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 Mobile ViewINTERIORS of buildings ACOUSTICAL SEALANT CHOICES AGE of a BUILDING - how to determine AGE of PLUMBING MATERIALS & FIXTURES AGE of AIR CONDITIONERS & HEAT PUMPS AGE of HEATERS, BOILERS, FURNACES AGE of WATER HEATERS ACOUSTICAL SEALANT CHOICES AIR BYPASS LEAKS AIR CLEANER PURIFIER TYPES AIR FILTERS for HVAC SYSTEMS AIR LEAK DETECTION TOOLS AIR LEAK MINIMIZATION AIR LEAK SEALING PROCEDURE AIR SEALING STRATEGIES ANIMAL ALLERGENS ANIMAL ENTRY POINTS in buildings ANIMAL ODORS IN buildings APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY RATINGS ARCHITECTURE & BUILDING COMPONENT ID ASBESTOS FLOORING HAZARD REDUCTION ASBESTOS-FREE INSULATION MATERIALS ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN buildings ASBESTOS List of Asbestos-Containing Products ASBESTOS Photo Guide to Materials / Products ASBESTOS REMOVAL, Wetting Guidelines ATTIC LEAKS, CONDENSATION & ATTIC MOLD ATTIC VENTILATION BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIER BASEMENT HEAT LOSS BASEMENT LEAKS, INSPECT FOR BASEMENT WATERPROOFING BATH & KITCHEN DESIGN GUIDE BATHROOM VENTILATION BEST CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES GUIDE Best Interior Finish Practices BLOWER DOORS & AIR INFILTRATION BLOWER FAN CONTINUOUS OPERATION BLOWER FAN OPERATION & TESTING BOOKSTORE - INTERIORS BRICK LINED WALLS BRICK VENEER WALL INSULATION BRICK VENEER WALL Loose, Bulged BRICK WALL DRAINAGE WEEP HOLES BUCKLED FOUNDATIONS due to INSULATION? BUILDING NOISE DIAGNOSIS & CURE BUILDING SAFETY HAZARDS GUIDE BUILDING SETTLEMENT CABINETS & COUNTERTOPS CARPET DUST IDENTIFICATION CARPET MOLD CONTAMINATION CARPET PADDING ASBESTOS, MOLD, ODORS CARPET STAIN DIAGNOSIS CARPET & other STAIN TESTS CARPET TEST GUIDE CARPETING & INDOOR AIR QUALITY CARPETING, SELECTION & INSTALLATION CASEWORK, CABINETS, SHELVING INSTALLATION CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION CATHEDRAL CEILING VENTILATION CEILING FINISHES INTERIOR CEILINGS, DROP or SUSPENDED PANEL CEILINGS, PLASTER TYPES CEILINGS, PLASTER, LOOSE HAZARDS CEILING TILES - Asbestos-Containing CHIMNEY INSPECTION DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR CHINESE DRYWALL HAZARDS Financial aid: Chinese drywall losses/repairs COMBUSTION AIR for TIGHT buildings CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS CONDENSATION on WINDOWS & SKYLIGHTS COOLING LOAD REDUCTION by ROOF VENTS CHIMNEY INSPECTION DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR CHINESE DRYWALL HAZARDS CRAWL SPACES CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS CONDENSATION on WINDOWS & SKYLIGHTS DECK & PORCH CONSTRUCTION DEW POINT CALCULATION for WALLS DEW POINT TABLE - CONDENSATION POINT GUIDE DIRT FLOOR MOLD CONTAMINATION Disinfectants Disinfecting buildings with Bleach DOORS, INTERIOR DRYER VENTING DRYWALL HAZARDS, CHINESE DRYWALL INSTALLATION Best Practices DRYWALL MOLD DRYWALL MOLD RESISTANT EARTHQUAKE DAMAGED FOUNDATIONS EFFLORESCENCE, Salts & White / Brown Deposits ELDERLY & VETERANS HOME SAFETY ELECTRICAL INSPECTION, DIAGNOSIS, REPAIR ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS - INSPECT, TEST, REMEDY FIBERGLASS INSULATION FIBERGLASS HAZARDS FIBERGLASS INSULATION MOLD FLAT ROOF MOISTURE & CONDENSATION FLOOD DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, SAFETY & CLEANUP FLOOD DAMAGED FOUNDATIONS FLOOD VENTS & FLOOD PORTS FLOODS IN buildings-mold FLOOR DAMAGE DIAGNOSIS FORMALDEHYDE HAZARDS FOOTING & FOUNDATION DRAINS FOUNDATION CRACKS & DAMAGE GUIDE FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING FRENCH DRAINS FRAMING DAMAGE, INSPECTION, REPAIR FRAMING DETAILS for BETTER INSULATION FRAMING DETAILS for DOUBLE WALL HOUSES FRAMING METAL STUD PERFORMANCE HEAT LOSS in buildings HEAT LOSS DETECTION TOOLS HEAT LOSS INDICATORS HEAT LOSS PREVENTION PRIORITIES HEAT LOSS R U & K VALUE CALCULATION HEAT TAPES & CABLES on Roofs for Ice Dams HEATING COST SAVINGS METHODS HEAT LOSS RATE CALCULATIONS HEATING SYSTEMS HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS