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 What is a BTU or British Thermal Unit?
- BTU CALORIE HEAT - CONTENTS:
- Definitions of BTU & BTUH: What is a BTU or British Thermal Unit? Definition of BTU - British Thermal Units per Hour
- Table of BTUs translated into other measurements
- Definition of BTUH - British Thermal Units per Hour
- Definition of Calorie or Calories
- Definitions for & explanations of latent heat, super heat, latent heat of vaporization, latent heat of condensation, sensible heat & specific heat
- How to Translate BTUs to Tons of Air Conditioning or Cooling Capacity?
- BTU USAGE MONITORS - separate article
- Questions & Answers about BTU, BTUs, BTUh and similar measurements of energy or heat
- References
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This article gives definitions of BTU or British Thermal Unit, BTUs, BTUH, and related terms. We explain how to express BTUs in other measurements, and how BTUs are used in describing the operation of heating or air conditioning equipment and their capacities. We include a table showing how to translate BTUs into other measurements such as raising the temperature of ice or water, calories, joules, and tons of air conditioner capacity or heating system capacity. Sketch courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
What is a BTU or British Thermal Unit?
Definition of BTU - British Thermal Unit
A BTU is a measure of heat energy, or the amount of heat given off when a unit of fuel is consumed. One BTU is the amount of heat energy we need to raise the temperature
of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. One BTU also is defined as 252 heat calories (this is not the
same as food calories).
When talking about air conditioners or heaters, we talk about the A/C unit's
BTUh capacity - the number of BTUs of cooling (lowering rather than
raising temperature) it can produce in an hour of running.
When we are heating a building BTUs describe heat given off by consuming fuel or energy from some source (electricity, natural gas, LP gas, oil, etc.) of which some portion is delivered to the building occupied space (see AFUE and HSPF).
When we are cooling a building, or when we are describing an air conditioner or heat pump's rated capacity (in BTUs), we are describing the removal of a quantity of heat from the building - or really from the building's air.
Also see DEFINITION of Heating & Cooling Terms where we further discuss and define BTUs, Calories, and other energy measures.
Table of BTUs translated into other measurements
| Table of British Thermal Units BTU's Translated into Other Measurements |
| 1 BTU = |
One BTu = the amount of energy needed to raise 1 pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit or 1oF
One BTU is equal to 252 calories, so by the definition of calorie, 1 BTU will raise 252 grams of water by one degree Centigrade or 1oC.
One BTU is also described by some as about the amount of energy given by burning one wooden kitchen match. |
| 1/2 BTU = |
the amount of energy to raise one pound of ice by one deg Fahrenheit. |
| 16 BTUs = |
the amount of energy to raise 1 pound of ice from 0 degF to 32 deg F as ice |
| 144 BTUs = |
the amount of energy to raise 1 pound of ice at 32 deg F to 1 pound of water at 32 deg F |
| 180 BTUs = |
the amount of energy to raise 1 pound of water at 32 deg F to 1 pound of water at 212 deg F. |
| 970 BTUs = |
the amount of energy to raise 1 pound of water at 212 deg F to 1 pound of steam vapor at 212 deg F (1) |
| 12,000 BTUH = |
one ton of heating or cooling capacity per hour |
NOTE: you can see by these entries that a state change, from ice to water or from water to steam vapor requires much more energy than simply raising a material in temperature by one degF. Whether we are adding heat or removing heat, these BTU amounts are the same: it doesn't matter which direction we're going: heating up or cooling down. |
Notes to the BTU table:
(1) How many BTUs are required to convert one pound of water at 212 degF to one pound of steam vapor at 212 degF? This figure is the latent heat of vaporization, the number of BTUs of energy used to raise one pound of water at 212 degF to one pound of steam vapor at the same temperature; in other words, the temperature is unchanged but the state of matter is changed from liquid to vapor. - Refrigeration License Examinations. Also see BLEVE explosions or boiling liquid vapor expansion explosions. We discuss the role of pressure/temperature relief valves in protecting against these hazards at RELIEF VALVES - TP Valves on Boilers and at RELIEF VALVES - Water Heaters.
