Chinese Drywall Rotten Egg Smells, Corrosive Sulfur Gases, Rotten Egg Smells, Building Damage & Health Hazards in buildings
InspectAPedia® -
Summary of the Chinese Drywall hazard in buildings
Financial relief for people who have to pay for Chinese drywall removal and building repairs
Authoritative information sources on Chinese Drywall
Chinese Drywall indoor air quality concerns include corrosive hydrogen sulfide or other gases & chemicals
Chinese Drywall outgassing damage to electrical wiring, plumbing, air conditioner or heat pump corrosion as well as some building contents
List of sources of sulphur odors and sewer smells in buildings
How to identify odors or gases by type, source, and toxicity. Noxious odors or smells in buildings can be diagnosed and cured
Names of Chinese Drywall Manufacturers; reports on Chinese Drywall Lawsuits
This article series discusses Chinese Drywall, odors, indoor air quality hazards, corrosive outgassing, health hazards, and damage to copper building components such as copper electrical wiring and plumbing that may be caused by outgassing from Chinese Drywall used in construction in the U.S. Health complaints related to Chinese drywall outgassing include Individual sensitivity to odors varies substantially, making odor reports inconsistent, but complaints include headaches, runny noses, and difficulty breathing.
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This website discusses the diagnosis and cure of odors from a variety of sources including
animals including pets, dogs, cats, or unwanted animals or dead animals, formaldehyde odors in buildings from building products or furnishings, plumbing drains, plastic or vinyl odors from building products, flue gases, oil tanks or oil spills, pesticides,
septic odors, sewer gases, and even abandoned chemicals at properties. The page top photo of blackened corrosion on an air conditioner cooling coil is from the U.S. CPSC warning to fire safety professionals.
Question: What is causing oxidation and corrosion on copper pipes in my building?
Here's a few pictures of my copper lines running to my condenser coils in my air conditioner. Again, this is after only 3 1/2 years in our new home. I contacted the builders of our home, and the said they have never used drywall from china. I tested my water with a
water test kit for hydrogen sulfide, and the results were less than .3 ppm. And I can't find any reports of any cases like mine. - B.S.
B.S. makes the point that not all blackened copper or corroded copper components in buildings is easily nor necessarily traced to the Chinese Drywall outgassing problem. Some of these other sources of corrosion include:
simple aging of the copper pipping
exposure to frequent wet conditions from an external leak or from condensation on the copper surface - experienced building inspectors and plumbers use this trick to quickly identify cold water piping in an older building as distinct from hot water piping that will generally be less black, more shiny or copper colored.
exposure to sulfide gases from other sources such as water
exposure to chlorine, such as around an indoor swimming pool
Chinese Drywall Outgassing
Chinese drywall has received considerable attention in the U.S. as a source of odors, health hazards, and even corrosion of HVAC equipment, electrical wiring, and piping, found in North American homes renovated or built since 2001, and especially in homes built in 2006 and 2007.
The U.S. CPSC has received about 3,082 reports from residents in 37 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico who believe their health symptoms or the corrosion of certain metal components in their homes are related to problem drywall. State and local authorities have also received similar reports. - US CPSC.
Testing by the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratories (LBNL) demonstrated that certain Chinese samples had emission rates of hydrogen
sulfide one hundred times greater than non-Chinese samples. CPSC staff modeling based
on these results shows that estimated concentrations of the reactive sulfur chemicals in
the indoor air of a home that are predicted to result from the presence of the drywall can
be approximately a factor of ten times greater for certain Chinese samples than for the
non-Chinese samples.
There were also tests made for possibly high levels of sulphur-reducing bacteria in Chinese drywall, but as the summary continues:
... there
appears to be no difference in the presence or absence of sulfur-reducing bacteria
between the imported Chinese drywall and U.S. domestic drywall samples tested, including Chinese samples found by LBNL to have some of the highest reactive sulfur gas emissions.
The top ten reactive sulfur emitting drywall samples are from China. The patterns of reactive sulfur compounds emitted from drywall samples show a clear distinction between the Chinese drywall samples manufactured in 2005/2006 and NA drywall samples, with the exception of two Chinese samples C14 and C15, which have similarities to the NA emission profile.
The same study reports that by 2009 the Chinese drywall product corrosive sulphur gas and other emissions were substantially reduced:
The newer Chinese samples (manufacture date of 2009) demonstrate a marked decrease in sulfur emissions as compared to the 2005/2006 samples, and in some cases are similar to those of the NA [North American Manufacturer-produced drywall] samples.
Drywall outgassing, not bacteria, explain the sulphur smell
The March 26, 2010 US CPSC report on Chinese Drywall indicated that the odor source is not bacteria but outgassing of sulphur compounds. Quoting from that study (page 6),
While several organizations have hypothesized that SRB is responsible for production of reduced sulfur gases, only one peer-reviewed scientific paper was identified on this topic and it did not show a positive association between SRB and problem drywall. In the study published in 2010, subsequent to a poster in 2009, Hooper and colleagues describe the isolation of an iron oxidizing bacterium, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, in Chinese drywall using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methodology (Hooper et al. 2010).
and from page 7. Other groups, in non-peer reviewed literature, have also evaluated the role of SRB as a source of sulfur gases generated from problem drywall. In the October 2, 2009, issue of Builder Magazine, an interview with Sabre Technical Services advanced the position that the paper facing in problem drywall contains bacteria that are capable of producing reduced sulfur gases. This position is contradicted by a limited study in which gamma irradiation was used to sterilize one piece of problem drywall and to examine the effects on corrosion potential. The study concluded that irradiation did not alter the corrosion potential of the drywall and, therefore, live bacteria did not play a role in copper corrosion (Cerro 2009).
In conclusion, there are conflicted studies of varying quality that have attempted to determine the role, if any, of microorganisms in the generation of sulfur-based corrosive gases emanating from problem drywall. This preliminary study demonstrates that SRB is culturable from a subset of both Chinese and U.S. manufactured drywall samples, but does not definitively determine if microorganisms are responsible (wholly or in part) for the generation of corrosive gases generated from problem drywall.