HOUSE DOCTOR, how-to be HUMIDITY LEVEL TARGET ICE DAM PREVENTION INDOOR AIR QUALITY & HOUSE TIGHTNESS INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GUIDE INDOOR HOUSE DUST & DEBRIS INSULATION CHOICES Insulation Air & Heat Leaks INSULATION FACT SHEET- DOE INSULATION for GREENHOUSE or SOLARIUM INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT INSULATION LOCATION - WHERE TO PUT IT INSULATION LOCATION for BRICK VENEER WALLS INSULATION LOCATION for CAPES, CRAWLSPACES INSULATION LOCATION for CATHEDRAL CEILINGS INSULATION LOCATION for GREENHOUSE or SOLARIUM INSULATION MOLD INSULATION R-Values & Properties INDOOR HOUSE DUST & DEBRIS LIGHTING, INTERIOR GUIDE LOG HOME GUIDE METAL LATH, PLASTER & STUCCO MOBILE HOME INSPECTIONS MOISTURE CONTROL in buildings MOLD INFORMATION CENTER MOLD APPEARANCE - WHAT MOLD LOOKS LIKE MOLD APPEARANCE - STUFF THAT IS NOT MOLD MOLD INSPECTORS & MOLD TESTERS ROOF VENTING ENERGY SAVING DETAILS SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS SOUND CONTROL in buildings STAIN & BIODETERIORATION AGENT CATALOG STAINS on buildings - QUICK GUIDE STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING EXTERIORS STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORS STAINS & FINISHES, INTERIOR STAINS on INDOOR SURFACES: PHOTO GUIDE STAINS & Thermal Tracking STAIN DIAGNOSIS on ROOFS STAIN DIAGNOSIS on STONE STAIRS, RAILINGS, LANDINGS, RAMPS STONE CLEANING METHODS THERMAL TRACKING & THERMAL BRIDGING What is Thermal Tracking Ceiling Thermal Tracking Marks Wall Thermal Tracking Stains Floor Carpet Thermal Tracking Stains Air Bypass Leaks Marks on Insulation Thermal Tracking to Diagnose IAQ Stains HVAC Supply Registers Pet Stains on Floors Pet Stains on Walls Human Occupant Stains on Walls Stains from Candles, Woodstoves, Fireplaces Other Stains on Indoor Walls & Ceilings What to Do About Thermal Tracking THERMAL EXPANSION of MATERIALS THERMAL MASS in buildings TRIM, INTERIOR INSTALLATION TRUSS UPLIFT, ROOF TRUSSES, Floor & Roof VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION in buildings VENTILATION in buildings VINYL Siding or PLASTIC Window ODORS in buildings VINYL CHLORIDE HEALTH INFO WALL SIDING TRIM & FINISHES WALL FINISHES INTERIOR WATER BARRIERS, EXTERIOR BUILDING WATER ENTRY in buildings WATER ODORS, CAUSE CURE More Information |
This article describes, provides photographs, & diagnoses the causes of interior wall, ceiling, flooring or carpeting stains and explains how to recognize their probable cause and source, including soot stains, house dust stains, pet or animal stains, and thermal tracking or thermal bridging stains associated with building air leaks, and building insulation defects. InspectAPedia offers impartial, unbiased advice without conflicts of interest. We will block advertisements which we discover or readers inform us are associated with bad business practices, false-advertising, or junk science. Our contact info is at InspectAPedia.com/Contact.htm.Readers should also see STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORS and for outdoor stains, see Stain Diagnosis on Building Exteriors. Also see ALGAE, FUNGUS, LICHENS, MOSS on SHINGLES where we describe not only moss and lichens but black fungal stains on asphalt shingles and on other building surfaces. Often these stains are mistaken for toxic indoor mold. When investigating a building for a mold problem, you can save mold test costs by learning how to recognize MOLD APPEARANCE - STUFF THAT IS NOT MOLD or is only Harmless Mold but may be mistaken for more serious contamination - save your money. Because some clients have on occasion sent samples to our mold test lab that really should not have been collected, much less looked-at, we provide this library of photographs of things that are "not mold" and don't need to be tested. "black mold" often mistaken for "toxic fungal growth." Photos of HVAC and carpet stains (excluding the moldy carpet photos) were provided courtesy of Pat Belkin, Charlotte, NC. © Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website. A