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This article describes what to do about interior wall and ceiling thermal tracking stains, thermal bridging stains, building air leaks, and building insulation defects. Readers should see HEAT LOSS in BUILDINGS. Also see AIR SEALING STRATEGIES and AIR LEAK DETECTION TOOLS as well as AIR LEAK MINIMIZATION. For photos of snow melt on rooftops that also show points of building heat transfer and loss, see STAIN DIAGNOSIS on Building Exteriors.

© Copyright 2009 Daniel Friedman, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use links at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

What to Do About Thermal Tracking & Other Wall or Ceiling Stains, & Air Movement in Buildings

1. Identify the cause of thermal tracking: review the other sections of this article. Visual inspection of attics, wall cavities, or other building areas can tell you if the building is un insulated or has openings where air is bypassing insulation. Be alert also for building cavities where insulation has become wet and possibly moldy as such would need to be removed before continuing to improve the insulation and air tightness of the home.
2. Add insulation to un insulated building cavities such as un insulated attics (first priority) or walls (second priority) and pay attention to areas of air bypass leaks where insulation has been omitted, removed, or imperfectly installed. Air Bypass Leaks Marks on Insulation shows how to recognize where air is moving past poorly installed building insulation.
3. Seal significant building air leaks against unwanted air movement such as openings at exterior trim, window perimeters, or at the floor/wall or ceiling wall juncture. Thermal tracking stains that mark the location of building leaks or the location of ceiling joists and exterior wall studs are also marking the location of thermal bridging - points of building heat loss.
4. Review the building indoor moisture levels: since even a reasonably well insulated building may develop thermal tracking marks if interior humidity is excessive. If the building has unwanted wet conditions such as a wet crawl space or basement or other areas of leaks, those conditions need to be corrected.
5. Review sources of indoor soot or debris such as an oil or gas fired heating system that is not working properly, since those conditions need to be corrected for safety and economy of building heating as well. Since excessive use of most types of candles can also produce unwanted levels of indoor soot, if those are a principal source of indoor stains their use should be reduced or eliminated.
   • Is the oil or gas fired heating system operating properly? If not it may be not only smoky or sooty, but also operating inefficiently and worse, it could be dangerous. A sooty gas boiler or furnace is very dangerous and should be shut down and serviced immediately.
   • Are there or have there been occupants who were smokers of cigarettes, cigars, pipes?
   • Are there fireplaces or woodstoves that release smoke to the interior?
   • Have people used candles, especially scented candles in the building?

Here is Our Detailed Step by Step Guide to Curing Indoor Stains due to Thermal Tracking

1. Inspect and Diagnose Accurately to Find the Causes of Indoor Stains and Thermal Tracking

If your building diagnosis is not accurate there is a real risk of both wasting money and possibly failing to attend unsafe conditions such as mold contamination or unsafe heating appliance operation and dangerous carbon monoxide hazards. So it is important to determine why the stains are occurring, to rule out or address safety issues, and then we can proceed to a simple three step procedure.

1. Cure the underlying causes of staining and thermal tracking, such as by addressing sources of soot and dirt, sources building moisture, insulation defects, and ventilation problems. This step is addressed in detail beginning at THERMAL TRACKING.
2. Clean, seal, and paint the stained areas. This step is addressed in this article, beginning above at What to Do About Thermal Tracking and continuing in detail below.
3. Monitor for any new staining events and diagnose them

To be reliable a thorough building investigation to identify the causes and recommend cures for indoor stains and thermal tracking will examine the entire property, outside and inside, examining all readily accessible areas, examining the mechanical systems, (plumbing, heating, air conditioning), the building ventilation and insulation, and more. Focus of the inspection may be on the sources of soot and debris, moisture, as particle deposition sources, as well as on building conditions that cause particle deposition on surfaces: high indoor moisture, air movement, insulation and ventilation defects.