The effects of the outgassing of reactive sulfur compounds by Chinese drywall include
Corrosion of copper electrical wiring (probably specifically where insulation has been stripped back such as at electrical connections). In turn the effects of Chinese drywall outgassing on building electrical systems may include:
Flickering lights
Light switches that do not work or do not work consistently
Electrical receptacles ("electrical outlets" or "plugs" or "sockets") that do not work or do work only intermittently
Overheating electrical connections
Circuit breakers that may fail to operate properly, increasing the risk of an electrical fire
Corrosion of copper plumbing in buildings can be caused by exposure to corrosive outgassing from Chinese drywall
Corrosion of aluminum or copper heat exchanger coils in air conditioning and heat pump systems. Possible corrosion of metal ductwork.
Watch out: corrosion of key components in smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms - risking loss of the function of these important home safety devices, thus increasing the risk of a loss from a building fire or life safety hazards from carbon monoxide poisoning. (see CARBON MONOXIDE - CO).
FHA-insured families experiencing problems associated with problem drywall may be eligible for assistance to help them rehabilitate their properties. HUD’s Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program may also be a resource to help local communities combat the problem.
Homeowners who believe they may have problem drywall should immediately report to CPSC by calling 800-638-2772 or logging on to www.cpsc.gov/cgibin/drywall.aspx. Hearing- or speech-challenged individuals may access the phone number through TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at 800-877-8339.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Regarding Chinese Drywall - Germano Case
Chinese drywall has a significantly higher average concentration of strontium and significantly more detectable levels of elemental sulfur.
Chinese drywall releases reduced sulfur gases.
The sulfur gases released by Chinese drywall are irritating to the human body. Exposed individuals reported irritation of the eyes, respiratory system, and skin, among other things.
The sulfur gases released by Chinese drywall cause offending odors in homes, making them hard if not impossible to live in.
The sulfur gases released by Chinese drywall are corrosive to metals, particularly copper and silver.
The corrosion on metals caused by the sulfur gases emitted by Chinese drywall causes premature failure of electrical & mechanical devices.
The corrosion on metals caused by the sulfur gases emitted by Chinese drywall poses a fire risk
Names of Companies That Produced Outgassing Toxic Chinese Drywall
The Florida Sun Sentinel along with other news agencies such as the Los Angeles Times have reported (May 2010) that the U.S. CPSC has named five Chinese drywall Manufacturers, as the producers of corrosive H2S outgassing drywall and asked that these companies step up to their responsibilities to pay for repairs needed by U.S. homeowners who installed their products. Included among the five were the first five companies listed below in order of level of drywall outgassing:
Knauf Plasterboard Tianjin Co. Ltd. [According to the Sun Sentinel, this manufacturer, Knauf Plasterboard Tianjin Co. Ltd., is settling cases with builders who have fixed homes containing the problem drywall.] The highest outgassing product was produced by this company in 2005. Drywall produced by this company in 2006 ranked in fifth highest outgassing position as well).
Taian Taishan Plasterboard (drywall produced in China in 2006 and in 2009)
Shandong Taihe Dongxin (drywall produced in China in 2005)
Shandong Chenxiang GBM (C&K Gypsum Board): (drywall produced in China in 2006 and in 2009). Shandong Taihe Dongxin Co.,
Ltd. on September 10, 2007, changed its name to Taishan Gypsum Co., Ltd. [see Germano Chinese Drywall Case.]
Beijing New Building Materials (BNBM): (drywall produced in China in 2009)
These companies are or were producers of drywall sold in the U.S. that has been tested and confirmed as emitting so much hydrogen sulfide it can cause pipes and wires to corrode and cause breathing or respiratory problems for home occupants.
Problem outgassing by drywall sold by these companied emits corrosive gans at as much as 100 times other brands.
Typical home repair costs at 100 to 150 thousand dollars where this Chinese drywall was installed according to CPSC chairwoman. Inez Tenenbaum.
Alison Grant, a Boca Raton FL lawyer representing more than 500 homeowners affected by Chinese drywall says that the U.S. appeals to the manufacturers to stand behind their product won't help, and that litigation is required. The Sun Sentinel article added that seven homeowners in Virginia and one in Louisiana have been awarded damages, but that foreign companies may not be compelled by U.S. court rulings.
In September 2010 the New York Times reported that severe financial problems and health concerns continue to plague owners of homes where Chinese drywall was used in construction or remodeling, particularly in homes built after 2004 when Hurricane Andrew had caused U.S. made drywall to be in short supply. See"Drywall Flaws: Owners Gain Limited Relief", The New York Times. 18 Sept. 2010.
Names of Companies Producing Safe Drywall Reported Not to Have Outgassing Problems
The CPSC has listed the following companies whose drywall samples were tested to produce low or no detectable emmission of sulfide outgassing.
Watch out: Notice that some of the same companies who produced problem drywall are also listed here - so just identifying the brand name of drywall does not necessarily indicate whether the specific product found in a particular home is a problem or not. That is why an expert inspection for signs of outgassing and corrosion as well as other identification steps are important.
Knauf Plasterboard Tianjin: (Drywall test sample from 2009)
China; Tiger ***ShiGao JianCai***liangpianzhuang: Drywall test sample from 2006)
China; USG Corporation: Drywall test sample from 2009)
U.S.; Guangdong Knauf New Building Material Products Co. Ltd.: Drywall test sample from 2009)
China; 3/8" drywall manufacturer uncertain Drywall test sample from unknown date
China; Knauf Plasterboard (Wuhu) Co. Ltd.: Drywall test sample from 2009)
China; CertainTeed Corp.: (2009) U.S.; Georgia Pacific Corp.: Drywall test sample from 2009)
U.S.; Dragon Brand, Beijing New Building Materials Co. Ltd.: Drywall test sample from 2006)
China; CertainTeed Corp.: (2009) U.S.; Pingyi Baier Building Materials Co. Ltd.: Drywall test sample from 2009)
China; Sample purchased in China, manufacturer unknown: Drywall test sample from 2009) China;
Panel Rey S.A.: Drywall test sample from (2009) Mexico;
Lafarge North America: Drywall test sample from 2009)
U.S.; National Gypsum Company: Drywall test sample from 2009).