Definition of BTUH - British Thermal Units per Hour
 Based on the definition of BTUs above, BTUH describes the number of BTUs of energy produced (as heat) or removed (by air conditioning) in one hour.
One BTU is also equal to 252 calories.
Technical note: Heating equipment such as boilers and furnaces often will show two different BTUH numbers on the heating appliance label. Boilers, steam boilers or furnaces include a data tag that may indicate BTU data as BTUH or MBTUH, referring to thousands of BTUs per hour.
Input BTUH = the energy consumed by the heating appliance measured in thousands of BTUs per hour.
Output BTUH = the heat output from the heating appliance, measured in thousands of BTUs per hour. This is the theoretical maximum heat output that the appliance could deliver to the building. The actual heat delivered into the building will be this amount or less - as there are also losses in the heat distribution system as well.
The input BTUH will always be greater than the output BTUH because the heating appliance will not operate at 100% efficiency. (And for the output BTUH to exceed the input BTUH the heating appliance would have to be operating at greater than 100% efficiency - defying the laws of physics.)
Definition of Calorie or Calories
A calorie is defined as the quantity of heat needed to raise
the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Centigrade
So what's a calorie? (Definition of Calories)
Definitions for & explanations of latent heat, super heat, latent heat of vaporization, latent heat of condensation, sensible heat & specific heat
 Latent heat is defined as the amount of heat absorbed by a substance with no change in a temperature - such as when a substance changes state (from water to steam, for example)
In other words, heat that is absorbed by a substance with no change in temperature is latent heat. For example when a substance changes state (liquid to gas) latent heat is involved.
Definition of Superheat: The latent heat of vaporization is defined as the number of BTUs to raise one pound of liquid to a pound of vapor (to a varying degree per BTU depending on the type of vapor - this is "superheat"). Our Sketch explaining latent heat of vaporization shown at left is provided courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates.
The latent heat of condensation is defined as the number of BTUs necessary to change a state back from a vapor to a liquid
The latent heat of solidification is defined as the amount of energy (or number of BTUs) needed to change a liquid to a solid (such as water to ice) while the temperature remains unchanged (at sea level, 32 degF).
Sensible heat is defined as the amount of heat that we can sense or feel or measure.
When an air conditioner system is working, the larger diameter tubing on the low-side of the system combined with the effects of the refrigerant metering device (cap tube or thermostatic expansion valve) results in a reduced pressure on the low side (compared with high side pressure). The reduced pressure causes vaporization of the liquid refrigerant inside the cooling coil, which in turn means that sensible heat is absorbed by the cooling coil.
When the same air conditioner system is working, the smaller diameter tubing on the high side reduces available volume so that (along with the effect of the compressor itself) we increase the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant so that sensible heat can be transferred to ambient outdoor air.
Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given substance by one unit of temperature (in our examples by one degF.) Specific heat is also defined as the amount of heat (in calories) to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance by one deg C (Celsius).
The specific heat of water is defined as a constant and = 1
The specific heat of ice is is 5
- Definition of one BTU is the energy required to raise one pound of water by one degree F (sensible heat ).
In which direction does heat flow: heat energy always flows from the warmer substance to the cooler substance, down to -460 degF where all molecular movement stops.
A neat fact is that the heat flows more rapidly (efficiently) between two substances when there is a greater temperature difference between them. That's why the thermal conductivity of finned copper tubing heating baseboard is exponentially greater at higher degrees of heating water temperature, and that's why we like to run our heating boiler at a higher rather than a lower upper limit temperature.
Also see DEFINITION of Heating & Cooling Terms
What is a Joule? BTUs translated into SI units of energy: relationship of Watts, Joules & Newton Meters
Outside of the U.S. in some countries, BTUs as a measure of energy are being replaced with the SI unit of energy, the Joule. (J).
The English have beaten out the Scots by James Prescott Joule (an Englishman) who defined the Joule.