2. Indoor Staining and Other Cleanup/Removal Recommendations

2.1. Warnings & Advice About Indoor Stain & Thermal Tracking Cleanup Procedures

Warning about harmful mold: if you hire a professional to address building staining and its cause and remedy this is not a contract not to address a mold or air quality investigation which is a more extensive (and more costly) procedure. For this reason significant mold contamination, health and safety risks, and significant mold remediation costs are likely to be faced at this property: these are conditions which were excluded from the scope of a site investigation for stains, thermal tracking, sooting, or heating and air conditioning problems.

Mold investigation: Where a building investigation shows that the property has had a history of leaks or moisture problems, and in some other cases, we recommend that you have a proper mold investigation performed as it is likely that the property faces significant mold cleanup cost. See When to Hire a Professional to Investigate a Building for Toxic Mold - http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/investigate.htm

Mold safety during building repairs: Because moldy materials are likely to be present, it is important that any property cleaning and repairs which you pursue be conducted properly and professionally in order to avoid increasing the safety and health risk to building occupants. http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/investigate.htm provides assistance in deciding when it is justified to hire a professional to inspect for mold and to prepare a mold remediation plan. http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/action.htm contains general advice about removing mold contamination in buildings.

2.2. Repair Guide Addressing Interior Surface Stains or Thermal Tracking & Ghosting

Warning about cleanup effectiveness: No cleaning measures will be effective, and the cost of performing them may be wasted, without also addressing causes of building contamination such as water entry, sewage backups, building leaks, and building ventilation defects.

Those defects which a professional inspection was able to identify are addressed at Exterior, Interior, and Mechanical System recommendations below and in the report specific to your building. Others may be discovered.

Cleanup and demolition can begin, but cannot be completed reliably until/unless the building is acceptably dry. If not all suspect areas are addressed it may be difficult to obtain a satisfactory clearance test following remediation work. If leaks or moisture remain or recur there is high risk of a problem.

Here are the basic steps in correcting an indoor sooting or thermal tracking problem

 2.3. Guide to Cleaning & Painting Stained Areas Blackened by Stains or Thermal Tracking

•  Demolition: remove wet, moldy, or water-damaged materials such as floor trim and moldy plaster/drywall where your investigation has found it in the building.

Additional removal of stained, soiled, or moldy material beyond that cited in this section should be continued where opened/removed material discovers additional moldy or suspect materials.

Remove building insulation wherever it is exposed by  demolition. Remove insulation within 5 ft.

Since future repair, demolition or cleaning processes can disclose hidden problems, anyone performing these tasks should, as a matter of general practice, be alert for discovery of leaks, water entry, building damage, mold reservoirs etc.

2.4. Investigate Stained Buildings Further for Hidden Damage due to Moisture or Mold

Before stopping the demolition of damaged or moldy materials, be sure that all areas of known, visible, or most-suspect damage from leaks or moisture traps are opened and investigated. It is important that the extent of demolition continue sufficiently to see that no contaminated, moldy, insect-damaged, or rotted problem areas remain un-addressed.

Otherwise, there is a significant risk that the cost of this repair and renovation could be wasted by having to repeat the procedure later. Examples of such areas we noted during our inspection include:

While there could certainly be other problem areas as yet undiscovered on the building, the following points of extra risk particularly suggested themselves based on observations made at the site or history which was reported for the building. These are areas of further investigation should indoor air quality complaints persist after the remediation measures recommended in this report have been completed.

These are optional targets for further investigation: I did not find significant leakage evidence or other evidence in these spots sufficient to strongly recommend immediate destructive inspection of these areas, but it may be more economical to address any such findings as part of the current cleanup plan rather than later.