U.S.; National Gypsum Company: Drywall test sample from 2009) U.S.; Georgia Pacific Corp.: (2009)
U.S.; Pabco Gypsum: Drywall test sample from 2009)
U.S.; Temple-Inland Inc.: Drywall test sample from 2009)
U.S.; and USG Corporation Drywall test sample from 2009) [U.S. Gypsum reports that all of its drywall products, including its Sheetrock brand are free of the Chinese drywall outgassing defect. ]
U.S. Distributors of Outgassing Chinese Drywall
One U.S. drywall supplier, Banner Supply, was reported by Miami News Herald partner CBS4 as having been aware of the drywall outgassing problem without notifying its customers. Banner Supply switched to distributing U.S. made drywall and signed a confidentiality agreement with its Chinese supplier that obligated the distributor to remain silent about the problem. The Miami News Herald article (20 May 2010) reported that lawsuits against Banner Supply are expected to go to trial in June 2010 [in the Miami Dade Circuit Court].
Financial Aid to Pay for Chinese Drywall Repair/Replacement & Damages
Bank & Mortgage Relief for Homeowners Suffering Losses for Chinese Drywall Repairs
The U.S. government has encouraged lenders to suspend mortgage payments and to reduce property taxes on homes damaged by Chinese drywall. [Paraphrasing, The New York Times, 1 Oct. 2010]
Tax Relief for Chinese Drywall Losses in the U.S.
IRS Permits Casualty Loss Deduction for Chinese drywall repair costs: 30 September, 2010, announced in an IRS letter from George J. Blain (Assoc. Chief Counsel, IRS) to U.S. Senator Jim Webb [2 July 2010] (D-VA) and reported in various media sources including the New York Times on 1 October 2010. According to the Times article, "... taxpayers can deduct so-called casualty losses - generally the cost of repairs from a sudden or unusual event - in the year in which the loss occurs". Some limitations on this Chinese drywall repair cost loss deduction include
the loss claimed was not compensated by an insurance company or other
taxpayer has no pending insurance reimbursement claim and don't intend to ask for such
taxpayes with pending insurance claims can deduct 75% of the unreimbursed loss
taxpayer has to itemize their deductions
amount must exceed $500 [no problem for most cases]
amount of loss must exceed 10% of taxpayers adjusted gross income
US CPSC-US IRS Casualty Loss Deduction Drywall Guidance Letter: 23 November 1999, Cheryl A. Falvey, director, US Consumer Product Safety Commission wrote to members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives providing information in support of an Internal Revenue Service IRS Revenue Code interpretation that could permit homeowners to take a casualty loss deduction on their income taxes for repairs necessary due to the presence of Chinese drywall in their homes. Web search 10/01/10, original source: www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/irs.pdf
Insurance Coverage for Chinese Drywall Losses in the U.S.
As of September 2010, we have found noeports of payouts by U.S. insurance companies to cover costs to homeowners of repairs associated with sulphur outgassing Chinese drywall, and other media outlets indicate that insurance companies have been universally denying claims
Check this: Reported in several media outlets including the New Orleans Times Picayune (26 March 2010), The Louisian Court Orleans Parish Judge Lloyd Medley has issued a ruling striking certain homeowners insurance policy exclusions from being relied on by Audubon Insurance (owned by AIG), a home insurance company involved in denying a Chinese Drywall claim. Audubon had excluded Chinese Drywall claims under the terms of a "pollution or contamination" exclusion that Medley concluded applies to "environmental damage" and not to damage to a building from substandard building materials. [Think of losses caused by a building collapse due to inadequate sizing of framing member - Ed.]
Lawsuit, Litigation Results for Chinese Drywall Losses
There have been some "successful" class action and individual lawsuits involving claims for damages associated with the installation of Chinese-made drywall in U.S. homes, but actual settlements that addresses the losses of all homeowners in the U.S. may be very slow in coming.
The Wall Street Journal reported on 15 October 2010 that the New Orleans Judge Fallon who is handling these cases (see below) has agreed to a settlement under which Knauf Plasterboard Tianjin and related suppliers and insurers will remove and replace Knauf drywall, wiring, copper tubing, and appliances from 300 homes in four U.S. states (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida), as well as covering the relocation expenses for those homeowners. Costs are estimated at $40. to $80. per square foot of home interior space.
Appointment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana for Chinese Drywall Litigation Consolidated Hearings
In recognition that there has been U.S. nationwide litigation involving several class actions and thousands of individual cases, including 10 "bellwether" cases in Virginia and Louisiana, On 15 June 2009, a Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transferred all federal actions alleging damages from defective Chinese Drywall to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, referred to as the MDL Court) for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. p 1407. See In re Chinese-Manufactured Drywall Prod. Liab. Litig., 626 F. Supp. 2d 1346 (J.P.M.L. 2009) (Rec. Doc. No. 1). Above paraphrased from and also see "Case 2:09-md-02047-EEF-JCW Document 5011-1, Plaintiff's Steering Committee's Memorandum of Law in Support of its Motion to Enjoin Conflicting State Court Proceedings in Muscogee County, Georgia that interfere with this court's continuing jurisdiction over this litigation."
Bellwether Chinese Drywall Case Conclusions
Owners of seven homes in Virginia where Chinese tainted drywall was installed were awarded 2.6 million by the federal judge overseeing the Chinese drywall multidistrict litigation underway (in 2010) in New Orleans, LA as we reference just below.