Since there are 3600 seconds in an hour the following formulas equating Watts, Joules, and Newton meters can be written:
1 Watt second (Ws) = 1 joule (J) = 1 newton meter
1 Watt hour (Wh) = 3600 Joules
1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 x 106 Joules, since there are 1000 watts in a kilowatt.
We can think of an air conditioner's "efficiency" as expressed either in the total operating cost for a season of use,
or you may prefer to just express the air conditioner's efficiency as its operating cost to run
the system for one hour.
The equation shown at page top is designed to reduce all of the parameters describing air conditioning efficiency to a
single efficiency number, SEER. SEER numbers are useful when we're comparing one air conditioner with another.
But suppose we want to know the actual air conditioning cost per season, or air conditioning cost
per operating hour to operate our air conditioner?
To translate an air conditioner or heat pumps SEER rating (Definition of SEER RATINGS) into actual air conditioning operating costs we need to know these measurements - as they allow us to translate BTUs into Watts or other electrical measurements.
How do We Translate BTUs to Tons of Air Conditioning or Cooling Capacity?
One ton of air conditioning capacity produces the same cooling ability as melting one ton of ice in 24 hours. Sketch courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates.
288,000 BTUs / 24 hours = 1 Ton of cooling
12,000 BTUs / hour = a 1-ton air conditioning system
A one-ton air conditioner claims to remove 12,000 BTUs of heat from the building air per hour of operation.
Or if we know the total number of BTUs at which an air conditioning system is rated, since this number is usually given in BTUH or BTUs / hour, we just divide that number by 12,000 to get the number of tons of cooling capacity.
A 36,000 BTUh air conditioner is providing 36,000 / 12,000 or 3 Tons of cooling capability per hour.
If we know the number of tons of cooling capacity that an air conditioning system is rated for, we just multiply the number of air conditioning capacity in Tons by 12,000 to get the number of BTUs of cooling capacity of the system.
A 3-ton air conditioner is providing 3 x 12,0000 or 36,000 BTUs of cooling capability per hour.
To assist in choosing the right sized air conditioner, we provide a typical air conditioner chart at AIR CONDITIONER BTU CHART.
Watch out: more is not always better. Don't buy an air conditioner that is too big: if you install a system that is too powerful (too many tons of cooling capacity) the building will be less comfortable than if you install a properly-sized air conditioner. Too many tons of air conditioning mean the system will shut off on short cycles and won't run long enough to reduce the indoor humidity to a comfortable level. Details are at DEHUMIDIFICATION PROBLEMS
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about BTUs and BTUH
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
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Steven Bliss served as editorial director and co-publisher of The Journal of Light Construction for 16 years and previously as building technology editor for Progressive Builder and Solar Age magazines. He worked in the building trades as a carpenter and design/build contractor for more than ten years and holds a masters degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Excerpts from his recent book, Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, Wiley (November 18, 2005) ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, appear throughout this website, with permission and courtesy of Wiley & Sons. Best Practices Guide is available from the publisher, J. Wiley & Sons, and also at Amazon.com.
 Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides:
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- Home Inspection Education Home Study Courses - ASHI@Home Training 10-course program.
Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on these courses: Enter INSPECTAHITP in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference Book, a reference & inspection report product for building owners & inspectors.
Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference eBook, an electronic version for PCs, the iPad, iPhone, & Android smart phones.
Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter inspectaehrb in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
- The Illustrated Home illustrates construction details and building components, a reference for owners & inspectors.
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- Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com 11/06
- Roger Hankey is principal of Hankey and Brown home inspectors, Eden Prairie, MN. Mr. Hankey is a past chairman of the ASHI Standards Committee. Mr. Hankey has served in other ASHI professional and leadership roles. Contact Roger Hankey at: 952 829-0044 - rhankey@hankeyandbrown.com. Mr. Hankey is a frequent contributor to InspectAPedia.com.
