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INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT

ACOUSTICAL SEALANT CHOICES
AIR LEAK MINIMIZATION
ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN BUILDINGS
ATTIC VENTILATION

BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIER
BASEMENT HEAT LOSS
BLOWN-IN INSULATION
BRICK LINED WALLS
BRICK VENEER WALL AIR LEAKS
BUCKLED FOUNDATIONS due to INSULATION?

CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION
CATHEDRAL CEILING VENTILATION
CEILINGS, DROP or SUSPENDED PANEL
CRAWL SPACES

DEHUMIDIFICATION PROBLEMS
DEW POINT TABLE - CONDENSATION POINT
DUCT INSULATION, ASBESTOS PAPER

FIBERGLASS HAZARDS
FIBERGLASS INSULATION
FIBERGLASS PARTICLE CONTAMINATION
Fiberboard Insulation Sheathing Mold
FIBERGLASS INSULATION MOLD
Fireproofing containing Asbestos
FRAMING DETAILS for BETTER INSULATION
FRAMING DETAILS for DOUBLE WALL HOUSES
FRAMING METAL STUD PERFORMANCE
FREEZE-PROOF A BUILDING

HEAT LOSS in BUILDINGS
HEAT LOSS PREVENTION PRIORITIES
HEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATION
HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS
HOUSE DOCTOR, how-to be
HUMIDITY LEVEL TARGET

ICE DAM PREVENTION
INSULATION AIR & HEAT LEAKS
INDOOR AIR QUALITY & HOUSE TIGHTNESS
INSULATION CHOICES
INSULATION FACT SHEET- DOE
INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT
INSULATION LOCATION - WHERE TO PUT IT
INSULATION MOLD
INSULATION R-Values & Properties

LEED GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION
LOG HOME ENERGY EFFICIENCY

MOLD in FOAM INSULATION, RESISTANCE
MOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGS

NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE

PASCAL CALCULATIONS

RADIANT BARRIERS
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
RIGID FOAM USE INDOORS

SHEATHING, FOIL FACED - VENTS
SLAB INSULATION, PASSIVE SOLAR

STAINS on & in BUILDINGS, CAUSES & CURES
STRAW BALE CONSTRUCTION
STUCCO WALL METHODS & INSTALLATION
STUCCO OVER FOAM INSULATION
SWEATING (CONDENSATION) on PIPES, TANKS

Thermal Expansion Cracking of Brick
THERMAL IMAGING, THERMOGRAPHY
THERMAL MASS in BUILDINGS
THERMAL TRACKING Indicates Heat Loss
TRUSS UPLIFT, ROOF

VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION in BUILDINGS
VENTILATION in BUILDINGS

WALL CONSTRUCTION BARRIER vs CAVITY
WIND WASHING INSULATION At EAVES
WINTERIZE A BUILDING

More Information

Properties of all types of foam insulation & sealants (C) D FriedmanHow to Distinguish among UFFI, Icynene®, Latex, Polyurethane & Fire-Resistant Foam Building Insulation - Photo Guide
     

  • How to Make a Sure Distinction Among Types of Foam Insulation Found in Buildings
    • UFFI Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation, where to look for it
    • Icynene® foam spray insulation in buildings
    • Latex foam spray insulation products in buildings
    • Crush, tear, and compression test demonstrations for UFFI vs Icynene® foam insulation
    • 1/2 Lb. Open Celled Spray Foam Insulation
    • 2 Lb. Closed Cell Spray Foam Insulation
    • Soy-Based Foam Spray Building Insulation
    • Polyurethane Foam Spray Building Insulation
    • Fire-Block Fire Retardant Foam Spray Building Insulation
  • Questions & Answers about foam building insulation products: UFFI, Icynene foam, Polyurethane foam insulation, Latex Foam insulation
  • References

