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INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
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FROST HEAVES, FOUNDATION, SLAB

GREENHOUSE DESIGN for SOLAR HEATING

HEAT LOSS in BUILDINGS
HOT ROOF DESIGNS: Un-Vented Roof Solutions
HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY & HOUSE TIGHTNESS
INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT
INSULATION R-Values & Properties

LEED GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION

MOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGS

NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE

ODORS & SMELLS DIAGNOSIS & CURE

RADIANT BARRIERS

SOUND CONTROL in buildings
STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORS

THERMAL MASS in buildings
THERMAL TRACKING & HEAT LOSS

VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION in buildings
VENTILATION in BUILDINGS

WALL CONSTRUCTION BARRIER vs CAVITY
WIND WASHING INSULATION At EAVES
WINDOWS & DOORS
WINTERIZE A BUILDING
WOOD, COAL STOVES & FIREPLACES
WOOD STOVE SAFETY

ZONE DAMPERS
ZONE VALVES

More Information

Insulation collapse in crawl space (C) Daniel FriedmanHow to Measure & Correct Unwanted Building Heat Losses
or unwanted Building Heat Gains
     

  • HEAT LOSS in BUILDINGS - how to find & stop unwanted heat loss or gain. How to Measure or Calculate & Stop Building Heat Loss. Find Drafts, Measure Insulation Values & Find Heating Cost Savings
    • How to measure heat movement through a wall
    • How to measure building insulation
    • How leaky is the building
    • Building design temperatures & how to use a home energy audit or heat loss analysis
    • What insulation "R" values should be used in a building insulation?
  • BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIER
  • ENERGY AUDIT - How to Use a Free One
  • ENERGY SAVINGS MAXIMIZE RETURNS ON
  • Questions & Answers about building heat loss: causes, detection, cures
  • References

Click to Show or Hide Related Topics

  • AIR BYPASS LEAKS & THERMAL TRACKING
  • AIR LEAK DETECTION TOOLS - home
  • AIR LEAK MINIMIZATION
  • AIR & HEAT LEAK FIXES
  • AIR LEAK SEALING PROCEDURE
  • AIR LEAK SEALING STRATEGIES - home
  • BASEMENT HEAT LOSS
  • BASEMENT HEAT LOSS DETECTION
  • BALANCED VENTILATION, HEAT COST SAVINGS
  • BLOWER DOORS & AIR INFILTRATION
  • CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION
  • CONVECTIVE LOOPS & THERMAL BYPASS LEAKS
  • CRAWL SPACE INSULATION RETROFIT
  • DUCT SYSTEM & DUCT DEFECTS
  • DUCT ENERGY LOSSES
  • ENERGY RETROFIT BOTTOM LINE
  • ENERGY SAVINGS RETROFIT OPTIONS
  • ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings - home
  • ENERGY SAVINGS PRIORITIES
  • FRAMING DETAILS for BETTER INSULATION
  • HEAT LOSS in BUILDINGS - home
  • HEAT LOSS DETECTION TOOLS
  • HEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATION
  • HEAT LOSS INDICATORS - THERMAL TRACKING
  • HEAT LOSS PREVENTION PRIORITIES
  • HEATING COST SAVINGS METHODS
  • HIDDEN AIR & ENERGY LOSS POINTS
  • HIGH MASS TRADEOFFS, HEATING vs COOLING
  • HOUSE DOCTOR, how-to be
  • INSULATION AIR & HEAT LEAKS
  • INSULATION LOCATION - WHERE TO PUT IT
  • INSULATION R-Values & Properties
  • LOG HOME ENERGY EFFICIENCY
  • OLD HOUSE ENERGY SAVINGS FIXES
  • PASCAL CALCULATIONS
  • SMOKE GUNS for AIR LEAK DETECTION
  • SMOKE PENCIL / SMOKE GUN SOURCES
  • THERMAL IMAGING, THERMOGRAPHY
  • THERMAL TRACKING & HEAT LOSS INDICATORS
  • THERMOGRAPHY IR Infra Red & Thermal Scanners
  • WALL CONSTRUCTION BARRIER vs CAVITY
  • WINDOW / DOOR AIR LEAK SEALING HOW TO
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.