Photographic Guide to Help Diagnose the Causes of Indoor Stains on Carpet, Cabinet Doors, HVAC RegistersHere are some examples of troubling indoor surface stains with some preliminary opinions about what these stains may be about. We emphasize preliminary opinion because here we comment on these photos before an expert diagnostic building inspection has been performed and before any lab samples have been collected and analyzed from these surfaces. Whether or not such sampling and analysis are justified depends on the experience of the building occupants (health complaints or health vulnerability), the history of the building (exposure to leaks, damage, pets, contaminants), and other site investigative results. See When to hire a professional to investigate a building for help in deciding when to go further. How to Recognize & Diagnose Phantom Stains on Indoor Surfaces
What would support the "phantom stain" hypothesis for an item such as this cabinet door? Stain pattern: If the stain appears in a regular pattern on companion surfaces such as other cabinet doors it may be an artifact of the door's manufacture Stain location: If examination of other cabinet surfaces shows similar stains in varying locations Manufacturing artifacts: If examination of sample cabinets from the same supplier or manufacturer, new, say in a showroom, show similar markings Ability to remove surface staining material: If a tape sample cannot remove any debris from this are of darkened color Stain particulate or chemical components: If a tape sample of surface debris removed particles which are determined to be finish coatings or wood fibers without fungal or chemical modification, Presence of common causes of stains: If there are no moisture, food, air movement, or other suspect sources that have affected some of these cabinets but not others Time of occurrence of stain: If the stain is under the finish-coating of the wood cabinet surface rather than something which was deposited on top of the coating (though indeed moisture can in some circumstances affect surfaces below their coating) then this may be the case with this example photo of a yellowish stain on a birch ply cabinet door interior How to Diagnose Stains & Discoloration on Heating or Cooling Supply or Return Registers or Plenums
These particles adhere to the register surface due to either moisture from condensation or in this location, more likely due to static electricity as particles are moving across a normally dry surface. See Stains HVAC Supply Registers for more examples. What to do about supply register debris: House dust, normally composed primarily of human skin cells and fabric fibers, is not usually an environmental or air quality issue, though at high levels on surfaces it can be diagnostic of building conditions such as high moisture or poor HVAC system maintenance. We can reduce this debris deposition by duct and air handler cleaning and by better and constant maintenance of filters at the return air registers. If other information disclosed by the building investigation warrants, one have this debris screened for mold, allergens or other problematic particles by using a forensic laboratory whose technicians are expert in house dust analysis. Return register & return air plenum debris: The right hand photo shows a combination of paint overspray (white particles on the black return plenum insulation liner), and house dust (brown debris on the metal frame intended to hold a return air filter). What to do about return plenum debris: The brown dust and debris indicates that the air filter used at this location has been leaky. See An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Air Filters on HVAC Systems for further advice on air filters that do not leak in this location. How to Diagnose Stains & Discoloration on Heating or Air Conditioning Filters
How to Diagnose Mold Stains & Mold Growth on Floor Carpeting