In summary, based upon the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the Court finds
that scientific, economic, and practicality concerns dictate that the proper remediation for the
Plaintiff-intervenors is to remove all drywall in their homes, all items which have suffered
corrosion as a result of the Chinese drywall, and all items which will be materially damaged in
the process of removal. Accordingly, the Court further finds that the Plaintiff-intervenors are
entitled to recover damages as follows:
a. Plaintiff intervenors William and Deborah Morgan have suffered property
damages, personal property damages, and other forms of compensable damages in the
amount of $381,613.29. In addition, the Court finds that Plaintiff intervenors William
and Deborah Morgan have suffered loss of use and enjoyment damages in the amount of
$100,000.00. The Court awards Plaintiff intervenors William and Deborah Morgan total
damages, caused by Taishan, in the amount of $481,613.29.
b. Plaintiff intervenors Jerry and Inez Baldwin have suffered property damages,
personal property damages, and other forms of compensable damages in the amount of
$341,699.11. In addition, the Court finds that Plaintiff intervenors Jerry and Inez
Baldwin have suffered loss of use and enjoyment damages in the amount of $100,000.00.
The Court awards Plaintiff intervenors Jerry and Inez Baldwin total damages, caused by
Taishan, in the amount of $441,699.11.
c. Plaintiff intervenors Joseph and Cathy Leach have suffered property damages,
personal property damages, and other forms of compensable damages in the amount of
$59,676.86. In addition, the Court finds that Plaintiff intervenors Joseph and Cathy
Leach have suffered loss of use and enjoyment damages in the amount of $30,000.00.
The Court awards Plaintiff intervenors Joseph and Cathy Leach total damages, caused by
Taishan, in the amount of $89,676.86.
d. Plaintiff intervenors Bob and Lisa Orlando have suffered property damages,
personal property damages, and other forms of compensable damages in the amount of
$307,905.44. In addition, the Court finds that Plaintiff intervenors Bob and Lisa Orlando
have suffered loss of use and enjoyment damages in the amount of $100,000.00. The
Court awards Plaintiff intervenors Bob and Lisa Orlando total damages, caused by
Taishan, in the amount of $407,905.44.
e. Plaintiff intervenors J. Frederick and Vannessa Michaux have suffered property
damages, personal property damages, and other forms of compensable damages in the
amount of $255,607.80. In addition, the Court finds that Plaintiff intervenors J. Frederick
and Vannessa Michaux have suffered loss of use and enjoyment damages in the amount
of $100,000.00. The Court awards Plaintiff intervenors J. Frederick and Vanessa
Michaux total damages, caused by Taishan, in the amount of $355,607.80.
f. Plaintiff intervenors Preston and Rachel McKeller have suffered property
damages, personal property damages, and other forms of compensable damages in the
amount of $251,741.22. In addition, the Court finds that Plaintiff intervenors Preston and
Rachel McKeller have suffered loss of use and enjoyment damages in the amount of
$100,000.00. The Court awards Plaintiff-intervenors Preston and Rachel McKellar total
caused by Taishan, in the amount of $351,741.22.
g. Plaintiff intervenors Steven and Elizabeth Heischober have suffered property
damages, personal property damages, and other forms of compensable damages in the
amount of $380,886.27. In addition, the Court finds that Plaintiff intervenors Steven and
Elizabeth Heischober have suffered loss of use and enjoyment damages in the amount of
$100,00.00. The Court awards Plaintiff intervenors Steven and Elizabeth Heischober's
total damages, caused by Taishan, in the amount of $480,886.27.
In sum, the Court awards all seven Plaintiff intervenor families monetary damages for their
losses caused by the defendant Taishan in the total amount of $2,609,129.99.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 8th day of April 2010.
ELDON E. FALLON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Additional Court Documents in re Chinese Manufactured Drywall Litigation in the U.S.
Case 2:09-md-02047-EEF-JCW Document 5011-1, Filed 08/09/10, Plaintiff's Steering Committee's Memorandum of Law in Support of its Motion to Enjoin Conflicting State Court Proceedings in Muscogee County, Georgia that interfere with this court's continuing jurisdiction over this litigation.
Case 2:09-md-02047-EEF-JCW Document 1090 Filed 09/17/10 Daubert Order motions filed by the Plaintiffs' Steering Committee and Intervenor Knauf Plasterboard Tianjin Co., Ltd., ("Knauf") to exclude specific aspects of expert witness testimony.
See: U. S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana (New Orleans), CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 2:09-md-02047-EEF-JCW, -EEF-JCW In Re: Chinese-Manufactured Drywall Products Liability Litigation, that collects the pertinent court documents, hosted at http://www.freecourtdockets.com/
How is Chinese drywall (the problematic product) Recognized in Homes
The CPSC-HUD recommendations involve two basic steps in identifying Chinese drywall that may be causing or contributing to a safety, mechanical, or air quality problem in homes: [From the Executive Summary of the CPSC HUD document cited above.]
Step 1: Threshold Inspection [for Outgassing Chinese Drywall]:
Visual inspection must show:
(a) Blackening of copper electrical wiring and/or air conditioning evaporator coils; and
(b) The installation of new drywall (for new construction or renovations) between 2001 and 2008.
A positive result for this step (including both criteria) is a prerequisite to any further consideration.\
Step 2: Corroborating Evidence[for Outgassing Chinese Drywall]:
Because it is possible that corrosion of metal in homes can occur for other reasons, it is important to
obtain additional corroborating evidence of problem drywall. Homes with the characteristic metal
corrosion problems must also have at least 2 of these corroborating conditions if the new drywall was
installed between 2005 and 2008. For installations between 2001 and 2004, at least 4 of the following conditions must be met. Collecting evidence of these corroborating conditions will in some cases require professional assessors and/or testing by analytical laboratories.
(a) Corrosive conditions in the home, demonstrated by the formation of copper sulfide on copper coupons (test strips of metal) placed in the home for a period of 2 weeks to 30 days or confirmation of the presence of sulfur in the blackening of the grounding wires and/or air conditioning coils;
(b) Confirmed markings of Chinese3 origin for drywall in the home;
(c) Strontium levels in samples of drywall core found in the home (i.e. excluding the exterior paper
surfaces) exceeding 1200 parts per million (ppm);
(d) Elemental sulfur levels in samples of drywall core found in the home exceeding 10 ppm;
(e) Elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide and/or carbon disulfide emitted from
samples of drywall from the home when placed in test chambers using ASTM Standard Test Method
D5504-08 or similar chamber or headspace testing4;
(f) Corrosion of copper metal to form copper sulfide when copper is placed in test chambers with
drywall samples taken from the home.