Click to Show or Hide Related Topics

  • INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE - home
  • INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT - home
  • INSULATION LOCATION - WHERE TO PUT IT - home
  • ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN buildings
  • ASBESTOS-FREE INSULATION MATERIALS
  • ASBESTOS PIPE INSULATION
  • BALSAM WOOL BATT INSULATION
  • BLOCK WALL INSULATION RETROFIT
  • BLOWN-IN INSULATION
  • BRICK LINED WALLS
  • BRICK VENEER WALL AIR LEAKS
  • BRICK WALL INSULATION RETROFIT
  • CELLULOSE LOOSE FILL INSULATION
  • CERAMIC INSULATION
  • CONCRETE INSULATION, light-weight
  • COTTON INSULATION BATTS
  • DUST SAMPLING PROCEDURE
  • FIBERGLASS INSULATION
  • FIBERGLASS HAZARDS
  • FOAM BOARD Insulation
  • FOAM INSULATION TYPES - Visual Id
  • FOAM INSULATION & INSECTS
  • HOMASOTE & OTHER INSULATING BOARDS
  • ICYNENE FOAM SPRAY INSULATION
  • MINERAL WOOL - ROCK WOOL INSULATION
  • PAPER INSULATION on DUCTS
  • PERLITE INSULATION
  • PHENOLIC FOAM INSULATION
  • POLYISOCYANURATE FOAM INSULATION
  • POLYISOCYANURATE FOAM BELOW SLABS
  • POLYSTYRENE FOAM INSULATION
  • RADIANT BARRIERS
  • REFLECTIVE INSULATION
  • RIGID FOAM USE INDOORS
  • STRESS SKIN INSULATED PANELS
  • STUCCO OVER FOAM INSULATION
  • SUPER HI-R INSULATION
  • SUPERINSULATION RETROFIT
  • UREA FORMALDEHYDE FOAM INSULATION UFFI
  • URETHANE FOAM
  • VERMICULITE INSULATION
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.

Insulating foam type identification: this article provides simple visual and tactile methods that anyone can use to reliably tell the difference among several common types of foam building insulation products. We include a Photo guide to identification of different foam building insulation materials and tactile, crush-test, crumble test, color examples, foam densities and weights, and other easy physical methods that can distinguish among most foam building insulation products including UFFI - urea formaldehyde foam building insulation, Icynene® foam, open and close cell foam insulations, 1/2 pound and 2-pound foam insulations, soy based foam insulation, polyurethane foam building insulation, and latex foam building insulation. We also describe special purpose foam insulation sprays such as fire-block foam used at mechanical passage openings through walls, floors, ceilings.

Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.

How to Make a Sure Distinction Among UFFI Foam, Icynene® Foam, and Latex Foam Insulating Products in buildings

UFFI foam insulation in an old house (C) Daniel FriedmanOur page top photo illustrates an open celled 1/2 pound polyurethane foam, two can-sprayed polyurethane foam sealant/insulation products, Icynene foam, and UFFI. All of these insulations are applied as foams that cure to a finished product. But their properties vary significantly as may installation costs and best uses. Solid slab and pre-shaped cut styrofoam and other insulating board products are described separately at Insulation Material Identification Guide.

Besides the details we outlined just above, it's easy to make a reliable distinction among urea formaldehyde foam insulation, Icynene® foam building insulation, and latex spray foam building insulation products using our simple finger probe test.

If the foam insulation product you find is quite firm it is probably a newer product such as icynene spray foam insulation. But beware: another soft foam insulation product is latex foam spray insulation sold in small spray canisters at building supply houses. It's easy to tell the difference. The latex foam spray and icynene foam spray products are not crumbly.

Visual and Tactile Characteristics of UFFI Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation

Dark colored surface of UFFI Insulation (C) Daniel Friedman


Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation expands to ooze out of openings in building cavities where it was inserted. (So do other expanding foam products such as Icynene® and Latex foams.)

When cured it forms a rather dull matte finish that may become gray with dust or dirt either with age or by movement through a dusty building cavity during its installation. The color of the "skin" of cured UFFI is usually a darker gold color than the interior of the product.

You can see the brownish gold color if the UFFI in our photo (left).


Squash test on UFFI Foam Insulation (C) Daniel Friedman Compression test on UFFI Foam Insulation (C) Daniel Friedman

UFFI foam insulation is very crumbly and soft. It is very easy to break off a section of this foam with your hand using almost no pressure at all - the foam is very fragile. (Photo above left)

UFFI foam insulation will compress and usually disintegrate into a fine powder if you compress it, even by pressing on it with just a finger, and you'll see that UFFI leaves a dusty residue on your finger if you crush it. (Photo above right). Because any fine dust particles can be a respiratory irritant, even when the particles are not themselves toxic, we recommend that you wear a respirator when performing this test.

(To avoid making a mess we conducted these tests inside of a disposable cardboard box.)

We discuss the identification and properties of UFFI insulation in buildings in detail at Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation UFFI where we also explain the history of public fear of health hazards that were thought to be associated with this product. The insulating or "R-value" properties of UFFI are at INSULATION R-Values & Properties.