These photographs show two common patterns of mold growth on the upper surface of a carpet that was left wet in a building. In the left photograph a brown mold is growing in a rather uniform pattern without definite edges on carpet in a closet. The black mold visible in the upper left and right portions of the photograph will probably be a different mold genera and species - this is an example of the dangers of careless sampling of mold in buildings since a lot of what people think is present in a building depends on exactly how mold samples are collected. The right hand photo above shows two rather round black patterns of mold growth on floor carpeting in the same building. Even if no mold was visible on other carpet surfaces in this building it is likely that the carpeting, if it was wet, has become mold contaminated - a condition that might be confirmed by inspection of the carpet backing, padding, or other building surfaces. Carpets or furniture that have been wet or had mold growth: Wall-to-wall carpets and upholstered furniture that have been soaked and/or have had mold growth on their surfaces, most likely cannot be adequately cleaned and should be replaced. See CARPET MOLD CONTAMINATION. Also see CARPET & other STAIN TESTS and CARPET TEST GUIDE. Carpet padding and subfloor: And where carpeting has been wet, don't forget that the padding below the carpeting and even the floor and subfloor below may be damaged or moldy. See CARPET PADDING ASBESTOS, MOLD, ODORS. Even carpeting which has not been wet may be a significant problem mold reservoir in a building if the carpeting has been exposed to a high level of airborne mold or other allergens. This condition occurs, for example, when a water-damaged moldy building has been remediated without proper dust and debris control. The difference is that carpeting or upholstered furniture that has never been wet and that has not had mold growth on its surface, that is, it has been subjected to settled dust only, may often be adequately cleaned using HEPA vacuuming methods. See CARPET DUST IDENTIFICATION Screening samples of carpeting and other building surfaces taken outside of the remediation work area both before and after a mold remediation project can protect both the remediation company and the building owner from unanticipated additional mold cleanup work after the initial mold remediation project has been completed. A Another case of severe carpet staining due to furniture left on wet carpeting, accompanied by mold growth, is shown in this photograph. How to Diagnose Stains & Discoloration on Rugs or Wall to Wall Carpeting
Possible thermal tracking stains are shown by the darkened debris on the floor carpet in the left photo above, where a grayish line appears to follow the point where the wall to wall carpeting abuts the building wall or wall baseboard trim. See Thermal Tracking for detailed discussion of this phenomenon and how to diagnose it. Possible furniture footprint stains on carpeting are suggested by the right hand photo above. Sometimes a stain like this, particularly where it follows the same shape as an object which has been placed on the carpet, suggests that the stain was deposited from the object itself, or dirt on its surface, or bleed-out if the object was placed on a carpet left damp after carpet shampooing. A Severe carpet staining due to furniture left on wet carpeting, accompanied by mold growth, is shown in this photograph. How to Diagnose "Clean" Areas of Carpet Surrounded by Stains or Discoloration
Usually soot marks, thermal bridging, or thermal tracking stains appear, if at all, in the building interior locations listed just below discussed in the remaining sections of this article. Photos & Diagnosing Stains on Building Walls and CeilingsCommon stains on painted inteior walls and ceilings include
Photos & Diagnosing Stains on Building Floors other than Carpets
Questions & Answers regarding this articleQuestions & answers about identifying the cause and finding the cure for indoor stains on ceilings, walls, floors, carpeting, furniture, and other indoor surfaces and materials Ask a Question or Search InspectAPediaHTML Comment Box is loading comments...