• Walls behind baseboards or other trim which have been left in place after flooding – if mold is found in these areas the wall cavities need to be opened for further exploration.
• Other unopened wall and ceiling cavities, particularly in areas that have been wet such as where leaks occurred from plumbing, ice dams, leaks into walls below window sills, at radiators and plumbing fittings (toilet base, leaky or running toilets, fixture drains) wherever such areas of extra risk can be identified by building history or by visual observation

2.5. Cleaning or Painting of Stained Walls & Ceilings to Correct Stains & Ghosting

Clean black-stained areas on ceiling and wall drywall using a non-phosphate commercial interior cleaner, after protecting floor surfaces and after moving out or protecting and covering furnishings. 

Alternatively you can elect to paint black-stained areas using a stain-covering paint, in which case We recommend use of a lacquer primer sealer. Do not use a latex sealer as stains often bleed through water-based paints and even some oil-based paints. Bin™, or Enamelac™ are trade names of two lacquer primer-sealer paints that work in this application. Proper ventilation and other procedures are necessary for health and safety during this procedure.

Following cleaning and/or sealing in the stained areas, your painter can prime and paint the interior room walls and ceilings throughout. We recommend use of a vapor retarder primer paint on the inside surface of exterior walls and ceilings to reduce the moisture absorption into these materials in the future.

3.0. Exterior, Interior, & Mechanical Systems: Observations & Recommendations

(Numbers in report text or tables refer to Site or Lab photographs. Please review the annotated photos attached to this report. There you will see important additional details.)

3. Exterior Inspection and Recommendations To Correct Indoor Stains & Thermal Tracking

3.1. Exterior observations and recommendations specific to the subject property

I observed exterior conditions which are associated with leaks, high moisture, or other factors which contribute to mold/allergens in buildings. Please review your site exterior photos (in your site investigation report) as they provide additional specific details. These items have or may have contributed to water entry, interior mold in the building. Correct these sources of leaks and moisture to prevent future water entry to prevent mold re-growth.

3.2. General Exterior Recommendations to Stop Indoor Thermal Tracking Stains & Moisture Problems

• Maintain the gutters (loose, wrong slope, clogged, leaky), add drip edge or re-hang gutters if roof runoff runs behind gutters; extend downspouts at least 6ft. from the building and to locations that will drain away from the building; assure buried downspout lines are not clogged or leaking underground; correct improper in-slope grade which holds water against the foundation.
• Repair damaged, leaky exterior components and openings: doors, windows, chimneys, and roof penetrations.
  

4. Interior Inspection & Recommendations to Stop Indoor Thermal Tracking Stains & Moisture Problems

4.1. Interior inspection and recommendations specific to the subject property:

Besides items already cited above for cleaning or removal, I observed these interior conditions which are associated with mold/allergens in buildings. Please review your site interior photos attached to your thermal tracking and building inspection report as they provide specific details.

4.2. General Interior Recommendations for Removing & Preventing Indoor Thermal Tracking or Ghosting Stains

• Use mold-resistant construction materials and methods when repairing or restoring building areas which are to be demolished for cleaning or for other renovation and repairs.  Please see these articles which offer details of these flood response and mold resistant construction methods.
  • http://InspectAPedia.com/structure/avoidmold.htm “Mold Prevention: Avoiding Mold Problems in Buildings by Using Mold-Resistant Construction Products & Practices”
  • http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/floodmold.htm “Flood Damage Assessment & Repair: How to Prevent or Remove Mold After a Flood”
  • http://InspectAPedia.com/interiors/drywallmoldresist.htm “Mold Proof Drywall?”
  • http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/humidity1.htm “What Indoor Humidity should we maintain in order to avoid a mold or dust mite problem”
  • http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/FiberglassMold.htm “Mold in Fiberglass Insulation” – We recommend against using fiberglass insulation in wall cavities in this building where you are insulating against masonry exterior walls, and We recommend placement of sound plastic vapor barriers on the warm side of all exterior walls when renovating or repairing

