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Guide to Oil Tank Gauges
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InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
How much oil is in the oil storage tank? Heating oil tank gauge installation, reading, testing, repair guide: how much oil is in the heating oil tank? How accurate is the oil tank gauge? This article describes how to find, read, and test the oil gauge on a home heating oil tank. If your oil fired heating boiler, warm air furnace, or water heater has stopped working, one of the first things to check is whether or not you've run out of fuel. If your oil tank is above ground indoors or outside it should have a fuel level gauge installed similar to the one shown in our photo.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
How to Find, Read, and Test an Oil Tank Fuel Level Gauge
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 Oil tank gauges are pretty simple to find, recognize, and read. If your heating oil tank is above ground outdoors or indoors, look on top of the tank for a device similar to the one in the photos shown on this page.
If the heating oil tank has been enclosed for cosmetic or other reasons, it may be necessary to make an access door that can be opened to give a view of the oil tank gauge.
If the heating oil tank is inaccessible above ground or buried, remote oil level gauges are available. Installing a remote-reading oil tank gauge permits reading of the oil tank level from an readout device inside the building.
How does an oil tank gauge work?
A float assembly inside the oil tank moves up and down along with the level of oil inside of the oil tank.
As the float assembly moves up or down it pushes a metal rod upwards (oil level in the tank is going up) or lets the metal rod fall down (oil level in the tank is dropping).
On top of the metal rod is an indicator, such as the red plastic disk in our photo at left.
The red plastic disk forms a line inside the oil tank gauge, showing the level of oil in the tank.
In this photo of an oil tank gauge the red disk is sitting above 3/4 - showing that the heating oil level in this oil tank is more than 3/4 full. |
How do we know that the oil tank gauge is working?
Well it's easier than you might think. On most oil tank gauges, the plastic tube that covers the actual moving gauge parts is just screwed into the cast iron base that holds the gauge assembly. Once in a while when we've wondered if our oil tank was really empty, or when an owner has reported that the oil gauge seems to "stick" we've done this simple test.
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 Unscrew the plastic cover by hand. Don't grab it with Vise Grips™ or you'll probably break the plastic. The gauge cover turns counter-clockwise to remove it.
If you did break the oil tank gauge cover it's not a catastrophe - the heating system will still work, but you should replace it before your next oil delivery because a broken or missing oil tank gauge cover could lead to a costly oil spill during an oil delivery.
Now that the cover over the oil tank gauge has been removed and set aside (where it won't roll under the oil tank and get lost), and presuming your tank gauge is not already sitting at the bottom of its range of travel (empty), just press the top of the gauge indicator rod downwards slowly and gently.
You will feel a little resistance because you're pushing a rod and float down into the heating oil inside tank. When you have pushed the indicator partly or all the way down, release it.
You should see the tank gauge rise back to about where it was before.
This tells you that the hinged mechanism and float are still in place and that they are moving without obstruction.
If the gauge is broken, lost, or damaged, the entire assembly can be replaced by your heating oil technician.
Remember that a heating oil tank gauge is not lab-grade equipment. It is not precise to the quart, probably not even to the gallon.
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We have made a video of the procedure for testing an oil tank gauge and will post it here soon.
What else goes wrong with heating oil tank gauges?
- Water leaks: On an outdoor oil tank the gauge may be damaged or simply not well sealed, permitting water to leak into the heating oil tank - a cause of oil tank leaks, rust, and more immediately, water in heating oil can lead to loss of heat. Our photo below shows an oil level gauge on an outdoor oil tank exposed to roof spillage.
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- Oil tank leaks at pipe fittings: if the oil tank gauge cover is damaged heating oil may be forced out of the oil tank during the oil tank fill-up operation. During oil tank fill-up oil may also seep out of pipe fittings at the top of the oil tank. If oil tank leaks at these locations are severe the pipes need to be removed and the connection re-made with a top quality pipe sealing compound that is oil resistant.
Our oil tank video posted at You Tube explains when, where, why, and how to stop an oil tank at this location.