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... Technical Reviewers & ReferencesInspectAPedia.com® - Daniel Friedman - Publisher & Editor. InspectAPedia Bookstore lists recommended books, organized by topic & available for purchase. Most of our articles also include a list of recommended books for the specific article topic as well as other references, and information sources. Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest corrections or additions to articles at this website, and if you wish, to receive online listing and credit as a contributor. Particular thanks are due to the many experts and also consumers who read and critique technical articles at InspectAPedia.com. Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below. Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website. Thanks to Pat Belkin, at Flooring Solutions for providing many of the photographs and suggesting some of the questions addressed in this web page article Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & RepairOur recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
"The Elimination of Unsafe Guardrails, a Progress Report," Elliott O. Stephenson, Building Standards, March-April 1993 "Are Functional Handrails Within Our Grasp" Jake Pauls, Building Standards, January-February 1991 Access Ramp building codes:
Access Ramp Standards:
America's Favorite Homes, mail-order catalogues as a guide to popular early 20th-century houses, Robert Schweitzer, Michael W.R. Davis, 1990, Wayne State University Press ISBN 0814320066 (may be available from Wayne State University Press) American Plywood Association, APA, "Portland Manufacturing Company, No. 1, a series of monographs on the history of plywood manufacturing",Plywood Pioneers Association, 31 March, 1967, www.apawood.org Animal Allergens: Dog, Cat, and Other Animal Dander - Cleanup & Prevention Information for Asthmatics and regarding Indoor Air Quality. Asbestos: How to find and recognize asbestos in buildings - visual inspection methods, list of common asbestos-containing materials Asbestos HVAC Ducts and Flues field identification photos and guide Asbestos products and their history and use in various building materials such as asphalt and vinyl flooring includes discussion which draws on Asbestos, Its Industrial Applications, D.V. Rosato, engineering consultant, Newton, MA, Reinhold Publishing, 1959 Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 59-12535 (out of print). Asbestos Identification and Testing References
ASHRAE resource on dew point and wall condensation - see the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, available in many libraries. The following three ASHRAE Handbooks are also available at the InspectAPedia bookstore in the third page of our Insulate-Ventilate section:
Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, Hardcover: 320 pages, available from Amazon.com and also Wiley.com. See our book review of this publication. Decks and Porches, the JLC Guide to, Best Practices for Outdoor Spaces, Steve Bliss (Editor), The Journal of Light Construction, Williston VT, 2010 ISBN 10: 1-928580-42-4, ISBN 13: 978-1-928580-42-3, available from Amazon.com Brick nogging used as soundproofing is mentioned in this article on Popular Forest Brick Nogging, Historical Investigation and Contemporary Repair, Construction Specifier, April 2006. Historical use of brick in timber-framed buildings, drawing on the investigations of the Kent Tavern in Calais, VT. "Brick nogging is a European method of construction which was brought to the new world in the early-nineteenth century. It was a common construction method that employed masonry as infill between the vertical uprights of wood framing." -- quoting the web article review. Photo of very rough in-wall brick nogging at an architects website Building Research Council, BRC, nee Small Homes Council, SHC, School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, brc.arch.uiuc.edu. "The Small Homes Council (our original name) was organized in 1944 during the war at the request of the President of the University of Illinois to consider the role of the university in meeting the demand for housing in the United States. Soldiers would be coming home after the war and would be needing good low-cost housing. ... In 1993, the Council became part of the School of Architecture, and since then has been known as the School of Architecture-Building Research Council. ... The Council's researchers answered many critical questions that would affect the quality of the nation's housing stock.