• Provide proper attic venting - install continuous, un-blocked soffit and ridge venting; add baffles at eaves wherever insulation blocks intake venting; See How to Detect & Correct Attic Condensation & Prevent Ice Dam Leaks in Buildings - http://InspectAPedia.com/interiors/atticcond.htm
• Complete missing attic insulation; remove/replace any insulation which appears dirty from rodent infestation. See How to Inspect Building Insulation & Ventilation - http://InspectAPedia.com/interiors/Insulation_Inspection.htm
• Dry out all building crawl spaces and keep them dry - see our details about how to dry out a problem crawl space at How to Dry Out A Problem Crawl Space
• Wall to wall carpeting in the basement/below-grade level creates an ongoing risk of forming a mold reservoir. At the next event requiring cleaning or renovation, we recommend elimination of this material at this location, going to tile or vinyl flooring. Area rugs can still be used as these can be cleaned.
• Fiberglass insulation in the basement/below-grade level creates an ongoing risk of forming a very significant mold reservoir – this is a condition I have been detecting frequently in buildings, even where the insulation looks clean to the eye.
  
  At the next event requiring demolition, cleaning, or renovation, we recommend elimination of use of ordinary fiberglass insulation in moisture-prone building cavities such as basement walls against below-grade foundation walls. Use solid foam insulation products which do not themselves absorb moisture and which are less mold friendly.
• Dry & Dehumidify wet/damp areas - seal foundation cracks; repair air-conditioning condensate leaks; repair plumbing leaks; install and use a dehumidifier in damp areas. See What Indoor Humidity Level Should We Maintain - http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/humidity1.htm  
• Basement de-watering systems: if all of my outside recommendations have been completed correctly (and have been verified as complete and correct) and then water entry recurs it may be necessary to install an  interior de-watering system.
  
  In general we do not recommend this approach as building dampness may still be excessive—it is more effective to prevent water entry from outside whenever possible.
  
  But sometimes outside measures are just impractical or more costly than an indoors basement or crawl space waterproofing project. Inside de-watering systems like B-Dri™ are a last resort. Basement waterproofing systems can be effective at keeping water off of the floors if they are properly installed.
  
  Improperly installed a basement de-watering system or basement waterproofing system and can create its own dampness problems in buildings. See Sump Pumps just below.
• Suspect upholstered furniture, curtains - either try professional steam cleaning followed by HEPA vacuuming or dispose of this furniture;
• Scented candles – can be a respiratory irritant to many people. We recommend abandoning use of and disposing of these items.
• Sump pumps - and other crawl-space or basement de-watering systems must be absolutely reliable. Even a single-event flood in a basement or crawl space is likely to lead to costly cleaning and renovations all over again. See Buying, Installation & Maintenance Guide for Sump Pumps - http://InspectAPedia.com/septic/Sump_Pumps.htm

4.3 How to Dry Out a Problem Crawl Space

Crawl space venting – this is a debated topic as in humid weather venting outside air into a cool crawl space might increase crawl space moisture.

We no longer recommend simple passive venting nor humidistat-controlled venting except in special circumstances. When my inspection indicates a long-standing moisture problem in such an area the best current advice is to stop venting the crawl space(s)s and to convert it/them to a dry, conditioned space:

• Provide a moisture barrier over any dirt floors and extending up foundation walls but not up to nor in contact with wood framing or sills. Moisture barriers may be 6-mil poly or other special basement sealer products such as special moisture-sealing concrete coatings
• Be sure that the dirt floor moisture barrier slopes to a drain. A great many installations we see, even in company product literature, show multiple low spots in a crawl space, each of which is subject to ponding and water retention from leaks or other unanticipated water entry into a crawl space or basement.
• Install a continuous dehumidification system (with a permanent drain hookup so the system can run unattended. Use an A/C condensate pump to a building drain if a gravity drain connection is not feasible.
• A dehumidifier in a crawl space will also provide some heat in that area; if the crawl space is too cold (despite perimeter insulation) it may be necessary to add a small level of heat there. Some building also permit introduction of dry heat into these areas.

See our detailed article Crawl Space Dryout Procedures for more complete information on how to dry out a wet or damp crawl space in order to reduce the chance of mold, insect damage, allergens, and structural rot.