Watch out: there are many other sulphur smell sources in buildings, and some of them may be quite dangerous. We provide a detailed list of sewer and sulphur gas odor sources later in this article at Sources of Sulphur Odors in buildings.
The Florida Department of Health has also provided lists and photos of components in homes likely to be affected by sulphur and other outgassing products emitted by Chinese drywall in homes. That state's DOH also provides a case definition that "... enables the user to rank homes as a possible, probable, or confirmed case. Homes that exhibit the sentinel indicators of drywall associated corrosion are defined as possible cases. All three sentinel indicators of Criteria 1 must be met for the home to be considered as a possible case. Criteria that define a probable or confirmed case are described in later sections." - Florida DOH
The Florida DOH describes a similar three-criteria procedure for identifying problem Chinese drywall, summarized and commented-on just below:
Criteria 1 for Possible Chinese Drywall Case Identification
The home was built or renovated with drywall since 2001
Observed corrosion of air conditioner evaporator coil ... Watch out: blackening and corrosion on copper HVAC components such as refrigerant tubing may be found in both homes with Chinese drywall and homes that did not use that material - DF.
Observed metal corrosion, indicated by blackening of one or more of copper electrical wiring, exposed copper Corrosion of electrical components will presumably pertain to copper wiring and other copper electrical components exposed to air and to Chinese drywall outgassing, such as copper electrical wiring from which insulation has been stripped back - at electrical receptacles,switches, splices, and in an electrical panel; our OPINION is that depending on the level, location, and duration of corrosive gases in a building, there may be hidden damage as well, such as corrosion of internal copper parts in some circuit breakers or switches.
Corrosion on mirrors may be recognized by loss of reflective coating on mirrors, especially at the edges and corners
The Florida DOH Criteria 2 and 3 for confirming a Chinese drywall problem case are intended for use by trained building inspection experts. We summarize below material that is provided in detail at the FL DOH Chinese drywall information web article.
Examples of Drywall Identification Stamps that are NOT Chinese Drywall
Our photos (above and below) show modern identification stamps or lables that may be found drywall products used for interior walls and ceilings. Also see additional drywall identifying number stamps found at Drywall Gypsum Board Used for Exterior Wall Sheathing.
Criteria 2: for Probable Chinese Drywall Case Identification
Observed markings on the back of drywall indicating the country of origin is China. Watch out: not all drywall bears identification markings; if there are no stamps on the back of drywall, also look for possible remainders of drywall top or bottom edge tapes as often that paper contains the manufacturer's identification. Watch out: don't assume that if you find U.S. marked drywall that no Chinese drywall is present. Some buildings were constructed or remodeled using drywall from both sources.
Demolition, or test cuts may be necessary to expose the back or hidden side of drywall.
Objective analysis of drywall in home finds Strontium levels exceed 2,000 mg/kg (ppm) [Details & references are provided by the Florida DOH]
If a home meets Criteria 1 for possible Chinese drywall presence, and significantly if you have ruled out other sources of hydrogen sulfide in the building, such as these sulphur or sewer gas odor sources ...
and where a number of items in Criteria 2 are confirmed, then the FL DOH considers the home a probable Chinese drywall case and investigation continues with Criteria No. 3 to attempt to identify the presence of Chinese drywall by product markings. We summarize the criteria just below:
Criteria 3: for Confirmed Chinese Drywall Case Identification
Elemental sulfur presence confirmed by tests
Laboratory analysis of suspect drywall headspace for reduced sulfur gas emissions
Qualitative analysis of suspect drywall for its ability to cause corrosion/blackening of copper
If the results of a Chinese drywall investigation have met the criteria for “possible case”, ruled out other sources of hydrogen sulfide as significant contributors to copper corrosion in the home (we listed possible sulphur gas and odor sources just above), and receive positive results on a sufficient number of samples from one or more of the above evaluations in Criteria 3, then according to the Florida DOH, the home meets the criteria for a “confirmed case”.
Sources of Sulphur Odors in buildings Include Smells Associated with Chinese Drywall & Other Causes in buildings
Before blaming drywall for building odors, be sure that the smells are not from another detectable source such as sewer gases or a failing hot water tank anode - see ODORS, Smells, Gases in buildings-Diagnosis & Cure for details and see SMELL PATCH TEST to Track Down Odors. The FL DOH suggests that reports of sulphur odors indoors are not a reliable indicator that Chinese drywall is present, because of a variety of reasons.
Below we list common sources of sulphur gases and odors in buildings as well as a few warnings about trying to confirm a Chinese drywall problem based on smell alone.
Some buildings using Chinese drywall do not present a characteristic sulphur odor but may still have corrosion and outgassing problems
There are multiple possible sources of sulphur gases and sulphur odors in buildings
Individual sensitivity to odors varies substantially, making odor reports inconsistent
Common Sources of Sulphur Gases & Odors in buildings
Sulphur gases and odors from a bacterial contamination of a hot water tank
Sulphur odors from defects in the building drain waste or vent piping
PLUMBING FIXTURE TRAPS - dry plumbing traps or leaky traps may be an odor source. Drain noises can be a clue to this problem. We discuss how to diagnose and cure drain sounds at Plumbing Drain Noises.
Loose toilets or a faulty toilet base wax ring (discussed at SEWER GAS ODORS)
Blocked or improperly installed plumbing vents: see Plumbing Vent Defects for an explanation of sewer gas leaks from building drain vent piping. Transite pipe plumbing vents - an cement-asbestos material, can become delaminated and clogged with age, blocking the plumbing vent system. See Transite Pipes, Chimneys & Flues
Illustrations of a leaky cast iron sewer line that sent sewer gases into the building's transite (asbestos cement) heating duct system can be seen at TRANSITE PIPE AIR DUCTS and at CAST IRON DRAIN PIPING.