Visual and Tactile Characteristics of Icynene® Foam Insulation

UFFI in a building eaves (C) Daniel Friedman

Icynene foam insulation is a foam spray insulation product in contemporary use (2008). Our photo (left) shows cured Icynene foam insulation oozing out of wall cavities in an attic. Here is another photo of Icynene foam insulation.

When cured it forms a rather hard shiny surface or "skin". You can depress this foam but some force will be needed and it is elastic. While dust can settle on and dirty this insulating material, its hard shiny surface picks up and holds less dust and debris than UFFI.

Icynene foam insulation is quite durable and while you can tear off a chunk of Icynene foam from a larger piece using your bare hand, it requires some strength and the torn pieces remain generally intact. (See photos just below).


Squash testing icynene foam insulation (C) Daniel Friedman Compression test result for icynene foam insulation (C) Daniel Friedman

Icynene foam insulation is elastic. If you compress a sample with your finger, as we show in these two photos (above), it will remain intact and will expand pretty much back to its original shape when you remove your finger.

We discuss the properties of Icynene® foam spray insulation at Icynene Foam Spray Insulation.

The insulating or "R-value" properties of Icynene foam are at INSULATION R-Values & Properties.

We discuss the reduced risk of mold where Icynene® is in crawl spaces at Mold risk in Icynene Foam Insulation.

Visual and Tactile Characteristics of Latex Foam Spray Insulation

Latex foam insulation is not really elastic. If you press down on latex foam insulation spray product after it has cured, it will compress and remain pretty much squashed into the smaller volume you've made.

Latex spray foam insulation is also whiter in color than the golden yellow of UFFI or Icynene and its finished surface is a dull matte not very shiny.

Like Icynene, latex foam insulation is not fragile but you can tear off a section from a larger chunk of cured latex foam insulation with your bare hand.

We have not found latex foam insulation used for complete building insulation retrofit, but it is often used by consumers to seal small building air leaks.

[Photos Wanted]

Visual and Tactile Characteristics of Open Celled 1/2 Pound vs Closed Cell 2-Pound Spray Foam Insulation

1/2 Lb. Open Celled Spray Foam Insulation

Our photos below illustrate application of a lightweight 1/2-pound open-celled spray foam insulation used in both new construction (left) and a retrofit insulation job at the same building (below right). This lightweight open-celled foam (Demilec™) was sprayed to fill the building cavities and trimmed flush with the rafters, studs, or floor joists. This material is easily compressed between a thumb and forefinger, but is elastic and will spring back to nearly its pre-compressed state.

Demilec open celled 1/2 lb foam insulation (C) D FriedmanDemilec open celled 1/2 lb foam insulation (C) D Friedman
  • Foam density: 0.45 - 0.5 lbs/cubic foot
  • Foam R-value: R 3.81 sq ft.h deg/BTU [??]
  • Low air permeance (that means the product is very resistant to air flow through the material)
  • Water vapor transmission at 3.5" = 6.6 perms
  • Water absorption: 0.30 % volume

We chose this foam product for the installation shown above because we had room for plenty of insulation. Framing was using 2x6 wall studs and 12" I-joists for the roof and floor support system. Because this is an open-celled foam and vulnerable to water accumulation and leaks we felt that the design worked best below a standing-seam metal roof - a covering likely to be extra-resistant to penetration, even from falling tree branches, for a long time. Photos courtesy Galow Homes.[8]

Below we illustrate field-observable properties of Demilec's 1/2 lb. foam used in the building shown above. At below left is the exposed expanded cured side of the foam and at below right we show the interior of this foam "overspray" where it was trimmed from the building ceiling. You can see that the foam is uniform in interior, unlike some of the canned spray polyurethane sealant applications we demonstrate in this article.

Demilec open celled 1/2 lb foam insulation (C) D FriedmanDemilec open celled 1/2 lb foam insulation (C) D Friedman

Below we illustrate the compression behavior of this foam material. Note that in normal application one would not compress the foam as we did for this illustration. But you can observe that if you squash this type of foam it is not very elastic. Don't do that.

Demilec open celled 1/2 lb foam insulation (C) D FriedmanDemilec open celled 1/2 lb foam insulation (C) D Friedman

Demilec's Sealection Agribalance® spray foam insulation, in contrast, is an open-cell semi-rigid polyurethane foam insulation system, a water-blown insulation that is also spray applied, using "... more than 20% renewable agricultural based materials (refined vegetable oils) in the resin."