5. Mechanical Systems Observations & Recommendations to Stop Indoor Thermal Tracking, Soot Stains, Ghosting

5.1. Heating, Cooling, Ventilation Systems

• Heating equipment: For furnaces, obtain proper service, including proper filters (and/or improved efficiency filters), blower compartment cleaning including the compartment and the blower fan unit. See these references:
  • Soot from Gas Appliances: http://InspectAPedia.com/plumbing/gasfaults.htm
    SAFETY WARNING: Soot from gas appliances is an indicator of dangerous, possibly fatal carbon monoxide gas production
  • Soot from Oil Burners: How to Diagnose Oil Burner Noise, Smoke, Odors: http://InspectAPedia.com/heat/OilBurnerNoises.htm
• Central air conditioning: check the air handler(s) monthly (when the air filter is changed) to assure that the condensate handling system is not leaking into the building. If an attic system is missing a condensate overflow tray or missing a backup condensate overflow drain there is a risk of  leaks into the ceiling if condensate leaks occur in the regular condensate piping. See Air Filters for Heating and Air Conditioning Systems - http://InspectAPedia.com/aircond/AirFilters.htm and be sure to review the condensate leak issues at Condensate Handling - http://InspectAPedia.com/aircond/aircond17.htm
• Duct work: check further for mold or accumulated dirt, debris, dust, allergens; have professionally cleaned if the duct material can be cleaned. Light dust and debris in ducts is normal and does not normally justify professional cleaning. See Duct System Defects at http://InspectAPedia.com/aircond/aircond18.htm
  
  If fiberglass board or flex-duct was used, flooded, contaminated (see lab report), visibly moldy or badly soiled duct sections will need to be replaced as these components can’t be cleaned and in my opinion encapsulants are unreliable. If non-cleanable replacement duct materials (fiberglass and flex duct) are installed they may need to be replaced again in the future.
  
  This may be cost-reasonable for accessible sections of flex duct but not for duct work run through building cavities or for major trunk lines. Watch out for incomplete-cleaning of duct-work; I often find mold growing where condensate collected in duct work is run through un-conditioned space such as a cool crawl space or hot attic.
• Window and wall-mounted air conditioners: clean these units and replace or clean washable filters monthly during the in-use season. If mold appears inside the air path of these units they are probably not cleanable and will need to be replaced.

5.2. Plumbing & Other Systems or Equipment

• Plumbing: Replace any corroded/leaky traps and where demolition exposes tub or shower traps assure those are sound before completing repairs. Watch for and repair any future plumbing leaks promptly.
• Refrigerator: clean (using a HEPA vacuum) coils and grille as well as dust below and at other sides of the refrigerator. When cleaning the coil check that the evaporator tray is clean and that it is not spilling over. This is a common source of indoor mold and potentially Legionnaire’s disease.
• Prevent future basement flooding: to reduce the risk of building flooding during severe storms and storm drain backup I have these related suggestions that you should consider:
• Outside water: Repair and monitor possible outside sources of leaks and water entry I’ve already cited, as part of ongoing building maintenance and monitoring
• Check valves: Install check valves in any basement or other low-level drains to assure that during severe weather and local flooding you do not have water entering the building through backing up sewers, septic system piping, or storm drains
• Sump pumps: Install battery-backup sump pump system to assure that should water nonetheless appear in the basement level, it can be removed from the building during an emergency, even if electrical power is temporarily lost. See our Sump Pumps guide at http://InspectAPedia.com/septic/Sump_Pumps.ht m

6. General Notes on Sooting, Stains, and Mold Stain Prevention

Mold on drywall can not normally be cleaned sufficiently as portions of the mold growth are inside the gypsum and paper. Except in the case of trivial soil or mold on a painted drywall surface, replacement is the effective means of remediation for this material. Material removal is more reliable than simple surface disinfection, but steps must be taken to avoid contaminating the building with construction dust and mold spores.

