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 Guide to Heating System Boiler Controls & Switches
- Troubleshooting guide for heating system boiler controls and switches
- An owner's guide to heating system controls and switches
- Heating system bleeder valves
- Aquastats on heating boilers
- Cad cell relays on heating systems
- Circulator pumps and pump relay switches on home heating systems
- Heating system high limit and low limit and differential controls explained
- Explanation of low water cutoff controls on boilers
- Explanation of temperature & pressure relief valves on heating boilers
- Explanation of heating boiler pressure gauges
- Explanation of heating boiler water feed valves
- Explanation of heating system zone valve
- FURNACE CONTROLS & SWITCHES - separate article, hot air heat
- HEAT WON'T TURN OFF - separate article
- HEAT WON'T TURN ON - separate article
- STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS & Controls - separate article, steam heat
- Questions & Answers about controls used on heating system boilers: adjustments & settings, diagnosis, function, maintenance, repair or replacement
- References
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InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
Heating system controls guide: This article describes the operating and safety controls on a Heating System Boiler - central heating systems. Start here to learn how to identify the different controls found on heating equipment. & to aid in troubleshooting, inspection, diagnosis, and repairs.
The photo above shows a modern cad cell relay on an oil fired heating boiler - one of the safety controls which we discuss in this article.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
Guide to Choosing, Installing, Troubleshooting & Repairing or Adjusting Heating Boiler Controls
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Here we describe the key operating and safety controls on heating boilers used to provide hot water heat through baseboards, convectors, radiators, and radiant heat flooring or ceilings.
Because some controls are used in common on hot water heat, hot air heat, and steam boilers, readers should see these other articles: see BOILER CONTROLS & SWITCHES, and also see BOILER COMPONENTS & PARTS for a detailed list of heating boiler controls, other heating system components, parts such as circulator pumps & draft regulators.
If your building uses warm air heat, see FURNACE CONTROLS & SWITCHES.
If your building uses steam heat see STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS.
How to Identify, Reset, or Adjust Hot Air Heat Furnace Controls and Switches
While going through the detailed sequence in the operation of the heating boiler, watch for and inspect the condition of the heating
boiler controls and safety devices (as required by ASHI 9.1.A.3 automatic safety controls).
Here we provide a list of most of the switches and controls found on heating systems. Each item is defined and we provide links to one or more detailed articles about the inspection, testing, setting, and use of each of these devices.
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Air Bleeder Valves on Hot Water Heating Systems - the basics
 Air bleeder valves, manual or automatic, are installed on hot water heating systems at several places in order to remove unwanted air from the heating system.
Air trapped in hot water heating lines, radiators, baseboards, or convectors is not only responsible for a bubbling and gurgling noise, it can also actually prevent hot water from circulating, thus preventing the heating system from working.
See Air Bleeder Valves for details. |
Aquastats: Combination or Multi Function Primary Controls (Aquastats) for Heating Boilers - A Guide
 Combination control or primary control on heating boilers: this control, such as a Honeywell R8182D combine High Limit and "Low Limit" boiler controls
(The dial marked "low limit" on a combination control may or may not be in use depending on presence of a tankless coil).
This primary control, the most common type on modern heating boilers,
controls the oil burner operation, turning the burner on or off as the boiler low limit or high limit temperatures are reached respectively.
This control may
switch on and off a single circulator pump, and if a tankless coil is installed on the boiler, it may also turn the oil burner on and off as needed to maintain
temperature in the boiler to provide domestic hot water as well. |
- Combination Control High Limit: On a typical combination control, the "Hi Limit" is the cut-off temperature for the
heating boiler on a call for heat. The cut-on temperature is hard wired in this control at about 15 degF below the "Hi Limit" setting.
- Combination Control Low Limit: On these
controls the "Low Limit" is NOT the "cut on" point for heat but rather it is a setting which is intended to maintain heat inside the boiler in order to
assure that the boiler can produce hot water when a tankless coil is installed.
- The "Low Limit" is normally set at least 20 degF below the "Hi Limit" to
avoid a "lockout" condition on this control which we discuss just below. During warm months when the boiler is not being called-on to heat
the building itself, the "Low Limit" keeps heat in the boiler for the tankless coil.