  • Foam Density: 0.60 - 0.80 lbs/cubic foot
  • Foam R-value: R 4.45 sq.ft./h/deF/BTU [??]
  • Low air permeance at 3.5" thickness
  • Water absorption: 15.27% volume

Visual and Tactile Characteristics of 2 Lb. Closed Cell Spray Foam Insulation

In contrast, closed-cell "two pound" spray foam insulation (see Icynene above) is a more dense and heavier product. Closed-cell foams are also by nature more resistant to both moisture and water penetration.

Soy-Based Foam Spray Building Insulation

According to Demilec[5] their Heatlok Soy-200 spray foam building insulation is a closed-cell polyurethane foam insulation that "... incorporates renewable oils and recycled plastic bottles in the creation of a high-performing insulation" that meets LEED requirements in various categories.

The product is formulated for use primarily as a moisture/vapor barrier and thermal insulation on above grade or below grade interior and exterior applications. You might want to take a look at the MSDS and other technical details provided by the company when evaluating this and all other insulating products.

  • Foam density: 2.1 lbs/cubic foot
  • Foam R-value: R 7.4/inch, R-26.6 @4-inches
  • Low air permeance
  • Water absorption: 0.30 % volume

Demilec's HeatLok Soy spray foam building insulation, is a similar product.

Visual and Tactile Characteristics of Polyurethane Foam Spray Building Insulation

Canned spray polyurethane foam was used to fill gaps around the windows being renovated (below left). The foam expands in response to moisture in air, is very dense when cured (and horribly sticky messy when wet). It is trimmed using a sharp knife or saw.

Squash testing icynene foam insulation (C) Daniel Friedman


Be careful when filling building cavities with this foam product. If you do not move the spray nozzle with smooth uniform strokes, and if you have to re-visit the cavity to spray a second time, you may find when trimming the foam that you have left large air gaps that need further filling.

The surface finish of this polyurethane foam, when cured, is smooth, very firm, a bit shiny.

An example of a consumer-use spray-can applied foam sealant product is Dow Chemical's Great Stuff insulating foam.[6]

Below we illustrate the elasticity and other properties of this polyurethane foam sealant-insulation. You can see that in this slow-tech empirical test we observe that the polyurethane foam insulation is harder to compress (more dense) than some of the other products discussed here, and that it is quite elastic (below right), springing back to close to its original shape when pressure is removed.

Squash testing polyurethane foam insulation (C) D FriedmanSquash-testing polyurethane foam sealant (C) D Friedman

Watch out: however, for too-rapid spraying or using too much quantity of this foam. In the window sealing application we illustrated above, when we trimmed off some of the sections of polyurethane foam sealant overspray that exuded out of the gaps being filled, we observed large voids inside the insulation. These voids reduce the foam's effective R-value, and depending on how it is trimmed, can also leave you with air leaks unless you make a second and more careful pass with the sealant.

Voids in Polyurethane foam sealant Insulation (C) D FriedmanSquash testing icynene foam insulation (C) Daniel Friedman

Dow Chemical produces two versions of Great-Stuff spray foam insulating sealant commonly found at building suppliers.[6]

Visual and Tactile Characteristics of Fire-Block / Fire-Break Foam Spray Building Penetration Sealant

Fire-block foam is a fire-resistant foam spray used to seal building floor, wall, or ceiling penetrations, especially in new construction or a spray-foam insulation retrofit job.

Fire retardant foam spray insulation (shown at left) hardens and cures similarly to the polyurethane foam illustrated at the window seal job above, but has a characteristic orange color to help building inspectors recognize where it has been applied.

Cured this foam is quite hard and dense.

Touch n Foam firebreak flame resistant sealant foam insulation (C) Daniel Friedman Touch n Foam firebreak flame resistant sealant foam insulation (C) Daniel Friedman

A producer of fire resistant spray foam in individual cans is Convenience Products [7]. The company's product label describes their Toucn'nFoam FireBreak flame resistant sealant as a fireblock penetration sealant is intended to fill and seal building ceiling, wall, or floor penetrations, and meets the following standards:

  • ASTM E-84 - flame spread
  • ASTEM E-814 - fire stop
  • UL 94 V-0 - flammability of plastics
  • UL 1715 - finish material fire tests
  • [1][2][3][4]

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about how to identify different types of foam building insulation

Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia

Questions & answers or comments about foam building insulation products: UFFI, Icynene foam, Polyurethane foam insulation, Latex Foam insulation

Ask a Question or Enter Search Terms in the InspectApedia search box just below.