Watch out: if the sulphur odors in a building are due to sewer gas backups, dangerous levels of possibly explosive methane gas could be present. Also, at SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY we explain that gases produced in a septic tank are dangerous, as a potential source of explosion and as a cause of death by asphyxiation if someone falls into or deliberately enters a septic tank.
Sulphur odors or "septic odors" at a kitchen sink may actually be food odors from a garbage disposer that needs cleaning.
Sulphur odors from a failing or backing-up septic system - see
Other odors mistaken for sulphur odors, such as a dead animal in building walls or crawl spaces. We also mention human flatulence which also can have a sulphur odor but will normally be episodic and brief in duration.
Watch out: some people mistake LP gas or natural gas leak odors for sulphur gas or sewer odors. See Gas Piping and Tank Defects.
What Tests are Performed to Evaluate the Hazard from Chinese Drywall in buildings?
The following tests are commonly used to evaluate the level of indoor contamination from Chinese drywall:
Strontium emission test for Chinese Drywall
Iron/Fe2S and strontium/SrS (impurities) emission test for Chinese Drywall
VOCs, especially organic sulfides emission test for Chinese Drywall
Elemental sulphur and sulphur-based gases emission test for Chinese Drywall
Analysis of copper surfaces (exposed electrical wiring, copper piping) for corrosion attributable to corrosive gases emitted by Chinese Drywall
Accelerated corrosion test to evaluate the corrosivity of a specific sample of Chinese Drywall material.
EMS lab provides a range of tests for the level of outgassing and probable hazard or building damage from Chinese Drywall, as do some other U.S. environmental testing laboratories.
Remedies for Corrosive Hazardous Chinese Drywall in buildings
Unfortunately the effective remedies for the presence of problematic outgassing Chinese Drywall in buildings are likely to be extensive and costly:
Remove the source of corrosion - the offending Chinese Drywall - has to be completely removed - this means removal of drywall ceilings and walls in homes where this material was installed.
Identify and replace corroded, unsafe building components, such as the smoke alarms and CO alarms mentioned above. If electrical wiring is badly corroded, it may also be unsafe, or circuit breakers may be unsafe and may also need to be replaced. Gas piping and sprinkler system piping may also need replacement according to the CPSC Interim Remediation Guidance
for Homes with Corrosion from Problem Drywall
Watch out for Bogus Chinese Drywall Remedies
Watch out: the indoor air "purifiers" and "deodorizers" sold by some vendors who specifically advertise regarding Chinese drywall odors are not the proper approach to dealing with this problem, treating the symptom rather than the cause, and ignoring corrosion and other damage caused by this product.
Reporting Chinese Drywall Complaints or "Incidents" to the US CPSC
Consumers are encouraged to report problems with their drywall, especially apparent or confirmed damage from Chinese drywall outgassing to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
FHA-insured families experiencing problems associated with problem drywall may be eligible for assistance to help them rehabilitate their properties. HUD’s Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program may also be a resource to help local communities combat the problem.
Homeowners who believe they may have problem drywall should immediately report to CPSC by calling 800-638-2772 or logging on to www.cpsc.gov/cgibin/drywall.aspx. Hearing- or speech-challenged individuals may access the phone number through TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at 800-877-8339.
Chinese Drywall Court Cases, Litigation, Court Rulings - List of
Germano, et al. v. Taishan Gypsum Co. Ltd., et al., case no. 09-6687 - Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law - Excerpts are quoted from this public document, just below.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA: MDL NO. 2047 IN RE: CHINESE MANUFACTURED DRYWALL : PRODUCTS LIABILITY LITIGATION : SECTION: L
:: JUDGE FALLON : MAG. JUDGE WILKINSON
*This Document Relates to Germano, et al. v. Taishan Gypsum Co. Ltd., et al., case no. 09-6687.*
From 2004 through 2006, the housing boom and rebuilding efforts necessitated by various hurricanes led to a shortage of construction materials, including drywall. As a result, drywall manufactured in China was brought into the United States and used in the construction and refurbishing of homes in coastal areas of the country, notably the Gulf Coast and East Coast.
Sometime after the installation of the Chinese drywall, homeowners began to complain of emissions of smelly gasses, the corrosion and blackening of metal wiring, surfaces, and objects, and the breaking down of appliances and electrical devices in their homes.
Many of these homeowners also began to complain of various physical afflictions believed to be caused by the Chinese drywall. Accordingly, these homeowners began to file suit in various state and federal courts against homebuilders, developers, installers, realtors, brokers, suppliers, importers, exporters, distributors, and manufacturers who were involved with the Chinese drywall. Because of the commonality of facts in the various cases, this litigation was designated as multidistrict litigation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. =A7 1407.
United States District Judge Fallon, of the Eastern District Court of Louisiana ruled on April 8, 2010 awarding all seven Plaintiff intervenor families monetary damages for their losses caused by the defendant Taishan in the total amount of $2,609,129.99.
Based upon the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the Court found that scientific, economic, and practicality concerns dictate that the proper remediation for the Plaintiff-intervenors is to remove all drywall in their homes, all items which have suffered corrosion as a result of the Chinese drywall, and all items which will be materially damaged in the process of removal.
The court document specifies general scientific findings on Chinese drywall which distinguish it from typical, benign drywall as the following:
Chinese drywall has a significantly higher average concentration of strontium and significantly more detectable levels of elemental sulfur.
Chinese drywall releases reduced sulfur gases.
The sulfur gases released by Chinese drywall are irritating to the human body. Exposed individuals reported irritation of the eyes, respiratory system, and skin, among other things.
The sulfur gases released by Chinese drywall cause offending odors in homes, making them hard if not impossible to live in.
The sulfur gases released by Chinese drywall are corrosive to metals, particularly copper and silver.
The corrosion on metals caused by the sulfur gases emitted by Chinese drywall causes premature failure of electrical & mechanical devices.