- Arlene Puentes, an ASHI member and a licensed home inspector in Kingston, NY, and has served on ASHI national committees as well as HVASHI Chapter President. Ms. Puentes can be contacted at ap@octoberhome.com
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- LP or Natural Gas Pressures & BTUH per Cubic Foot
- Insulation Properties, Table of R-Values, density, moisture permeability, fire safety, aging effects on various insulation materials
- Rated Cooling Capacity - How to Determine Air Conditioning Equipment Rated Cooling Capacity
- "Solar Heat Gain & Windows, the facts about", NFRC, National Fenestration Rating Council, January 2005, NFRC website: www.nfrc.org retrieved 12/4/2010, original source: http://www.nfrc.org/documents/SolarHeatGain.pdf.
- Principles of Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning: A textbook with Design Data Based on 2005 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, Harry J., Jr. Sauer, Ronald H. Howell, William J. Coad. Quoting
... textbook for college level HVAC courses or independent study and review, especially when combined with the 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. Contains the most current ASHRAE procedures and definitive, yet easy to understand, treatment of building HVAC systems -- from basic principles through design and operation. Dual units of measurement.
- ASHRAE resources on building insulation, dew point and wall condensation - see the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, available in many libraries. The following three ASHRAE Handbooks are also available at the InspectAPedia bookstore in the third page of our Insulate-Ventilate section:
- 2005 ASHRAE Handbook : Fundamentals : Inch-Pound Edition (2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK : Fundamentals : I-P Edition) (Hardcover), Thomas H. Kuehn (Contributor), R. J. Couvillion (Contributor), John W. Coleman (Contributor), Narasipur Suryanarayana (Contributor), Zahid Ayub (Contributor), Robert Parsons (Author), ISBN-10: 1931862702 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862707
- 2004 ASHRAE Handbook : Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning: Systems and Equipment : Inch-Pound Edition (2004 ASHRAE Handbook : HVAC Systems and Equipment : I-P Edition) (Hardcover)
by American Society of Heating, ISBN-10: 1931862478 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862479
"2004 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment The 2004 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Systems and Equipment discusses various common systems and the equipment (components or assemblies) that comprise them, and describes features and differences. This information helps system designers and operators in selecting and using equipment. Major sections include Air-Conditioning and Heating Systems (chapters on system analysis and selection, air distribution, in-room terminal systems, centralized and decentralized systems, heat pumps, panel heating and cooling, cogeneration and engine-driven systems, heat recovery, steam and hydronic systems, district systems, small forced-air systems, infrared radiant heating, and water heating); Air-Handling Equipment (chapters on duct construction, air distribution, fans, coils, evaporative air-coolers, humidifiers, mechanical and desiccant dehumidification, air cleaners, industrial gas cleaning and air pollution control); Heating Equipment (chapters on automatic fuel-burning equipment, boilers, furnaces, in-space heaters, chimneys and flue vent systems, unit heaters, makeup air units, radiators, and solar equipment); General Components (chapters on compressors, condensers, cooling towers, liquid coolers, liquid-chilling systems, centrifugal pumps, motors and drives, pipes and fittings, valves, heat exchangers, and energy recovery equipment); and Unitary Equipment (chapters on air conditioners and heat pumps, room air conditioners and packaged terminal equipment, and a new chapter on mechanical dehumidifiers and heat pipes)."
- 1996 Ashrae Handbook Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equipment: Inch-Pound Edition (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 1883413346 or ISBN-13: 978-1883413347 ,
"The 1996 HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook is the result of ASHRAE's continuing effort to update, expand and reorganize the Handbook Series. Over a third of the book has been revised and augmented with new chapters on hydronic heating and cooling systems design; fans; unit ventilator; unit heaters; and makeup air units. Extensive changes have been added to chapters on panel heating and cooling; cogeneration systems and engine and turbine drives; applied heat pump and heat recovery systems; humidifiers; desiccant dehumidification and pressure drying equipment, air-heating coils; chimney, gas vent, fireplace systems; cooling towers; centrifugal pumps; and air-to-air energy recovery. Separate I-P and SI editions."