So the "Low Limit" is actually a "low range" operating upper limit on boiler temperature that applies out of the heating season.
- Combination Control Differential: On this control, the "Diff" or differential control dial specifies the amount below the "Low Limit" to which boiler temperature can
fall before the boiler should turn on to keep the boiler warm for making domestic hot water through the tankless coil.
- Details about the control settings of boiler aquastats and how to set these devices to save money on heat, remain safe, and function properly, can be read at AQUASTAT CONTROL Functions
- For a discussion about individual High Limit Switches and Low Limit Switches and controls on hot water heating boilers see High Limit Controls and Low Limit Controls
Backflow Preventer Valves on Heating Boilers - A Different Check Valve
Backflow preventers are a different type of check valve found on heating systems.
The backflow preventer is installed to keep hot, high pressure water in the hydronic heating system from flowing backwards through a boiler water feed line into the building water supply - a sanitation concern.
See Check Valves Flow Control Valves Flo Control. |
Cad Cell Relay Switches on Oil Fired Heating Boilers & Furnaces - the basics
Flame sensing devices on heating boilers: modern heating boilers using an oil burner for heat source use a Cadmium Cell sensor, usually located inside the oil burner tube, to "see" the
presence of flame and thus to assure that the oil burner assembly stops pumping oil into the combustion chamber if flame ignition is
unsuccessful.
Some older heating boilers, steam boilers, and water heaters may use a stack relay switch to confirm oil burner operation.
Heating Boiler Oil-burners use either a cad cell or stack relay to confirm that the furnace oil burner is operating properly and to avoid flooding
the combustion chamber with un-burned oil.
See CAD CELL RELAY SWITCH and Stack Relay Switch . |
- Boiler Cad Cell Relays Explained Modern heating boilers use a Cadmium Cell sensor, usually located inside the oil burner tube, to "see" the
presence of flame and thus to assure that the oil burner assembly stops pumping oil into the combustion chamber if flame ignition is
unsuccessful.
- The cad cell is wired to a relay switch (usually a gray box with a red "reset" button located on top of the oil burner)
which switches the oil burner off when a flame is not established in the burner.
- Resetting the Oil Burner Cad Cell Relay: if the red button on the cad cell relay is sticking up and the oil burner has shut down,
the homeowner is permitted to try ONCE to "reset" the system by pressing the red reset button.
If the oil burner does not turn on and run normally and continuously (no smoke,
no loud noises, etc.) for at least 5 or 10 minutes after resetting the relay or pressing the reset button, DO NOT keep resetting the system since
doing so can flood the combustion chamber with un-burned heating oil - a dangerous condition.
- Details about Cad Cell relay switches, how to inspect, test, and reset them can be read at CAD CELL RELAY SWITCH
Check Valves Prevent Un-wanted Gravity or Convection Circulation of Hot Water
 If electrical power switch to a hot water heating boiler is in the on position (see ELECTRICAL POWER SWITCH FOR HEAT) and the room thermostat is set above room temperature, the heating system (hot water or steam) boiler or (warm air) furnace should not run.
And hot water should not be circulating through the building's radiators or baseboards.
But for hot water heating systems (baseboards, radiators), check valve settings (in the forced-on position) or other internal defects could cause or permit hot water to circulate through the heating system by "gravity" (convection, that is warm water rising on its own through the heating piping) even though the thermostat is not calling for heat.
The problem, if this is occurring, is usually that a check valve (photo above-left) (found internal to some circulator pumps, or external as a physical device) intended to prevent hot water from circulating on its own - when the circulator pump is off - is either set to a "forced open" position, or it has become defective.
If that's the problem (diagnosed by a heating and service technician) then the valve or circulator needs to be replaced.
While waiting for that repair to be made, you can still turn off the heat, by turning off electrical power to the boiler.
See CHECK VALVES, HEATING SYSTEM for more about various kinds of check valves and flow-control or flo-control valves on heating boilers.
Circulator pumps & circulator relay switches on gas or oil fired heating boilers - the basics
Circulator pumps & relays on heating boilers - an older and by some heating service technicians, a preferred method to control the distribution of heat to individual
building areas uses a individual circulator pump to force heating water through each individual heating zone piping.