The corrosion on metals caused by the sulfur gases emitted by Chinese drywall poses a fire risk
BACKGROUND: GYPSUM & DRYWALL
Drywall is a widely used construction material that is also known as gypsum board,
wallboard, plasterboard, sheetrock, and gyproc. P2.0006-0003 (Cozen O’Connor, Chinese Drywall
Litigation: Subrogation Whitepaper (2009)). A drywall panel is composed of a layer of hardened
gypsum plaster sandwiched between two layers of paper liner. Id. Gypsum is a hydrated calcium
sulfate, composed of two molecules of water (H2O) and one of calcium sulfate (CaSO4). Id.
The gypsum used to make drywall can be created both naturally and synthetically. Id.
Naturally occurring gypsum is a deposit largely the result of the evaporation of water in ancient
inland seas which contains large amounts of dissolved gypsum. P2.0051-001 (Treatment and
Disposal of Gypsum Board Waste, Construction Dimension, February 1992 at 5).
Synthetic gypsum
is chemically identical to mineral gypsum, but the amount and types of trace materials and unreacted
sorbents found in the source material can vary among power plants and among mines from which
it originates.
P2.0006-0003 (Cozen O’Connor, Chinese Drywall Litigation: Subrogation Whitepaper
(2009)).
Synthetic gypsum is generally obtained in the final stage of industrial processes, where
sulfuric acid is neutralized by a calcium salt; for example it is produced as a byproduct of coal
combustion power plants. Id.; P2.0240.0014 (ASTM International report).
To make drywall from gypsum, first gypsum is crushed or ground up and heated to about 350
degrees Fahrenheit to remove approximately seventy-five percent (75%) of its water content in a
process called calcining, thereafter becoming a fine white powder. P2.0006-0003 (Cozen O’Connor,
Chinese Drywall Litigation: Subrogation Whitepaper (2009)); P2.0051-0001 (Treatment and
Disposal of Gypsum Board Waste, Construction Dimensions, February 1992 at 5).
Second, the
calcined gypsum is mixed with water, foam, and other additives to form a slurry which is fed
between continuous sheets of paper on a continuous belt line. Id.
Third, as the board moves down
the belt line, the calcined gypsum recrystalizes or rehydrates, reverting to its original gypsum state,
and the paper sheets become firmly bonded to the rehydrated core. Id. Finally, the board is cut to
length and conveyed through dryers to remove free moisture. Id.
Historically, gypsum was used as far back as 3700 B.C. by the Egyptians as a base to preserve
the wall murals in the pyramids. P2.0051-0001(Treatment and Disposal of Gypsum Board Waste,
Construction Dimension, February 1992 at 6); P2.0240-0022 to -0023 (ASTM International, Oct.
2009 at 9-10).
The Roman Empire used gypsum for interior purposes, such as the interior walls of
Pompeii. Id.
There is little information of the use of gypsum plaster during the Middle Ages. Id.
The modern science of gypsum began with the discoveries by Antoine Lavoisier outlined in his two
papers on gypsum presented to the French Academy of Sciences in 1765 and 1766. P2.0240-0022
to -0023 (ASTM International, Oct. 2009 at 11). In the United States, the use of gypsum board
started in the early 1950s and was driven by the following issues,
(1) avoiding the drying time of
plaster which allowed earlier occupancy of buildings, and
(2) the lack of skilled plasterers in many
locations. P2.0240-0026(ASTM International, Oct. 2009, pg. 13). Gypsum is fire resistant, thus
making it a preferable material for drywall. P2.0051-0001 (Treatment and Disposal of Gypsum
Board Waste, Construction Dimensions, February 1992 at 6).
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ASTM E2600 - 08 Standard Practice for Assessment of Vapor Intrusion into Structures on Property Involved in Real Estate Transactions is available from the ASTM at astm.org/Standards/E2600.htm .
"This practice is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to conduct a VIA on a parcel of real estate, or more specifically conduct a screening evaluation to determine whether or not there is potential for a VIC, and if so, identify alternatives for further investigation."
The standard goes on to emphasize the uncertainty in testing any site for gases and vapor intrusion.
"A Tax Break for Replacing Bad [Chinese] Drywall", Tara Siegel Bernard, The New York Times, 1 October 2010, p. B3
"Chinese Drywall Maker, Others, to Fix U.S. Homes", M.P. McQueen, The Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2010, orignal source: http://online.wsj.com/article/ , Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
SB10001424052748704361504575552222399666154.html
EMS Testing Laboratories (a nationwide chain in the U.S.) - see http://www.emsl.com
"Draft Report on Preliminary Microbiological Assessment of Chinese Drywall", U.S. CPSC, draft report 26 March 2010, - Web Search 08/03/2010, original Source: http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/microbio.pdf
Lori Saltzman, M.S., Director, Division of Health Sciences, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway,
Bethesda, MD 20814, Prepared By: Environmental Health & Engineering, Inc., 117 Fourth Avenue, Needham, MA 02494, EH&E Report #16512,
March 26, 2010
"Drywall Flaws: Owners Gain Limited Relief, Chinese Product Forces Many From Homes", Andrew Martin, The New York Times, p. 1, 18 September 2010
U.S. CPSC & HUD Executive Summary, Chinese Drywall Hazards, published by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, and supported by the US CDC (Centers for Disease Control), the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), and HUD, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development - original source: http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/execsum0410.pdf
Chinese Drywall information hosted by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, and supported by the US CDC (Centers for Disease Control), the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), and HUD, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development - http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/index.html
HUD and CPSC Issue Guidance on Repairing Homes With Problem Drywall, U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development, Shaun Donovan, Secretary, Office of Public Affairs, Washington, DC 20410 and U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814, Friday April 2, 2010, HUD No. 10-068 HUD Contact: Shantae Goodloe, (202) 708-0685
http://www.hud.gov/news and CPSC Media Contact: Patty Davis, (301) 504-7908
http://www.cpsc.gov- see http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/hud10068.html for details
HUD and CPSC Issue Guidance on Identifying Problem Drywall in Homes, same source as op.cit., - original source: http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/hud10020.html
FHA-insured families experiencing problems associated with problem drywall may be eligible for assistance to help them rehabilitate their properties. HUD’s Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program may also be a resource to help local communities combat the problem.