The Circular Staircase, Mary Roberts Rinehart Construction Drawings and Details, Rosemary Kilmer "An Example of Colonial Paneling", Norman Morrison Isham, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 5 (May, 1911), pp. 112-116, available by JSTOR. Dust from the World Trade Center collapse following the 9/11/01 attack: the lower floors of this building contained spray-on fire-proofing asbestos materials. Energy Savers: Whole House Systems Approach to Energy Efficient Home Design [copy on file as /interiors/Whole_House_Energy_Efficiency_DOE.pdf ] - U.S. Department of Energy "Energy Savers: Whole-House Supply Ventilation Systems [copy on file as /interiors/Energy_Savers_Whole-House_Supply_Vent.pdf ] - ", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11880?print "Energy Savers: Whole-House Exhaust Ventilation Systems", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11870 "Energy Savers: Ventilation", U.S. Department of Energy "Energy Savers: Natural Ventilation", U.S. Department of Energy "Energy Savers: Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems", U.S. Department of Energy energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11900 "Energy Savers: Detecting Air Leaks", U.S. Department of Energy "Energy Savers: Air Sealing", U.S. Department of Energy Falls and Related Injuries: Slips, Trips, Missteps, and Their Consequences, Lawyers & Judges Publishing, (June 2002), ISBN-10: 0913875430 ISBN-13: 978-0913875438 Fiberglass: Indoor Air Quality Investigations: Health Concerns About Airborne Fiberglass: Fiberglass in Indoor Air from HVAC ducts, and Building Insulation Humidity: What indoor humidity should we maintain in order to avoid a mold problem? Ice Dam Leaks in building attics and roof cavities, how to inspect for evidence of leaks, identify causes, and correct bad attic ventilation, improper roof venting, and these causes of attic mold or roof structure damage "Insulation: Adding Insulation to an Existing Home," U.S. Department of Energy - tips on how to do your own check for the presence of absence of insulation in a home Insulation: Selecting Insulation for New Home Construction, U.S. Department of Energy - "Your state and local building codes probably include minimum insulation requirements, but to build an energy-efficient home, you may need or want to exceed them. For maximum energy efficiency, you should also consider the interaction between the insulation and other building components. This is called the whole-house systems design approach." Insulation Types, table of common building insulation properties from U.S. DOE. Readers should see INSULATION R-Values & Properties our own table of insulation properties that includes links to articles describing each insulation material in more detail. Lighting, proper use of: proper aiming of a good flashlight can disclose hard to see but toxic light or white mold colonies on walls. Mobile Home Inspections common defects unique to factory built housing, inspection methods The National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST (nee National Bureau of Standards NBS) is a US government agency - see www.nist.gov
Nogging: See this photo of exposed bricks on a building exterior on a building exterior in Canada. [Thanks to Carson Dunlop, Toronto - see References below]. Pergo AB, division of Perstorp AB, is a Swedish manufacturer or modern laminate flooring products. Information about the U.S. company can be found at http://www.pergo.com where we obtained historical data used in our discussion of the age of flooring materials in buildings. Piquet Wall Construction: See this photo of piquet wall construction - involving timber-framed wall construction with long top girts, diagonal timber bracing, and small diameter logs placed vertically along with concrete chinking to fill in the wall plane. Plank House Construction: weblog from plankhouse.wordpress.com/2009/01/25/plank-house-construction/ and where plank houses were built by native Americans, see Re-Bath, tub lining products is a bath tub relining manufacturer and distributor located in Tempe, Arizona - see rebath.com Rubblestone Wall Filler: See this Lartigue House using exterior-exposed rubblestone filler between vertical timbers of a post and beam-framed Canadian building. Slips, Trips, Missteps and Their Consequences, Second Edition, Gary M. Bakken, H. Harvey Cohen,A. S. Hyde, Jon