Other places to look for oil tank leaks are shown in our oil tank sketch below. OIL TANK LEAK ADVICE contains detailed advice about leaky oil tanks.
If the oil tank leak at the top of an oil tank is minor seepage, you may want to avoid the trouble of disassembling and reassembling all of the pipe fittings. On the seeping oil tank fittings in our photograph, we left a rag tied around the leaky pipe. The leak was at the pipe fittings not the oil tank gauge.
The amount of seepage was just an ounce or so during fill up - the rag stopped oil from running down the sides of the oil tank and stinking up the garage where the tank was located. Once a year the owner replaces the dirty rag with a clean one. Paint-on sealants or epoxy applied to a surface which has been thoroughly cleaned of oil residue might also work in this location if the leak is really a minor seep.
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- Oil tank gauges may stop working: if the moving float arm parts become bent or simply disconnected inside the oil tank. If you cannot fish out the damaged parts for repair using a bent wire hook, your oil heating technician will probably leave the old gauge parts in the bottom of your oil tank and install a new gauge, hoping the new gauge float won't foul and jam up in the old parts on the tank bottom.
- Lost or broken oil tank gauge vial: the plastic vial that provides the oil tank level markings against which the oil tank gauge float indicator is read can be broken or lost.
Our home-repaired oil tank gauge photo [left] shows a homeowner attempt at replacing a missing oil tank gauge vial. We worry that the plastic bottle stuck into the oil tank top around the float gauge indicator is fragile, leaky, and risks water contamination in the oil tank.
Typically the oil tank gauge vial is a screw-in part obtainable from your oil heat service dealer or from online oil tank gauge parts suppliers. - thanks to reader GC for this comment. |
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Here is a gauge on an outdoor oil tank. The red button resting at the bottom of the plastic tube to left of the galvanized tank vent pipe shows that this oil tank is probably empty.
This is a poorly installed oil tank, exposed to roof runoff, freezing temperatures, improperly closed vent opening, and more.
Check to assure that the oil tank gauge is present, and that its protective cover is tight. Loose or broken oil tank gauges can cause spills during tank fill operations.
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How to Find Out How Much Oil is in a Buried Oil Tank or an Above Ground Oil Storage Tank that is Missing its Gauge?
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 Your oil company can provide a stick, a folding rule, or even a string and weight that can be placed into an oil tank to locate the bottom of the tank and to determine the level of oil in the tank.
The depth of the oil in the tank is measured by marking the top of the tank on the stick or oil tank gauge, then placing the stick into the oil tank and withdrawing it. The oil level seen on the stick is compared with the distance from bottom of the stick (bottom of the oil tank) to top of the oil tank (which we marked on the stick).
In the old days people kept an oil tank stick that was already marked and calibrated to tell them how much oil was in their tank. Today if we use a folding measuring rule or a generic "stick" to "stick the oil tank" to check oil level, we need to know the volume and shape of the tank as well as the depth of oil on the stick in order to calculate the number of gallons in the oil tank accurately.
In the photo our client is discovering a surprise buried oil tank at a farm we were inspecting. |
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Some buried oil tank systems use an oil tank gauge that measures oil in the tank and gives a reading at a remote location such as indoors near the heating boiler - which is pretty convenient in nasty weather.
Our photo shows an antique gauge used with a buried oil tank. Modern remote oil tank gauges include sensors which provide an LED or an electronic indication of the level of oil in the buried or remote oil tank.
But roughly, the oil tank stick procedure can tell us if the tank is half full, 3/4 full, or nearly empty.
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How accurate are oil tank gauges
Conventional float type oil storage tank gauges are not precise in reporting the quantity of oil remaining in the tank.
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 A heating oil tank gauge does a fine job of telling you the oil level in the oil storage tank: oil is near the top, 3/4 full, 1/2 full, or just 1/4 full or nearly empty. Sketch at left showing the location oil tank gauge and of places to watch for oil tank leaks is courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates.