This system too is usually found
on hot water baseboard heating systems.
Two or more circulator relay switches, one relay for each circulator pump, will be installed to turn on and off
each heating water circulator if more than one heating circulator is installed. Individual low-voltage thermostats located in the living area will respond to
a call for heat by switching on the circulator relay which in turns on the (120V) circulator pump.
Details about circulator pumps and circulator relay controls can be read at Circulator Pumps & Relays.
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Differential Bypass Valves - BG
Differential bypass valves are not usually found on residential heating systems, but you may encounter one. According to B&G:
The differential bypass valve is used in systems where heating loads may be excluded from the circuit as zone valves close. It controls the excess flow in the system by acting as a bypass while ensuring adequate flow to the remaining open circuits. The differential bypass valve helps reduce velocity noise caused by excess flow through the circuits while maintaining the pump head at a constant value.
The differential by-pass valve should be installed after the pump between the supply and return piping. It can be installed either in the horizontal or vertical position provided it is in accordance with the direction of flow as indicated by the arrow on the valve body.
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Electrical Switches that Control Heating Systems - the basics
An electrical on-off switch is located out of the heating equipment room and serves to turn off electrical power to heating equipment in an emergency. This switch should be one of the first things you check if your building has no heat, as someone may have turned it off on purpose (such as for safety reasons) or by accident.
A second electrical switch is located on or close to the heating equipment.
A third electrical switch or fuse turns off power to the heating equipment service at the building electrical panel.
See ELECTRICAL POWER SWITCH FOR HEAT wHere we explain these electrical switches on heating systems in more detail.
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Heating Thermostats & How They are Set
Heating & Air Conditioning Thermostats where are thermostats usually located, what types of thermostatic controls are used on
various heating and cooling systems, how do we find all of the thermostats, how do we set, adjust, and use thermostats
The round Honeywell (R) wall thermostat shown in this photo has been locked in a plastic enclosure to prevent people from changing its set temperature. Set temperature and how the thermostat works are described in excruciating detail below.
Room thermostats for air conditioning work and are set the same as when these devices are used for controlling heating systems. We provide lots of detail about how these devices work - see THERMOSTATS for complete details.
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High Limit Controls and Low Limit Controls on Heating Boilers - the basics of single limit switches
Individual High Limit and Low Limit relay switches on heating boilers: these may be provided on older heating boilers.
A separate high limit control, usually mounted near the top of the heating boiler monitors boiler temperature and shuts off the oil or gas burner when that limit has been reached.
A separate low limit control (that looks like the high limit unit), usually mounted lower on the heating boiler monitors boiler temperature and turns on the oil or gas burner when the heating boiler internal water temperature reaches the low limit.
Details about individual limit switches and controls on boilers can be read at Limit Switches, Boilers. |
Stack Relay Controls on Oil Fired Heating Boilers & Furnaces - the Basics
 Oil Burner Stack Relay Switches Explained Older oil burners may use a Stack Relay
to accomplish the same purpose (turn off the oil burner if the flame is not established).
The "stack relay" is a bimetallic spring
inserted into the flue vent connector located usually quite close to the heating boiler between the boiler top and the chimney.
The bimetallic spring warms in response to hot oil burner exhaust, confirming that combustion is taking place.
If combustion is not
occurring a timer inside the stack relay turns off the oil burner to prevent flooding of the combustion chamber
with un-burned oil.
For details concerning this device see Stack Relay Switch
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Low water cutoff on steam heating boilers and on some hot water heating boilers: on both some hydronic (water) and all steam type heating boiler systems a sensor is installed on some modern heating boilers (and on virtually all steam boilers) to turn off the oil burner
should the water level or pressure in the system fall below a safe level.
For details see LOW WATER CUTOFF CONTROLS
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 Pressure and Temperature Relief Valve on heating boilers: a TP valve is installed on all modern heating boilers to release hot water and pressure should
the boiler's internal pressure or temperature rise to an unsafe level.
The relief valve should be piped to a few inches from the floor with
the end of the discharge tube always in a visible location so that if it is leaking or open the building owner or manager can observe
that (unsafe) condition. Some very old heating boilers may not have a relief valve installed.