This article explains how to insulate a building and how much insulation is needed including how to measure or calculate heat loss in a building. We define heating, coolilng and thermal terms like BTU and calorie, and we provide measures of heat transmission in or through materials, We give desired building insulation design data, and shows how to calculate the heat loss in a building with R values or U values. Our page top photo illustrates the importance of a visual inspection of all building areas: voids where insulation has fallen out of a cold crawl space floor can make a significant differnece in building energy costs as well as comfort.

Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.

What is a BTU or BTUH? A Definition of BTUs

Infiltec blower door test courtesy Steve Bliss - Solar AgeA detailed presentation of heat loss and R-value U-value, K-value calculations are at HEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATION. And if you are not sure of the definitions of R, U, & K Values see Definition of Heating & Cooling Terms. Also see INSULATION R-Values & Properties where we present a table of different insulating materials and their R-values and properties.

Because no amount of insulation can keep a drafty building warm, also review ENERGY SAVINGS PRIORITIES. Also see HEAT LOSS INDICATORS (where is the building losing heat during the heating season, or gaining un-wanted heat during the cooling season),see HEAT LOSS DETECTION TOOLS for both tools and procedures, and see HEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATION for a guide to calculating heat loss (or gain) rates for buildings and building insulation.

The blower door test shown at left is discussed in detail at HEAT LOSS DETECTION TOOLS.

Formula-R™ and Owens Corning™ which may be visible in this photograph of pink Styrofoam™ insulation boards are registered trademarks of Owens Corning® and were photographed at a Home Depot® building supply center.

When we are evaluating the quality and effectiveness of insulation in a building or the adequacy of a building heating or cooling system, we need to use measurements that permit us to describe the rate at which a building loses heat under various conditions (such as outdoor temperature, wind velocity, how leaky the building is, the area of its windows and perhaps doors, and the amount of insulation in the building walls, floors, and ceilings.

A few of these critical definitions for heat loss and insulation values are given just below, followed by some simple formulas used to calculate the heat loss in a building and formulas for calculating R-values.

Definitions of BTUs, BTUH, and Calories

Definition of BTUs and BTUH: a BTU is one "British Thermal Unit" which is defined as the quantity of heat that would be required to increase the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

A BTUH is defined as the number of BTU's lost (if we're talking about heat loss or air conditioning), or provided (if we're talking about providing heat for a building) in one hour. You'll often see BTUH as a number on data plates on air conditioners and on heating systems.

One BTU is also equal to 252 calories. So what's a calorie?

Definition of Calorie or Calories: a calorie is defined as the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Centigrade.

How do we measure heat transmission or movement through a building wall, insulation, or any other material?

How do we measure and express how well a building is insulated? or How much heat loss is occurring at a specific building?

Many people have heard of using "R" values to describe "how good" a building's insulation is. This article explains three measures of the flow of heat out of or into a building: R-values, K-values, and U-values. Each of these is defined below. But before moving on to these basic concepts of building heat loss (or gain) theory, it is essential that this still more basic point be considered:

How leaky is the building with respect to heat loss (in a heating climate) (or gain in a cooling climate)?

It doesn't matter much how wonderful the building insulation is, how thick it is, or what the insulating material's "R" value is (see R defined below) if the building is leaky. If, for example, we're considering an older home with leaky windows or doors, or if we're considering a tall building with poorly controlled heat in winter, such that occupants of the upper floors are leaving windows open in winter then the heat flow out of these openings will be so terrific that the amount of insulation won't matter much.

For details about actual heat loss calculations see HEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATION. Continue reading this article series with the links shown just below.

What are the priorities when working to make a building energy efficient, warm, or cool?

Details about this topic are at ENERGY SAVINGS PRIORITIES. Excerpts are just below.