- Principles of Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning: A textbook with Design Data Based on 2005 AShrae Handbook - Fundamentals (Hardcover), Harry J., Jr. Sauer (Author), Ronald H. Howell, ISBN-10: 1931862923 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862929
- 1993 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 0910110964 or ISBN-13: 978-091011096
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
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Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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- Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto, have provided us with (and we recommend) Carson Dunlop Weldon & Associates' Technical Reference Guide to manufacturer's model and serial number information for heating and cooling equipment
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- Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, Hardcover: 320 pages, available from Amazon.com and also Wiley.com. See our book review of this publication.
- "Energy Savers: Whole-House Supply Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Supply_Vent.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11880?print
- "Energy Savers: Whole-House Exhaust Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Exhaust.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11870
- "Energy Savers: Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
- "Energy Savers: Natural Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Natural_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
- "Energy Savers: Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Energy_Recovery_Venting.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11900
- "Energy Savers: Detecting Air Leaks [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Detect_Air_Leaks.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
- "Energy Savers: Air Sealing [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Air_Sealing_1.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
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- Insulate & Weatherize (Taunton's Build Like a Pro), Bruce Harley. Review quoted:
An engineer who trains builders in energy-efficient construction, Harley offers a wealth of information that will allow readers to improve their home's efficiency, saving both money and natural resources. After an introductory section that explains the underlying principles of heat transfer, insulation, and air quality, Harley demonstrates basics such as weather-stripping and moves forward through advanced projects including insulation and major upgrades. Short "Pro Tips" as well as sections labeled "Trade Secrets," "What Can Go Wrong," and "In Detail" provide a great deal of helpful information. Increasing energy efficiency is one of the easiest ways for homeowners to save money
- Insulation Types, table of common building insulation properties from U.S. DOE. Readers should see INSULATION R-Values & Properties our own table of insulation properties that includes links to articles describing each insulation material in more detail.
- The National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST (nee National Bureau of Standards NBS) is a US government agency - see www.nist.gov
- "A Parametric Study of Wall Moisture Contents Using a Revised Variable Indoor Relative Humidity Version of the "Moist" Transient Heat and Moisture Transfer Model [copy on file as/interiors/MOIST_Model_NIST_b95074.pdf ] - ", George Tsongas, Doug Burch, Carolyn Roos, Malcom Cunningham; this paper describes software and the prediction of wall moisture contents. - PDF Document from NIS
- Nogging: See this photo of exposed bricks on a building exterior on a building exterior in Canada. [Thanks to Carson Dunlop, Toronto - see References below].
- Piquet Wall Construction: See this photo of
piquet wall construction - involving timber-framed wall construction with long top girts, diagonal timber bracing, and small diameter logs
placed vertically along with concrete chinking to fill in the wall plane.
- Plank House Construction: weblog from plankhouse.wordpress.com/2009/01/25/plank-house-construction/ and where plank houses were built by native Americans, see
Large 1:6 Scale Plank House Construction / P8094228,
Photographer: Mike Meuser
06/12/2007 documented at yurokplankhouse.com where scale model Museum quality Yurok Plank Houses are being sold to raise money for the Blue Creek - Ah Pah Traditional Yurok Village project.
- Rubblestone Wall Filler: See this Lartigue House using exterior-exposed rubblestone filler between vertical timbers of a post and beam-framed Canadian building.
- Understanding Ventilation: How to Design, Select, and Install Residential Ventilation Systems, John Bower, Quoting:
Understanding Ventilation is the only book that covers all aspects of exchanging the air in houses: infiltration, equipment selection, design, heat-recovery ventilators, sizing, costs, controls, whole-house filters, distribution, and possible problems that a ventilation system can cause--all in easy-to-understand language.
- "Weather-Resistive Barriers [copy on file as /interiors/Weather_Resistant_Barriers_DOE.pdf ] - ", how to select and install housewrap and other types of weather resistive barriers, U.S. DOE
- Weaver: Beaver Board and Upson Board:
Beaver Board and Upson Board: History and Conservation of Early Wallboard, Shelby Weaver,
APT Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 2/3 (1997), pp. 71-78, Association for Preservation Technology International (APT), available online at JSTOR.
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