Check/remove baseboard trim at floors: where floors or wall cavities have been flooded I often find mold growth on the back of baseboard or door trim, and on either or both sides of drywall or plaster where trim was installed; don’t assume that there is no mold in a wall cavity or that there is no mold behind wood trim just because no mold is visible on the wall surface.

Avoid mold growth: Reduce or eliminate the conditions that encourage mold and fungal growth. In any building where there is recurrent water entry, there is risk of the conditions which produce or amplify mold growth.

General moisture control: keep un-wanted water and moisture from entering the building from outside (maintain roof drainage system to avoid spillage at the foundation, slope grade away from the building, provide flashing and sealant at openings), avoid generating unwanted moisture inside (unattended plumbing leaks, missing venting, un-covered dirt crawl spaces, open stone foundations), and remove unwanted high-levels of moisture inside (dehumidification, ventilation, drainage)

Depending on species, mold spores may die or become dormant, failing to reproduce, at low moisture levels. If the building is sufficiently damp or wet again, mold growth will probably recur. 

Always identify and correct obvious outside sources of water entry before going to the expense of costly basement waterproofing systems, though in some cases such systems may be necessary.

Install a high-capacity dehumidifier and run it until basement moisture is in the 45-55% range. You may want to purchase an inexpensive relative-humidity indicator for this purpose. (See Radio Shack products.) You can drain the dehumidifier by a condensate pump or to a sump pit so it can run unattended (except for periodic cleaning).

Missing backup condensate drain – can be compensated-for by installing a leak detection system in the condensate tray. This design will shut down the A/C system if a leak is detected, preventing water damage to the building from this source.

References to Detailed Articles on Diagnosing & Curing Odors, Stains, Mold, Moisture Control in Buildings

• Attic Leaks & Condensation: How to Detect & Correct Attic Condensation & Prevent Ice Dam Leaks in Buildings - http://InspectAPedia.com/interiors/atticcond.htm
• Indoor Humidity: What Indoor Humidity Level Should We Maintain - http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/humidity1.htm
• Insulation: How to Inspect Building Insulation & Ventilation - http://InspectAPedia.com/interiors/Insulation_Inspection.htm
• Mold Action Guide: What to do about mold, mildew, and other indoor allergens - http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/action.htm
• Mold Prevention = Moisture & Leak Control: because both mold and thermal tracking are highly correlated with high indoor moisture and leaks, see the suggestions listed at How to Prevent Mold in Buildings - http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/ActionPreventMold.htm which will address both of these problems.
• Odors in Buildings: How to Find & Remove Odors, Gases & Smells in Buildings - http://InspectAPedia.com/sickhouse/Odor-Diagnosis-Cure.htm
• Stains in Buildings: Thermal Tracking: How to Diagnose Indoor Wall or Ceiling Stains, Building Air Leaks, & Heat Loss - http://InspectAPedia.com/interiors/ThermalTracking.htm
• Soot from Gas Appliances: http://InspectAPedia.com/plumbing/gasfaults.htm
  SAFETY WARNING: Soot from gas appliances is an indicator of dangerous, possibly fatal carbon monoxide gas production
• Soot from Oil Burners: How to Diagnose Oil Burner Noise, Smoke, Odors: http://InspectAPedia.com/heat/OilBurnerNoises.htm
• Sump Pumps: Buying, Installation & Maintenance Guide for Sump Pumps - http://InspectAPedia.com/septic/Sump_Pumps.htm
• Building Pathology, Deterioration, Diagnostics, and Intervention, Samuel Y. Harris, P.E., AIA, Esq., ISBN 0-471-33172-4, John Wiley & Sons, 2001
• Understanding Ventilation, John Bower, The Healthy House Institute, ISBN 0-9637156-5-8, 1995
• Dampness in Buildings, Diagnosis, Treatment, Instruments, T.A. Oxley & E.G. Gobert, ISBN 0-408-01463-6, Butterworths, 1983-1987
• “Moisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building,” Alex Wilson, Environmental Building News, Vol. 12. No. 7. [Good tutorial, “Moisture 101” outlining the physics of moisture movement in buildings and a good but incomplete list of general suggestions for moisture control – inadequate attention given to exterior conditions such as roof and surface drainage defects which are among the most-common sources of building moisture and water entry. -DJF]