Therefore when the object is to make a building more energy efficient, and before any more sophisticated analyses are performed using thermography, insulation evaluations, or even calculations of areas, "R" values, "K" values, or "U" values (defined below), remember this order of concerns when working for building efficiency. The order of magnitude of sources of un-wanted heat loss in a building are pretty much in this order:

  1. Close open windows or doors when a building is being heated or cooled by other than "natural means" (like using fans, summer breezes or evaporative coolers in windows). Where older windows are leaking air but are otherwise in good condition, it may be most-economical to install a high quality, well-installed, storm window.
  2. Investigate and cure leaky windows or doors that are producing drafts; also check for drafty wall or ceiling vent fan openings such as kitchen fans and whole house ceiling exhaust fans that have been left un-covered during the heating season.
  3. Investigate and make sure that the top floor ceiling or attic floor (or cathedral ceilings) have been insulated, with no insulation voids or areas where insulation was removed or omitted
  4. Investigate and consider installing or adding wall insulation.
  5. Investigate and insulate any other un-insulated building perimeter areas such as the building rim joist or band joist accessed from a basement or crawl space.
  6. Insulate under floors over uninsulated crawl spaces (we prefer to make the whole crawl space an enclosed and conditioned space).
  7. Insulate building foundation walls below grade in basements or in conditioned-space crawlspaces.
  8. Investigate the efficiency and state of tune of the building's heating or cooling equipment, including boiler or furnace and the condition of the heating or cooling delivery system (baseboards or ductwork, for example). (Warning: have heating systems cleaned and tuned by an expert before accepting a measurement of the system's efficiency.)

How to Really Foul Up a Radiant Heat Concrete Floor Installation - Mistakes to Avoid

This article has been relocated to Radiant Heat Floor Mistakes to Avoid where we describe installation specifications for radiant heat flooring in a poured concrete slab along with a detailed report of just how bad a radiant heat floor slab installation can be. The article's conclusions include this insulation advice:

  • Insulate below the floor slab
  • Insulate the slab perimeter, making sure that the insulation design does not rely on foam placed against the slab perimeter and extending above grade up to siding where it will invite termites or carpenter ants into the structure
  • Place the radiant heat tubing at the industry-recommended depth down from the surface of the slab. Typically the maximum depth that tubing should be placed in a concrete floor slab is 2" down from the finished floor surface.
  • If you cannot be present at the job site at critical stages in construction, find someone knowledgeable who can inspect for you before the work continues
  • If your contractor is an opinionated bully, find someone else as soon as possible, even if his or her other work was good.

Formulas to Calculate the Rate of Heat Loss Per Hour for a Building Using it's "R" Values or "U" Values

Luckily, after having already discussed "K" values, "U" values, and "R" values as measures of heat loss just above, calculating a building's actual rate of heat loss is pretty simple - it's a "cookbook" process that uses the following formula:

Calculating the Building Heat Loss Rate using "R" values:

(Building Heat Loss in BTU's per hour) =
[(Building Total Surface Area in sq.ft.) / (Surface Area "R" value)] x (Temperature Difference)

Temperature Difference = the difference in temperature in deg F. on the two sides of the building surface, typically indoors and outdoors

Surface Area "R" value = the "R" value of the surface area being evaluated (say an insulated wall).

Calculating the Building Heat Loss Rate using "U" values:

(Building Heat Loss in BTU's per hour) U = 1/R, - or in other words -
(Building Total Surface Area in sq.ft.) x (Surface Area "U" value) x (Temperature Difference)

Thanks to Steven Muscato for correcting this formula.

More considerations when measuring home energy use or heat loss

But there's more work to do for a complete answer to building heat loss. We need to make up a simple table which will contain the total surface area of each type of material (since each will have it's own "R" value) and then plug in the area's "R" value and the temperature difference. Usually we assume the same temperature difference for all of the areas of the building though this might be a simplification since that may not be exactly true.

How to include the effect of wind on home energy use or heat loss

We're also missing, from this simple calculation, the effects of wind on a building's heat loss, though a more sophisticated version of this approach might simply adjust the temperature difference to include the wind factor. For example, you could use a wind/temperature chart to derive the effective outdoor temperature when it's also windy.

In cold conditions, adding a wind velocity will lower the effective outdoor temperature and thus it will increase the temperature difference across the building wall. Use any "wind chill factor" chart for this data. Still more sophistication of measures of heat loss are possible by adding the effects of moisture on heat loss from a surface, but while this is important for a (sweaty) human in cold conditions it is generally ignored when considering building heat loss.