R. Abele, ISBN-13: 978-1-933264-01-1 or ISBN 10: 1-933264-01-2, available from the publisher, Lawyers ^ Judges Publishing Company,Inc., www.lawyersandjudges.com sales@lawyersandjudges.com and also from the InspectAPedia Bookstore (Amazon.com) The Stairway Manufacturers' Association, (877) 500-5759, provides a pictorial guide to the stair and railing portion of the International Residential Code. What Mold and Allergens Look Like: mold identification photos to help identify mold - choosing what to sample in buildings How to Clean Moldy Wood Framing & Sheathing How to clean/seal mold from/on exposed lumber or plywood subfloor or roof sheathing indoors - some suggestions based on our field and laboratory research Lighting, proper use of: proper aiming of a good flashlight can disclose hard to see but toxic light or white mold colonies on walls. Manufactured & Modular Homes: Modular Building Systems Association, MBSA, modularhousing.com, is a trade association promoting and providing links to contact modular builders in North America. Also see the Manufactured Home Owners Association, MHOAA, at www.mhoaa.us. The Manufactured Home Owners Association of America is a National Organization dedicated to the protection of the rights of all people living in Manufactured Housing in the United States. Mold spores in the Home - a Photo ID Library for detection and identification of mold allergens. How to Find and Test For Mold in buildings A "how to" photo and text primer on finding and choosing the right spots to test for mold in buildings Stuff that is not mold but is often mistaken for it - things you may not want to test. Also, not all "black mold" is toxic - here are examples of harmless black mold. Simple Adhesive Tape Sampling of Moldy Surfaces - how to send a mold sample to our lab Mold Sampling Methods in the Indoor Environment - In-depth article: detailed critique of popular mold testing methods - Is your mold test kit worth the bother? Mold-Resistant Building Practices, advice from an expert on how to prevent mold after a building flood and how to prevent mold growth in buildings by selection of building materials and by anti-mold construction details. Slips, Trips, Missteps and Their Consequences, Gary M. Bakken, H. Harvey Cohen, Jon R. Abele, Alvin S. Hyde, Cindy A. LaRue, Lawyers and Judges Publishing; ISBN-10: 1933264012 ISBN-13: 978-1933264011 Slips, Trips, Missteps and Their Consequences, Second Edition, Gary M. Bakken, H. Harvey Cohen,A. S. Hyde, Jon R. Abele, ISBN-13: 978-1-933264-01-1 or ISBN 10: 1-933264-01-2, available from the publisher, Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company,Inc., www.lawyersandjudges.com sales@lawyersandjudges.com and also from the InspectAPedia Bookstore (Amazon.com) Steps and Stairways, Cleo Baldon & Ib Melchior, Rizzoli, 1989. The Staircase, Ann Rinaldi Common Sense Stairbuilding and Handrailing, Fred T. Hodgson The Art of Staircases, Pilar Chueca Building Stairs, by pros for pros, Andy Engel A Simplified Guide to Custom Stairbuilding, George R. Christina Basic Stairbuilding, Scott Schuttner The Staircase (two volumes), John Templar, Cambridge: the MIT Press, 1992 The Staircase: History and Theories, John Templar, MIT Press 1995 Steps and Stairways, Cleo Baldon & Ib Melchior, Rizzoli, 1989. Steps and Stairways, Cleo Baldon & Ib Melchior, Rizzoli, 1989. "The Dimensions of Stairs", J. M. Fitch et al., Scientific American, October 1974. "The Elimination of Unsafe Guardrails, a Progress Report," Elliott O. Stephenson, Building Standards, March-April 1993 "Are Functional Handrails Within Our Grasp" Jake Pauls, Building Standards, January-February 1991 "Weather-Resistive Barriers [copy on file as /interiors/Weather_Resistant_Barriers_DOE.pdf ] - ", how to select and install housewrap and other types of weather resistive barriers, U.S. DOE Weaver: Beaver Board and Upson Board: Beaver Board and Upson Board: History and Conservation of Early Wallboard, Shelby Weaver, APT Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 2/3 (1997), pp. 71-78, Association for Preservation Technology International (APT), available online at JSTOR. What Style Is It?: A Guide to American Architecture, Rev., John C. Poppeliers, S. Allen Chambers, Wiley; Rev Sub edition (October 6, 2003), ISBN-10: 0471250368, ISBN-13: 978-0471250364 ... |
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