, and other plumbing fixtures and fixture controls such as faucets. A list of kitchen and bath product manufactures and sources is included. This article includes excerpts or adaptations from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss, courtesy of Wiley & Sons. We installed the oval porcelain sink (left) in a cultured marble countertop. Be sure to seal the countertop after sink installation to avoid permanent water spot stain problems. As discussed in Chapter 6 of Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction: Plumbing Fixture Recommendations for Sinks
Both stainless steel and vitreous china are extremely durable, easy to clean, and impervious to rust, stains, and heat. Cultured marble quality varies, based largely on the thickness and quality of the thin gel coat that provides the color and wear surface.Well-made cultured marble, however, treated with reasonable care, can provide years of satisfactory service. With any sink, choose a bowl that is large enough for the intended use. A kitchen sink should be deep enough to handle large pots and have vertical sides and tight-radius corners to increase the usable space. A relatively flat bottom allows dishes to sit without sliding toward the drain, and an offset drain also increases the usable space. Models with multiple bowls and built-in cutting boards, draining racks, and other accessories can simplify both food prep at the sink and cleanup. A raised or gooseneck-type faucet allows large pots to be easily rinsed or filled (Figure 6-48just below).
Many “builders’ grade” lavatory sinks are undersized for basic grooming tasks, such as tooth brushing and face washing without splashing water across the vanity top. If the client plans to wash hair, water plants, or perform other household chores at the lavatory, an oversized bowl is recommended. A sink with the faucet offset to one side, with a pivoting spout, provides still more usable space. Mounting Procedures for Sink Fixtures (Faucets)
With the sink set level with or beneath the counter, food debris can be easily swept into the sink and grime does not collect at the joint of the sink rim and counter. 
The main material choices for kitchen and bathroom sinks are outlined below (Table 6-9).
Enameled Steel Sink ChoicesThis uses the same process as enameled cast iron, but with a substrate of stamped 14-gauge steel. These sinks weigh half or less than a comparable cast-iron model, making them easier on the installer. But the lighter, less rigid substrate does not dampen noise as well and is more likely to chip if a heavy object is dropped. One alternative is a hybrid from American Standard called Americast, introduced in the late 1980s, which uses enameled steel on the inside and a cast-polymer composite on the outside to create a sturdy tub with half the weight of cast iron. Solid Surfacing Sink Choices
Solid surfacing also offers great design flexibility, as most fabricators can build nearly any configuration desired. Most solid surface sinks have a matte finish, which is easier to maintain than a semi gloss or high-gloss. While relatively easy to scratch or scorch, this type of damage is superficial and is easy to sand away with fine sandpaper or a ScotchBrite™ pad. The under-counter sink illustrated at left is installed in a cultured marble countertop in an office building bathroom in Queretaro, Mexico. Composite Sink GuideSimilar to solid surfacing, composite sinks are a cast polymer using crushed quartz or granite as the filler. High-quality composites have similar characteristics to engineered stone counters, and in some cases are seamlessly cast from the same material (Figure 6-50).