"Full" in this case just means the level of oil in the tank, not an accurate read of the number of gallons of heating oil remaining.
Oil tank gauges are not accurate in reading the quantity of oil in a tank in gallons or liters. But then neither is the gas gauge in your car - and for the same reason. The tank shape.
What's inaccurate about all oil tank gauges is that because most oil tanks are not square but round or oval, knowing the height of oil in the tank does not tell us very accurately just how much oil is in the tank except at three points:
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- When oil is at the top of the tank we know the tank is full. If we know (or calculate) the tank size or volume we know how much oil we have. Usually the oil company already knows your oil tank size - just ask them.
- When heating oil is at the bottom of the tank we know we don't have a bit - accurate but troublesome.
Watch out: even on an oil tank whose delivery piping is connected to the tank bottom, it is not normal and it's not a good idea to run all of the oil out of an oil storage tank; there are risks of drawing water or sludge into the heating equipment, causing malfunction.
Furthermore, when oil delivery piping is taken out of the top of the oil tank, the pick-up end of that tubing is never extended all the way to the tank bottom, exactly to reduce the chances of picking up water or sludge.
- When heating oil is exactly in the middle of a square, round, or oval shaped oil tank we indeed have an accurate measurement at this point.
Accurate Oil Tank Float Gauges
Below we offer an example of a high-precision float gauge used for oil tanks.
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 Scully produces the "Golden Gallon Gauge" that can provide an accurate readout of the level of oil in indoor our outdoor oil storage tanks, including buried oil tanks.
Scully gauges are a double float that communicates to an oil tank level gauge that can be read in inches, gallons, imperial gallons, or liters.
The Scully oil tank float gauge fits oil tank tapped openings of 1 1/2" or 2" diameter (NPT), and can handle oil tanks up to 60" in tank depth (from gauge mount to tank bottom).
Scully's product literature indicates that this is the most accurate oil tank gauge of its type.
Contact the Scully Signal Company.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about oil tank gauges: buy, install, repair, replace, read, or troubleshoot oil storage tank gauges
Question:
The plastic cover that covers (shows the 1/8 markings) the gauge of my oil tank broke/cracked.
Do you know where I can get a replacement? - Robert Muller
Reply:
The plastic part that covers your oil tank gauge is called the gauge vial. You can get one from a local oil heating equipment parts supplier or online. At oil storage tank gauge vials [above in this article] we have added photos and details. - Reader G.C. [Thanks GC] .
Question:
When we bought our house, our (oval 275 gal) tank had a reading of about 7/8 (halfway between F and 3/4) and our oil company estimated this to be 190 gals, which would be closer to 2/3 than 7/8 and certainly below 3/4, which it was not. We used this oil from the time we bought it, through the end of last year's heating season until the end of this September.
At this point, we had about 1/8 of a tank. We received a fill-up, which was for 203 gallons and put us at full. It would reason that with an oval tank, the round parts at the top and bottom (round parts) would hold less oil per vertical inch than the middle (straight parts).
That being said, it seems like the top 1/8 and bottom 1/8 combined hold about 150 gallons, or half a tank's worth. Other than this, our oil gauge seems to be reading fine, in that it went from full to half over the course of late September to today (middle of December). I just got a fill up and my tank was reading almost exactly at 1/2, but it was only 100 gallons to fill it.
Is this normal? Is the gauge reading relatively accurately? Does a 275 gallon tank actually hold 275 gallons? - RJ
Reply:
RJ, there are a few sources of confusion about just how much oil a particular oil tank holds, how much is in it at any given moment, and about just how near to capacity the oil company fills the oil storage tank during delivery.
- Often the oil tank delivery driver fills an oil tank until the tank whistle indicates that oil is really at the top of the oil storage tank. But not always. Depending on the oil tank age and type, as well as the condition of the tank whistle or alarm (audible or not), the heating oil delivery driver may stop filling the tank before it is completely to the tank top. When this happens, trying to relate the size of the oil delivery in gallons to the tank size can be a little confusing. In other words, "Full" on the gauge, or "full" when the delivery person stopped pumping oil in the tank may not be a completely full tank.