These systems used a pressure relieving overflow
tank located high in the building, above any upper floor radiators or baseboards, often in the building attic.
The attic pressure tank was
open to the atmosphere and often itself included an overflow pipe which would permit any excess water (or pressure) to flow out of the tank
and out of the building, perhaps through a building wall to the outdoors. While these systems worked well for decades, placing a temperature
relief valve right on or very close to the heating boiler is a safer installation.
See RELIEF VALVES - TP VALVES for details.
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 Pressure and Temperature gauge on heating boilers: this gauge displays the heating boiler internal pressure and temperature.
Typical pressure for a residential boiler serving a two story home would show 12 psi cold, and less than 30 psi hot.
Over 30 psi boiler pressure will cause the pressure relief valve to open.
Typical hydronic heating boiler operating temperature
settings are LO-120-160 HI-180-200 degF. At 200 degF. we'll see should see pressure under 30 psi.
Typical operating temperature observed at the gauge will be below the high, and can be as low as
nighttime room temperature in non-heating season if no tankless coil is in use. The temperature/pressure gauge may help in checking for
normal conditions before and during boiler operation. However the gauge can be wrong!)
See GAUGES ON HEATING EQUIPMENT for more details about pressure gauges on hydronic (hot water) heating boilers.
Pressure gauges for steam boilers are discussed at Steam Pressure Gauge. |
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Tankless coil use on heating boilers: This device is not itself a boiler "control" but boiler controls include features to make the coil work properly.
A tankless coil is basically a coil of finned copper tubing which is inserted into the heating boiler, is used to provide
domestic hot water to some buildings. Watch out for leaks at piping fittings or more seriously the coil mounting plate which bolts the coil to the
boiler (leaks at this location can destroy a steel boiler).
Watch out also for missing a mixing/tempering valve which mixes cold in with the outgoing hot water to avoid scalding temperatures
at nearby taps.
Some building jurisdictions require a separate temperature/pressure relief valve on hot water piping at the boiler.
The photo shows a pile of tankless coils found in a building basement next to the heating boiler. We suspected that high mineral content
in the building's water supply was causing frequent coil clogging.
See TANKLESS COILS for details. If you see a pile of tankless coils in a home (our photo above) you can guess that there has been a problem with hard water and tankless coil clogging - the home needs a water softener - see WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS.
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Water Feeder Valves on Hot Water and Steam Heating Systems - the basics
 Automatic water feeder and Expansion Tank on heating boilers - these are often controlled in a single unit on modern heating boilers which use an Amtrol or
similar expansion tank. The water feeder is the brass assembly at the bottom of the expansion tank on these units.
On older heating boilers
the expansion tank and water feeder valve are separate physical units. On these older systems the "automatic water feeder" is often a
bell-shaped device which opens and sends makeup water into the heating boiler and its piping whenever the heating system's internal
water pressure falls below a normal level (perhaps 12 psi when the boiler is cold).
Some older heating systems may not have an automatic
water feeder and may only provide a manually operated valve to add water to the boiler.
Systems without an automatic water feeder are
less safe and risk serious boiler damage should boiler water be lost and should there be no low water cutoff installed on the system. See WATER FEEDER VALVES for details about water feed valves for hydronic boilers. Steam boiler automatic water feed valves are discussed at WATER FEEDER Valves, Steam
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Zone Valves on Hot Water Heating Systems - the basics
 Zone valves on heating boilers - heating water piping in a building, particularly where hot water baseboard heat is used, may be divided into separate heating zones (different floors, or different areas on a single floor) to
permit more detailed control of heat distribution in a building.
The control of heating water through these different heating zones may be accomplished
by use of zone valves (one per heating zone or area or "loop" of heating piping) which in turn are connected to individual thermostats.
When the thermostat calls for heat in a particular building area, the thermostat switch causes the zone valve to open, to permit hot water to flow through that zone.
When the zone valve is fully open, an "end switch" inside the valve tells the heating system's circulator to begin operating, causing hot water to flow
through the zone.