In general, they provide excellent resistance against stains, scratches, chips, and fading. They also tolerate heat well. For example, the sinks made from Moenstone (Moen) and Kindred Granite (FHP Kindred) can tolerate temperatures up to 530°F for short periods. Finishes range from matte to a satin semigloss. Cleaning instructions vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, but most recommend mild nonabrasive cleansers and nylon scrub pads for everyday cleaning and ScotchBrite™ pads and abrasive cleansers as needed. Scratches or stubborn stains can be sanded out as with solid surfacing, although matching a glossy finish may be difficult (one solution is to sand the whole sink). Metal scouring pads or cast-iron cookware can leave rust stains on composite sinks. Concentrated bleaches, paint strippers, or products containing formic acid (drain cleaner) can discolor the surface. An application of Gel-Glos™ (T.R. Industries) or Invisible Shield® (Unelko Corp.) is recommended by some manufacturers to maintain the sheen and ease of cleaning. Cultured Marble Sink Propertiessee Table 6-9 above for a discussion of the performance and care of cultured marble. Vitreous China Sink Choices - Porcelain SinksAlso called porcelain, vitreous china is a heavy ceramic product also used to make toilets. It is highly scratch-resistant and less affected by abrasive cleansers than enameled cast iron or cast-polymer materials (solid surfacing, stone composites). It is widely used in vanity sinks, but because the china substrate will chip more easily than other materials, it is not commonly used in kitchens. Some high end ornamental china sinks are available for kitchens, but may be too fragile for a kitchen work center. Properties of Acrylic SinksA relative newcomer, acrylic sinks are made of the same materials as acrylic tubs or showers. Made from heat-molded 1/8 -inch thick acrylic plastic sheets, the fixtures are molded into a wide variety of shapes, then reinforced on the back side with fiberglass and resin. The surface is nonporous and very stain-resistant, but it is relatively soft and easy to scratch. It is also vulnerable to petroleum based chemicals and heat, for example from a hot skillet. Burns are not repairable. On the plus side, acrylic has good noise dampening characteristics and can tolerate bleach when needed for a difficult stain. The color goes all the way through the material, so it is possible to sand or buff out small scratches with auto polishing compound or special acrylic polish. For larger scratches, use 400- to 600-grit sandpaper and buff with baking soda. Stainless Steel Sink Characteristics & RecommendationsA basic stainless-steel sink is one of least expensive options, and one of the most durable. It is unaffected by heat and most chemicals and the surface will not absorb stains, odors, or oils. It is relatively easy to clean and can be scrubbed with abrasive cleansers and pads when needed. Avoid the cheapest sinks, which use lightweight steel (20 to 23 gauge), as they can flex or dent; also avoid low-nickel alloys, such as 18-8, which can tarnish. Lightweight steel sinks also tend to be noisy with a waste disposer. Good quality sinks are typically 18-gauge or thicker and use high-quality alloys, such as 18-10. Also avoid steel sinks with a polished finish, which is difficult to maintain. A brushed (matte) finish hides scratches from normal use and cleaning. And although good quality stainless is tough to damage, it is not indestructible. It can develop rust stains from steel wool residue or prolonged contact with cast iron cookware. Also, prolonged contact with concentrated bleach solutions, strong acids, or salty materials can cause pitting. Still, for function and economy, steel is hard to beat. Enameled Cast Iron Sink PropertiesThe hard, glossy finish on a cast iron sink is made by fusing a porcelain enamel glaze to a heavy cast-iron substrate under high heat. This creates a solid fixture with a tough, lustrous finish that is impervious to stains, chemicals, odors, and heat, and cleans easily with a sponge. The heavy mass of the cast-iron base dampens
any disposal sounds, but the same rigid mass will readily
crack a dropped dish. The porcelain finish is durable
but not indestructible. Harsh, abrasive cleansers and abrasive
pads will dull the surface and a hard enough blow
with a sharp object can chip the coating exposing the iron