"Pay up, US tells drywall makers
Government names chinese firms that sold tainted products", William E Gibson, Paul Owers, Sun Sentinel, 26 May, 2010, Palm Beach County FL edition, p. S8. William E. Gibson wgibson@SunSentinel.com - 202-824-8256. Original source: print edition. Online source (less detail) see http://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/
fl-drywall-report-0526-20100525,0,7022672.story
"U.S. names Chinese drywall brands with worst emissions", Los Angeles Times, 27 May 2010 - Web Search 08/03/2010 Original Source: http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-drywall-20100527,0,3260498.story
"Chinese Drywall Seller Reportedly Aware Of Problem", CBS4 News, May 20, 2010, Web-Seach 08/03/2010 http://cbs4.com/local/Chinese.Drywall.CPSC.2.1565689.html
CPSC Alert to Fire Safety Professionals -
ALERT! Report to CPSC any fires that you suspect are associated with problem drywall - see http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/firesafetyprof.pdf Report problem drywall-related fires to: CPSC’s Rik Khanna at rkhanna@cpsc.gov or 301-504-7546 or
Andrew Trotta at atrotta@cpsc.gov or 301-504-7578.
CPSC Staff Preliminary Evaluation of Drywall Chamber Test Results,
Reactive Sulfur Gases1,
Michael Babich, Ph.D., Mary Ann Danello, Ph.D.,
Kristina Hatlelid, Ph.D., M.P.H., Joanna Matheson, Ph.D.,
Lori Saltzman, M.S., and Treye Thomas, Ph.D.
March 2010 - see http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/chamber0310.pdf
US CPSC Status Update on Chinese Drywall - March 2010 - see http://www.cpsc.gov/info/drywall/mar2010status.pdf
U.S. Federal Drywall Information Center website -
www.drywallresponse.gov
We are aware of complaints and lawsuits related to certain wallboard manufactured in China that was imported into Florida in the 2005-2006 timeframe. All of United States Gypsum Company’s wallboard is produced in North America and does not have the problems associated with Chinese made drywall.
U.S. Gypsum also provides information about its use of synethetic gypsum as follows:
Synthetic gypsum has been used to make wallboard in the U.S. for more than 20 years: Since 2000 alone, the U.S. gypsum wallboard manufacturing industry has produced the equivalent of 72,000,000,000 square feet of wallboard made with synthetic gypsum – enough to finish the interior of more than 7,000,000 American homes. Today, all USG SHEETROCK™ brand gypsum wallboard is manufactured using either synthetic gypsum, gypsum mined in North America, or a combination of both.
Synthetic gypsum is identical to mined gypsum: Synthetic gypsum is an environmentally‐friendly product made through a controlled process by which limestone and water are used to “scrub” the emissions from coal‐fired power plants to create the end product calcium sulfate. Calcium sulfate is a high purity mineral identical in chemical composition to mined gypsum. 1 This “scrubbing” process is also called “flue gas desulfurization” (FGD).
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency encourages the use of synthetic gypsum in making wallboard: In 1993 and again in 2000, the EPA classified synthetic, or FGD, gypsum as a non‐hazardous waste. The EPA encouraged U.S industry to use FGD gypsum to make wallboard, stating that the use is beneficial to “conserve natural resources, reduce disposal costs, and reduce the total amount of waste destined for disposal.”2 The EPA stated, “[w]e support increases in these beneficial uses, such as . . . use in construction products such as wallboard.”3 As recently as 2008, the EPA highlighted on its website a new wallboard plant that was built near a coal‐fired power plant and would use synthetic gypsum made from scrubbing the power plant’s emissions. ...
- web search 08/03/2010, original source http://www.usg.com/documents/corpcom/synthetic-gyp.pdf
Chinese Drywall information from the Florida state department of Environmental Protection -
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/community/indoor-air/casedefinition.html#presence - help with visual identification of Chinese drywall products.
Chinese Drywall References (from the FL DOH article, these documents can be obtained at www.drywallsymposium.com)
1. Alessandroni, M. What's the (Elemental S)tory?). Poster Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
2. Demott, R., Alessandroni, M., Hayes, H., Freeman, G., Gauthier, T. - Elemental Sulfur and Trace Metal Content in Chinese and Domestic Brands). Poster Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
3. Salazar, R., Krause, D., Eldredge, C. - Comparison of Methods Utilized by Commercial Laboratories for Analyses of Bulk Drywall Samples. Poster Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
4. Singhvi, R, Lin, Y., Admassu, G., Syslo, J. Field Analysis of Elemental Sulfur in Drywall by GC/ECD. Poster Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
5. Spates, W., Rinicker, T., Toburen, T. - Evolution of Chinese Drywall Inspections and Findings Based on Laboratory Data and FDOH Guidelines and the Need to Incorporate New and Productive Inspection Techniques Poster Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
6. Tuday, M., Chen, K, Cherazaie, H., Fortune, A., Henton, W., Parnell, C, Dangazyan, M., Cornett, C. Measurement of Corrosive, Odorous and Potentially Harmful Gases from Imported and Domestic Wallboard . Oral Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
7. Tedder, R. Disposal Options for Imported Drywall. Oral Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
8. Layne, A. EPA’s Activities on Chinese Drywall. Oral Presentation at Technical Symposium on Corrosive Imported Drywall Nov 5-6, 2009.
10. Garland, S.E., and Greene, M.A. Statistical Analysis of the Chemical Screening of a Small Sample of Unused Chinese and non-Chinese Drywall – Tab A. Oct 28, 2009.
11. Interagency Task Force on Chinese Drywall October 29, 2009 Release of Initial Chinese Drywall Studies – Indoor Air Studies. Tab C. Oct 28, 2009
12. EH&E Report 16512 for the CPSC. Draft Final Report on an Indoor Environmental Quality Assessment of Residences Containing Chinese Drywall – 51 home study. Nov 18, 2009.
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