Typically heating systems using zone valves will have two or more zone valves (usually but not always located close to the heating
boiler) and a single circulator pump (usually located on the return end of the hot water piping close to the heating boiler).
Details about zone valves on hot water heating systems can be read at Zone Valves.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about controls on heating boilers
Question: where to find info about the fan limit switch
I am in HVAC school trying to find info on the fan limit switch and limit switches - Paul Gibson, 5/24/11
Reply:
Paul you are looking at boiler controls on this page.
Fan limit switches are used on warm air heating furnaces. Take a look at the large amount we have published about the
FAN LIMIT SWITCH and how it works, is wired, diagnosed & repaired. Also see other furnace controllinks listed at Related Topics under FURNACE CONTROLS & SWITCHES. If any of that material is unclear or incomplete let me know by email.
Question:
Hi we have a 1950 to 60 old boiler in our home which we want to remove. All gas has been turn off at the meter. This furnace has not been operational for at least 10 years now, and everything is more than old to say the least.
In order to empty the baseboard style radiaters in each room where do this.
The release valve is totally broken on the actual boiler itself. Is there a page on your website which deals with questions like this? We plan to have a new gas forced air system installed in our home once this has been removed. Anon; 6/26/2011
Reply: how to drain an old heating boiler & radiators when converting to forced hot air heat
Anon, just to clear up what we're discussing,
a "boiler" uses hot water or steam to heat a home through radiators or convectors or baseboards or radiant floor tubing
a "furnace" uses warm air to heat a home by circulating air (not water) through supply and return air ducts
You are describing a heating boiler - as you mention a broken (what sounds like) pressure-temperature safety relief valve. And you say you are converting to forced warm air - a furnace system.
To drain an old boiler including all of the radiators or in your case what sounds like convector units, you can usually drain everything from the boiler drain; that's because typically the individual convector or radiator valves have been left in the "on" position. Indeed draining will be a LOT faster if you can let air INTO the system.
I'd look for an air bleed valve at the highest convector unit and see if, after you've bled off the initial water pressure in the system you can also open that valve to begin letting air into the system.
Since you are replacing everything, there's nothing lost to cut pipes where necessary to get things to drain, just do your cutting where you won't leak water into the finished structure.
Question: is it legal to bypass a heating boiler control?
Isn't it illegal to bypass a flow sensing device and leave the boiler in operation? - Chris, 8/14/11
Reply:
Chris I'm not sure what flow sensing device you refer to, but
Watch out: in general it is absolutely unsafe and improper to bypass or subvert a safety control on heating equipment. If at an inspection I found that boiler safety controls had been removed, bypassed, subverted, I would turn off the system, red tag it, and notify the owners/occupants in writing of an unsafe condition.
Question: Can I increase the cold water feed pressure to my heating boiler?
will it damage an operating hot boiler if I increase the pressure on the water feeder valve by turning the top screw clockwise?. - Joey Butter, 12/31/2012
Reply:
Joey indeed after loosening the lock-nut on many automatic water feeder-water pressure regulators for heating boilers, loosening or tightening the screw adjusts a spring that sets the water feed pressure down or up.
Changing the water pressure to a higher initial setting won't damage a boiler, and that's what we do for some buildings that are more than two stories in height.
Watch Out: if you set the pressure too high you can cause dumping of the pressure relief valve; that in turn can spill water in the house, and ultimately clog the valve - an unsafe condition risking a boiler explosion.
So basically you want to set the COLD water pressure in the boiler to the right number. Standard starting point for the water feed for a hydronic (hot water) heating boiler is 12 psi when the system is cold. The pressure must be set a bit higher for taller buildings since circulator pumps themselves don't have lift capacity - they rely on the heating system water pressure to get heating water to higher levels in the building. .
Under BOILERS, HEATING see Water Feeder Valves, Hydronic Boiler
for advice on choosing the proper pressure setting for your heating system.
Question: Sudden loss of water pressure in the heating system, clanging pipes
I woke up last night hearing this clinging sound from the pipes. I checked out the heater and the pressure valve used to be at 10 is now at 0. I have oil radiant floor heating in a 1500 sq. ft. 1 story house. Did a pipe break in my floor and thats why I lost pressure? - Jeremy 1/20/2012
Reply:
Jeremy, a sudden loss of water pressure sure sounds like a leak to me, but check everywere. If you're lucky the leak is not in the floor but at an accessible, repairable place - start by checking the pressure/temperature relief valve.