Using a spreadsheet to accurately calculate building heat loss or heat gain

This is a perfect application for an Excel or similar spread sheet, listing each building surface type (wall, window, door), it's R, K, or U value, and its total area. Adding temperature difference across these surfaces permits a calculation of the heat loss (or gain) through each surface type. These are simply added together to represent the entire building's heat loss or gain.

Heat loss vs. heat gain in buildings: applying the simple laws of thermodynamics

You may have noticed we keep talking about heat loss and then we add "or heat gain" in the same sentences or headings. That's because heat loss analysis works just fine for both building heating and building cooling. The only differences between looking at heat loss and heat gain for a building are the direction of heat flow and the fact that we may be using different equipment with different equipment efficiencies (a heating furnace or boiler versus an air conditioner).

If we're in a heating climate and are in the heating season, heat will flow from the building interior to the outdoors.

If we're in a cooling climate and are in the cooling season, heat will flow from the outdoors to the building interior. Just remember that (according to the laws of thermodynamics), heat (or energy) always flows from the warmer (or more exited state) into the cooler (or less excited state) area of a building.

How to make use of a home energy audit or free home energy use survey

A less precise and less computerized method for calculating building heat loss (or gain) is used by people who perform an "energy survey" or energy audit for a building. Home energy audit services may be free from your local utility company. The energy survey technician uses a pre-printed form whereon s/he records the areas of the building's walls, top floor ceilings, foundation walls, floors, and the number and type of windows and doors.

An "R" value is assigned to these and the sheet is used to manually calculate the building's rate of heat loss. We had one of these "free" surveys performed on a home built in 1900 when we were renovating it years ago. Regrettably the surveyor was not very observant. He rated our walls at a very high rate of heat loss by assuming that they were not insulated whatsoever (and then proceeded to try to sell us an insulation service).

What that particular home energy audit surveyor failed to notice was that the building walls had been insulated (with blown-in foam) - a condition that was quite easy to see since we had removed the building's exterior siding and wall sheathing. He just didn't look.

So while home energy audits are a great idea, make sure your auditor is awake before you believe the results of the home energy survey. And remember that some "home energy auditors" are really trying to sell you replacement windows (very long payback time) or building insulation. (Remember the urban legend about the home energy auditor who was using a camera light meter as an "energy loss" indicator to convince home owners that they needed new windows?)

Using infra-red or thermography to screen buildings for un-wanted heat loss, leaks, or heat gain points

Home energy loss surveys using thermography or simple infra-red thermometers are a great way to pinpoint individual points of heat loss (or unwanted heat gain) in a building. In the hands of a properly-trained expert (not a window salesman) this equipment can help find unexpected building air leaks or heat loss points even when you think that the building has already been insulated.

Having a "high-R" insulated wall or ceiling is not going to be enough to make a building energy efficient if there are many unidentified air leaks or insulation voids in the building's walls, ceilings, or floors.

What is the Typical Design Temperature for buildings and Building Insulation?

The "indoor design temperature" for a building refers to the assumed target indoor temperature that the building owner or occupants want. Typically 70 deg.F. is used unless the owner specifies something different.

The "outdoor design temperature" for a building is (for heating purposes) assumed to be the average lowest recorded temperature for each month between October and March (the heating season in most climates). If we are specifying a "design temperature" for cooling climates we'd use the average outdoor highest recorded temperature during the heating season, perhaps April through September.

What is a heating or cooling Degree Day?

Some building insulation designers and architects look at the number of "degree days" as an easy way to get at the average outdoor temperatures for an area and a season. A Degree Day is the daily average number of degrees Fahrenheit that the outdoor temperature is below 65 deg.F.

The number of "degree days" during a heating season is easy to obtain: call your local oil delivery company or utility company. These energy providers keep close tabs on degree days for their area since this number is used in planning for the automatic delivery of energy. It's the number of "degree days" that have occurred in a given period, combined with a building's historic rate of heating oil use, for example, that tells an oil company when to schedule that building for an automatic delivery of heating oil.