beneath to rust. Kitchen and Bath Product Manufacturers, Sources, AssociationsCeramic Tile-Setting Material Manufacturer ListBonsal American www.bonsal.com Setting compounds, grouts, preformed shower pans, curbs, and niches. Also, distributor of backerboards, isolation membranes, and other tile-setting products Color Caulk, div. of Roanoke Companies Group www.colorcaulk.com Color-matched caulking Custom Building Products www.custombuildingproducts.com Elastomeric and liquid-applied membranes, self-leveling underlayments, setting compounds, and grouts Laticrete International www.laticrete.com Trowel-on membranes, self-leveling underlayments, setting compounds, grouts, and sealants Noble Company www.noblecompany.com CPE sheet membranes, trowel-on membranes, clamping ring drains, and preformed slopes, niches, and curbs Mapei www.mapei.com Trowel-on and sheet membranes, self-leveling underlayments, setting compounds, grouts, and color-matched sanded caulks Ceramic Tile Backerboard ProducersCustom Building Products www.custombuildingproducts.com Wonderboard cement backerboard, Easyboard cement and polystyrene lightweight backerboard, and Rhinoboard fiber-cement backerboard Georgia-Pacific Gypsum www.gp.com/build Denshield gypboard backer with glass-matt facing James Hardie Building Products www.jameshardie.com Fiber-cement backerboard National Gypsum www.nationalgypsum.com Permabase lightweight cement and polystyrene backerboard Schluter Systems www.schluter.com Kerdi tile membrane goes directly over drywall or other substrates T. Clear Corp./Fin Pan Inc. www.finpan.com Util-A-Crete lightweight concrete backerboard U.S. Gypsum www.usg.com Durock cement backerboard W. R. Bonsal www.bonsal.com Extruded polystyrene backerboard with fiberglassreinforced cement facing Cabinet Hardware Manufacturers ListAccuride International www.accuride.com Ball-bearing drawer slides Amerock Corp. www.amerock.com Comprehensive catalog of cabinet hinges, pulls, slides, and accessories Grass America www.grassusa.com Cup hinges, slides, shelf supports, and storage accessories Hafele America www.hafeleamericas.com Cup hinges, ball-bearing slides, pulls, and KD connectors Mepla Inc. www.mepla-alfit.com Cup hinges, ball-bearing slides, drawer systems, shelf supports, and KD connectors Hettich America www.hettichamerica.com Cup hinges, ball-bearing drawer slides, shelf supports, and KD connectors Plastic Laminate Countertop Manufacturers ListAbet Inc. www.abetlaminati.com Arborite www.arborite.com Formica Corp. www.formica.com Nevamar Decorative Surfaces www.nevamar.com Pionite Decorative Surfaces www.pionite.com Wilsonart International www.wilsonart.com Solid Surface Countertop ManufacturersAvonite Surfaces www.avonite.com Centura Solid Surfacing www.centurasolidsurface.com Dupont www.corian.com Formica Corp. www.formica.com Formica solid surfacing, formerly Surell and Fountainhead Halstead International www.e-topstone.com Topstone solid surface distributor Lippert Corp. www.lippertcorp.com Sansung Staron www.getstaron.com Swanstone www.theswancorp.com TFI www.tficorp.com Transolid Inc. www.transolid.com Wilsonart International www.wilsonart.com Engineered Stone Countertop ManufacturersCambria www.cambriausa.com Cosantino USA www.silestoneusa.com Dupont www.zodiaq.com Halstead International www.halsteadintl.com Granyte distributor Technistone USA www.technistoneusa.com U.S. Quartz Products www.caesarstoneus.com Kitchen Exhaust Fan CompaniesAmana www.amana.com Pop-up and traditional range hoods Bosch www.boschappliances.com Chimney style, downdraft, and traditional range hoods, stainless steel and colors Kitchenaid www.kitchenaid.com Retractable downdraft, slide out, island, and traditional range hoods Broan-Nutone LLC www.nutone.com Nutone downdraft, island, and traditional range hoods Dacor www.dacorappl.com Commercial-style, stainless-steel pop-up and overhead range hoods; hood liners for custom canopies Gaggenau www.gaggenau.com/us Chimney-style, pop-up, slide-out, and island range hoods in stainless-steel, aluminum, and glass Jenn Aire/Maytag Corp www.jennaire.com Pop-up, under-cabinet, wall, soffit, island, and fans and hood liners for custom canopies Thermador www.thermador.com Updraft, downdraft, and island-range hoods Wolf Appliance Co. www.wolfappliance.com Pop-up, chimney-style, wall, and island-range hoods in stainless steel Kitchen & Bath Industry AssociationsAssociation of Home Appliance Manufacturers(AHAM) www.aham.org National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA) www.nkba.org Ceramic Tile Institute of America www.ctioa.org Home Ventilation Institute (HVI) www.hvi.org Marble Institute of America www.marble-institute.com Porcelain Enamel Institute (PEI) www.porcelainenamel.com Tile Council of America (TCA) www.tileusa.com -- Adapted with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction. 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