Question:
Is your Aquastat works with Solenoid valve ? - Amit Prajapati 6/21/12
Reply:
Amit,
The high limit safety switch in aquastats on residential heating equipment don't rely on a solenoid valve, they interrupt power to the oil or gas burner to shut it off.
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- Bell & Gossett Air Separators and other heating system components, Bell & Gossett, 8200 N. Austin Ave., Morton Grove IL 60053, USA - Tel 847 966-3700 Fax 847 965-8379.
- Thanks to Bottini Fuel service manager Ron Thomas for discussing aquastat functions, low limit controls, oil burner short cycling causes, and boiler maintenance, reliability, and service contracts 4/13/2010. Bottini Fuel is a residential and commercial heating oil distributor and oil heat service company in Wappingers Falls, NY and with offices in other New York location
- Domestic and Commercial Oil Burners, Charles H. Burkhardt, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York 3rd Ed 1969.
- National Fuel Gas Code (Z223.1) $16.00 and National Fuel Gas Code Handbook (Z223.2) $47.00 American Gas Association (A.G.A.), 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 also available from National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. Fundamentals of Gas Appliance Venting and Ventilation, 1985, American Gas Association Laboratories, Engineering Services Department. American Gas Association, 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209. Catalog #XHO585. Reprinted 1989.
- The Steam Book, 1984, Training and Education Department, Fluid Handling Division, ITT [probably out of print, possibly available from several home inspection supply companies] Fuel Oil and Oil Heat Magazine, October 1990, offers an update,
- Principles of Steam Heating, $13.25 includes postage. Fuel oil & Oil Heat Magazine, 389 Passaic Ave., Fairfield, NJ 07004.
- The Lost Art of Steam Heating, Dan Holohan, 516-579-3046 FAX
- Principles of Steam Heating, Dan Holohan, technical editor of Fuel Oil and Oil Heat magazine, 389 Passaic Ave., Fairfield, NJ 07004 ($12.+1.25 postage/handling).
- "Residential Steam Heating Systems", Instructional Technologies Institute, Inc., 145 "D" Grassy Plain St., Bethel, CT 06801 800/227-1663 [home inspection training material] 1987
- "Residential Hydronic (circulating hot water) Heating Systems", Instructional Technologies Institute, Inc., 145 "D" Grassy Plain St., Bethel, CT 06801 800/227-1663 [home inspection training material] 1987
- "Warm Air Heating Systems". Instructional Technologies Institute, Inc., 145 "D" Grassy Plain St., Bethel, CT 06801 800/227-1663 [home inspection training material] 1987
- Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Volume I, Heating Fundamentals,
- Boilers, Boiler Conversions, James E. Brumbaugh, ISBN 0-672-23389-4 (v. 1) Volume II, Oil, Gas, and Coal Burners, Controls, Ducts, Piping, Valves, James E. Brumbaugh, ISBN 0-672-23390-7 (v. 2) Volume III, Radiant Heating, Water Heaters, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Heat Pumps, Air Cleaners, James E. Brumbaugh, ISBN 0-672-23383-5 (v. 3) or ISBN 0-672-23380-0 (set) Special Sales Director, Macmillan Publishing Co., 866 Third Ave., New York, NY 10022. Macmillan Publishing Co., NY
- Installation Guide for Residential Hydronic Heating Systems
- Installation Guide #200, The Hydronics Institute, 35 Russo Place, Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922
- The ABC's of Retention Head Oil Burners, National Association of Oil Heat Service Managers, TM 115, National Old Timers' Association of the Energy Industry, PO Box 168, Mineola, NY 11501. (Excellent tips on spotting problems on oil-fired heating equipment. Booklet.)
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
 The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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- Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto, have provided us with (and we recommend) Carson Dunlop Weldon & Associates' Technical Reference Guide to manufacturer's model and serial number information for heating and cooling equipment
Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Technical Reference Guide purchased as a single order. Just enter INSPECTATRG in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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