Definition of Tons of cooling capacity

"One ton" of cooling capacity, historically, referred to the cooling capacity of a ton of ice. One ton of cooling capacity is the same as 12,000 BTU's/hour of cooling capacity. Tons of ice does not, however, explain an important factor in the comfort produced by air conditioning systems, reduction of indoor humidity - that is, removing water from indoor air. Cool air holds less water (in the form of water molecules or gaseous form of H2O) than warm air.

Think of the warmer air as having more space between the gas molecules for the water molecules to remain suspended. When we cool the air, we in effect are squeezing the water molecules out of the air. When an air conditioner blows warm humid building air across an evaporator coil in the air handler unit, it is not only cooling the air, it is removing water from that air.

Both of these effects, cooler air and drier air, increase the comfort for building occupants. One ton of cooling capacity equals 12,000 BTU's/hour of cooling capacity.


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Technical Reviewers & References

Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.

  • Asbestos pipe insulation in buildings
  • Brick "Insulation" in Building Walls
  • HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS, Insulation Properties, Definitions of R, K, U values, Insulation Design
  • How to Choose an Air Conditioner - BTU Chart
  • How to Detect and Correct Attic Condensation & Prevent Ice Dam Leaks in buildings
  • How to Inspect Building Interiors and Building Insulation/Ventilation list of articles about building insulation inspection, defects, design, and ventilation requirements
  • Insulation Materials as Indicators of Building Age
  • Indoor Air Quality Investigations: Fiberglass in Indoor Air, HVAC ducts, and Building Insulation
  • Insulation Identification Photographs - Cellulose insulation photos, Mineral wool insulation photos, rock wool insulation photos, cotton insulation photos, balsam wool insulation photos
  • Insulation Identification Photographs - Vermiculite insulation photos
  • LP or Natural Gas Pressures & BTUH per Cubic Foot
  • Insulation Properties, Table of R-Values, density, moisture permeability, fire safety, aging effects on various insulation materials
  • Mold in Fiberglass in Insulation
  • Radiant Heat Floor Mistakes to Avoid
  • Rated Cooling Capacity - How to Determine Air Conditioning Equipment Rated Cooling Capacity
  • Un-Vented Roof Solutions - How to Prevent Attic Condensation, Ice Dam Leaks, Roof Mold, & Roof Structural Damage in buildings with Un-vented Roof Cavities
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Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

  • Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
  • Home Reference Book - Carson DunlopThe Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.

    Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
  • "Energy Savers: Whole-House Supply Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Supply_Vent.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11880?print
  • "Energy Savers: Whole-House Exhaust Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Exhaust.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11870
  • "Energy Savers: Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • "Energy Savers: Natural Ventilation [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Natural_Ventilation.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • "Energy Savers: Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Energy_Recovery_Venting.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11900
  • "Energy Savers: Detecting Air Leaks [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Detect_Air_Leaks.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • "Energy Savers: Air Sealing [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Air_Sealing_1.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy
  • Fiberglass: Indoor Air Quality Investigations: Health Concerns About Airborne Fiberglass: Fiberglass in Indoor Air from HVAC ducts, and Building Insulation
  • Humidity: What indoor humidity should we maintain in order to avoid a mold problem?
  • Lighting, proper use of: proper aiming of a good flashlight can disclose hard to see but toxic light or white mold colonies on walls.
  • Nogging: See this photo of exposed bricks on a building exterior on a building exterior in Canada. [Thanks to Carson Dunlop, Toronto - see References below].
  • Piquet Wall Construction: See this photo of piquet wall construction - involving timber-framed wall construction with long top girts, diagonal timber bracing, and small diameter logs placed vertically along with concrete chinking to fill in the wall plane.
  • Plank House Construction: weblog from plankhouse.wordpress.com/2009/01/25/plank-house-construction/ and where plank houses were built by native Americans, see
    Large 1:6 Scale Plank House Construction / P8094228, Photographer: Mike Meuser
    06/12/2007 documented at yurokplankhouse.com where scale model Museum quality Yurok Plank Houses are being sold to raise money for the Blue Creek - Ah Pah Traditional Yurok Village project.
  • Re-Bath, tub lining products is a bath tub relining manufacturer and distributor located in Tempe, Arizona - see rebath.com
  • Rubblestone Wall Filler: See this Lartigue House using exterior-exposed rubblestone filler between vertical timbers of a post and beam-framed Canadian building.
  • ...

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