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THERMAL TRACKING & THERMAL BRIDGING
  What is Thermal Tracking
  Ceiling Thermal Tracking Marks
  Wall Thermal Tracking Stains
  Floor Carpet Thermal Tracking Stains
  Air Bypass Leaks Marks on Insulation
  Thermal Tracking to Diagnose IAQ
  Stains HVAC Supply Registers
  Pet Stains on Floors
  Pet Stains on Walls
  Human Occupant Stains on Walls
  Stains from Candles, Woodstoves, Fireplaces
  Other Stains on Indoor Walls & Ceilings
  What to Do About Thermal Tracking
STAIN DIAGNOSIS on Indoor Surfaces
STAINS on Indoor Surfaces: PHOTO GUIDE
CARPET TEST GUIDE
also see Investigation of Indoor House Dust Debris

• Thanks to Alan Carson, Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto, for technical critique and content suggestions regarding thermal tracking.
• Thanks to Stacy O. for asking for clarification on the causes, spacing, and what to do about thermal tracking Sept Nov 2007

More Information on Building Diagnostic Inspections and Repairs

• Attic Condensation and Ice Dam Leaks - Detection and Correcting Venting and Condensation Problems in Buildings
• INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT: Insulation in Buildings: Identification, R-values, Heat loss, Insulation Types, Insulation Characteristics
• Asbestos pipe insulation in buildings
• Brick "Insulation" in Building Walls
• HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS, Insulation Properties, Definitions of R, K, U values, Insulation Design
• How to Detect and Correct Attic Condensation & Prevent Ice Dam Leaks in Buildings
• Insulation Materials as Indicators of Building Age
• Indoor Air Quality Investigations: Fiberglass in Indoor Air, HVAC ducts, and Building Insulation
• Insulation Identification Photographs - Fiberglass insulation photos, yellow, pink, green, white fiberglass identification in building attics, walls, ducts, other locations
• Insulation Identification Photographs - Cellulose insulation photos, Mineral wool insulation photos, rock wool insulation photos, cotton insulation photos, balsam wool insulation photos
• Insulation Identification Photographs - Vermiculite insulation photos
• Insulation Properties, Table of R-Values, density, moisture permeability, fire safety, aging effects on various insulation materials
• Mold in Fiberglass in Insulation
• Radiant Heat Floor Mistakes to Avoid case history of improper placement of slab insulation and radiant heat tubing
• Thermal Tracking thermal bridging & air leak stains in buildings or on building insulation
• Un-Vented Roof Solutions - How to Prevent Attic Condensation, Ice Dam Leaks, Roof Mold, & Roof Structural Damage in Buildings with Un-vented Roof Cavities
• Vermiculite Building Insulation & Asbestos
• Ice Dam Leaks in building attics and roof cavities, how to inspect for evidence of leaks, identify causes, and correct bad attic ventilation, improper roof venting, and these causes of attic mold or roof structure damage
• Looking for Mold what mold is often found where in buildings - simple technical presentation
• Mold spores in the Home - a Photo ID Library for detection and identification of mold allergens
• Recognizing Allergens: What various indoor allergens look like - identification photos to help identify pollen, dust mites, animal dander, toxic or allergenic mold - Common Mold and other Allergens, Irritants, Remedies & Advice
• Stuff that is not mold but is often mistaken for it - things you may not want to test. Also, not all "black mold" is toxic - here are examples of harmless black mold.
• Animal Allergens: Dog, Cat, and Other Animal Dander - Cleanup & Prevention Information for Asthmatics and regarding Indoor Air Quality.

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