Technical Reviewers & References

Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.
  
  Foam Insulation Types - Visual Id

  • [1] ASTM E-84 - ASTM E84 - 12 Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, ASTM, web search 5/22/12, original source: http://www.astm.org/Standards/E84.htm, Abstract:
    This test method is intended to provide only comparative measurements of surface flame spread and smoke density measurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure conditions described herein. This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) long by 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow and flaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along the entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 5 ½min. This test method does not provide for the following: Measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface. The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of an assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls and ceilings. Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible, by means of a flame spread index by itself.
  • [2] ASTEM E-814 - ASTM E814 - 11a Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems, ASTM, web search 5/22/12, original source: http://www.astm.org/Standards/E814.htm, Abstract:
    This test method is used to determine the performance of a firestop system with respect to exposure to a standard time-temperature fire test and a hose stream test. The performance of a firestop system is dependent upon the specific assembly of materials tested including the number, type, and size of penetrations and the floors or walls in which it is installed. Two ratings shall be established for each firestop system. An F rating shall be based upon flame occurrence on the unexposed surface, while the T rating shall be based upon the temperature rise as well as flame occurrence on the unexposed side of the firestop system. These ratings, together with detailed performance data such as the location of through-openings and temperatures of penetrating items are intended to be one factor in assessing performance of firestop systems.
  • [3] UL 94 V-0 - UL 94, the Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances testing, UL, Underwriters Laboratories, web search 5/22/12, original source: http://www.ul.com/global/eng/pages/offerings/industries/chemicals/plastics/testing/flame/. Abstract: There are two types of pre-selection test programs conducted on plastic materials to measure flammability characteristics. The first determines the material's tendency either to extinguish or to spread the flame once the specimen has been ignited. The first program is described in UL 94 which is now harmonized with IEC 60707, 60695-11-10 and 60695-11-20 and ISO 9772 and 9773. The second test program measures the ignition resistance of the plastic to electrical ignition sources. The material's resistance to ignition and surface tracking characteristics is described in UL 746A, which is similar to the test procedures described in IEC 60112, 60695 and 60950.
  • [4] UL 1715 - U: 1715, Fire Test of Interior Finish Material, UL, Underwriters Laboratories, web search 5/22/12, original source: http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/scopes/1715.html, Abstract:
    1.1 This test method describes the testing procedures and requirements applicable to the classification of interior finish material assemblies by use of a standardized room fire exposure.
    1.2 This test method is intended for use in the evaluation of the flammability contribution of wall material assemblies, ceiling material assemblies, or both, exposed to early fire growth under specified room fire exposure conditions. The effectiveness of fire barrier materials as protection for other combustible materials or components within the assembly is of primary interest for this evaluation. [... and more ]
  • [5] Demilec (USA) LLC, Spray Foam Manufacturer, Demilec (USA) LLC 2925 Galleria Drive Arlington, TX 76011, Website: http://www.demilecusa.com/, Tel: 877-DEMILEC | 817-640-4900
  • [6] Great Stuff Big Gap Filler Insulating Foam, or Great Stuff Window & Door foam sealant, Dow Chemical, Telephone: 800-441-4369., Website: http://greatstuff.dow.com/ - polyurethane foam sealants
  • [7] Convenience Products, 866 Horan Dr., Fenton MO 63026, Tel: 636-349-5333, website: touch-n-foam.com.
  • [8] Eric Galow, Galow Homes, Lagrangeville, NY. Mr. Galow can be reached by email: ericgalow@gmail.com or by telephone: 914-474-6613. Mr. Galow specializes in residential construction including both new homes and repairs, renovations, and additions.
  • Asbestos: How to find and recognize asbestos in buildings - visual inspection methods, list of common asbestos-containing materials
  • "Energy Savers: Whole-House Supply Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Supply_Vent.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11880?print
  • "Energy Savers: Whole-House Exhaust Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Exhaust.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11870
  • "Energy Savers: Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • "Energy Savers: Natural Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Natural_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • "Energy Savers: Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Energy_Recovery_Venting.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11900
  • "Energy Savers: Detecting Air Leaks [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Detect_Air_Leaks.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • "Energy Savers: Air Sealing [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Air_Sealing_1.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • Nogging: See this photo of exposed bricks on a building exterior on a building exterior in Canada. [Thanks to Carson Dunlop, Toronto

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

  • Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
  • Home Reference Book - Carson DunlopThe Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.

    Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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