- Because oil tanks are often oval or round in cross section, a conventional float type oil tank gauge is accurate only when the level of oil in the storage tank is exactly at the mid point. Given the radius of the tank top and bottom curve, it is of course possible to calculate tank contents more accurately, but that's beyond what's needed for most situations.
- Oil tank gauges on residential oil tanks are not precisely accurate. Please take a look at "How accurate are oil tank gauges" (above in this article) for details.
- Oil tank sizes used indoors (and sometimes outside) at residential properties are often referred to generically as a "275 gallon tank" but actual oil tank sizes vary. Some typical capacities include 200 gallons, 225 gallons, 250 gallons, 275 gallons, and 300 gallons of oil. Take a look at the label that should be welded or glued onto your oil tank - the actual tank capacity may be indicated there.
It's reasonable to ask your oil company what size tank they think you have installed. They might be correct.
Otherwise if you want to get a pretty accurate estimate of the tank size [excluding the volume occupied by the thickness of the oil tank steel or plastic shell] you'll need to measure the tank height, width, length, and curve radius and do a spread sheet calculation. [Or ask our friend Paul Galow who has prepared an Excel spreadsheet that provides this function.]
Question:
Question on a fuel oil tank gauge: 275 gallon outside, vertical, 8 years old, in good repair. Sees Maryland winters.
Last spring, my oil supplier left a note that the standard float gauge did not work. In summer, I removed and cleaned the plastic dial cover with Mineral Spirits and a bottle brush. It was heavily coated inside, almost opaque, a bright red hardened gum. Then gently pushed the float down into a full tank, cycled this slowly several times full range, and it worked for almost a season. Now with the last fill up, it again is stuck on empty. Is there a gum in No 2 FO? Does it splash up and glue the float mechanism? How often does the gauge need maintenance? Mr. R.L. Hails Sr. P.E. 2/25/2012
Reply:
[pending]
Question:
I have 2 275 gallon oil tanks. I had 150 gallons of oil delivered when the gauge showed I had just less than an 1/8th of oil in the tank. After the 150 gallons was put in the gauge went just above 1/8th. How is that possible? 150 gallons represents 1/4th of the tank and the tank already had oil in it? - Carl 6/20/2012
Reply:
Maybe so, Carl. Consider that especially when filling the lower section (or top section) of an ovate oil tank, the gauge, which moves linearly, can't accurately reflect the actual tank amount. The gauge is accurate only at 3 points: empty, half empty, and full.
When filling two 275g oil tanks simultaneously, you got 75 gallons into each tank. If the tanks were actually nearly empty, you've filled 1/4 of one 275-g oil tank (75/275 = 0.27) but since there are 2 tanks, you've got to divide that again by 2, so you've filled just about 1/8 of each tank - which is what the oil gauge is reflecting.
Question:
I have got a Worcester Camray 5 which is located in the garden. I had an indoor plug in oil level indicator but it has gone missing - where can I get a replacement one please. - Karen Gallant 6/27/12
Reply:
Karen the Worcester Camray 5 is a discontinued oil fired heating boiler. I don't know about the oil level indicator you cite - but if it is a device mounted on your oil piping or oil tank, I would imagine your oil heat service company can install a generic replacement.
Question:
I have a float gage (319 gallon indoor oval tank), the tank went empty and was filled with 200 gallons however the gage did not return to show approximately 3/4 full. Is it because there is liquid sitting on top of the float gage? If so, is there a way to correct this so the tank reads accurately? - Ian 8/7/12
Reply:
Ian,
The float arm may be bent or the gauge sticking. You should be able to carefully disassemble, remove from tank, un-bend, un-stick moving parts (or replace them).
If your oil tank gauge looks like the one at the top of this page, try first unscrewing the plastic cover and press down gently on the gauge top indicator - the whole assembly will move and you're pushing the tank float and arm up and down inside the tank - sometimes this will free up the assembly without further ado.
Question: how do I read the oil tank gauge against the scale: from the top, center, or bottom of the plastic disc?
I have an oil gauge just like the one in the 5th image above. Has a checker like indicator. Do you read the bottom/middle/top edge of indicator as to the amount of oil in tank? - Cliff 11/13/2012
The following photo is from your site and is just like mine. It has a disc in a tube like the one below and red marks on tube as shown. The disc is like a checker. And I was wondering if you read the top edge or bottom of checker. - Cliff by email 12/5/2012
Reply:
Clifford,
Now that you sent us our own photo and an email query I understand the question better.
I apologize that my answer may not be very satisfying, but to be safest, I would read from the bottom of the plastic disc. That's because the object is to avoid running out of oil and suffering the consequences of lost heat. In general I call the oil company immediately if the tank shows 1/4 full or less. On a 250g oil storage tank on most residential heating installations in typically cold winter weather I figure if the oil company cannot make an oil delivery a day or two we're still safe.
Having taken a few of these gauges apart I can assure you that they are certainly not precise.
Not only is there play (or even bends) in the float mechanism that drives the oil tank gauge, but worse, because the oil storage tank is typically ovate in cross section, the ONLY chances that the gauge even MIGHT be precisely accurate are in three positions: Full, half-full, and Empty.
Watch out: as we get near the bottom of the oil tank, because of that ovate shape, the oil level falls more rapidly than while we're using oil from a tank filled around mid-way.
Watch out: for oil storage tanks whose fuel lines are taken off of the top of the oil tank, the installer almost never places the oil pick-up line all the way at the bottom of the tank. Typically the line is kept a several inches or even more above the tank bottom in order to avoid picking up sludge or water that might be sent to (and foul) the oil burner. For this reason, we never use the very last bit of oil in the storage tank. This means that for practical purposes (actually being able to draw oil from the tank) that last 1/4 or 1/8 of an oil tank level showing on the oil tank gauge may in fact be very close to TANK EMPTY.
Question: what is an oil tank whistle and how does it relate to oil deliveries?
Oil won't be delivered unless the tank gives out a whistle, please explain since I'm new at this. and what can I do. Thanks. - Felix S 11/12/12
Reply:
Felix,
The oil tank whistle is a device at the top of the oil tank that emits a sound that lets the oil delivery truck driver know when the tank is full. It has nothing to do with the transfer of oil from the oil tank to the heating oil burner.
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- Scully Signal Company, 70 Industrial Way, Wilmington MA 01887-0588, Tel: 617-729-7510 or 800-272-8559, Email: sales@scully.com
- Paul Galow - technical consultant on networking, LAN design, applications support. Galow Consulting Services, 914-204-1749, email: paulgalow@galowconsulting.com
- [1] "Fuel Oil Piping and Storage", 2006 Mechanical Code, Chapter 13,
International Code Council, 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, Tel: 888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233); Website: iccsafe.org/, Email: webmaster@iccsafe.org, Customer Store (buy publications) 800-786-4452. Also see 2009 International Codes and 2012 International Codes.
- [2] "The application of a continuous leak detection system to pipelines and associated equipment", Sandberg, C.
Raychem Corp., Menlo Park, CA, Holmes, J. ; McCoy, K. ; Koppitsch, H, Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Sep/Oct 1989, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 906-909, ISSN : 0093-9994 INSPEC Accession Number: 3582593 Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/28.41257, Abstract:
An overview of classical leak detection systems is given and the engineering basis of a novel type of detector is examined. This system is a flexible hydrocarbon-sensing cable that can be installed along pipelines, in double-containment tanks and piping, or in trenches to detect and locate leaks of common industrial hydrocarbon solvents or fuels while ignoring the presence of water. The simple electrical circuit that locates and detects a leak anywhere along the length of the sensor is also described
- [3] "A Case Study of a Large Scale Precision [oil or fuel] Tank Testing Program", Diane H. Heck, Tetra Tech Richardson, Newark, Delaware, web search 4/27/12, original source: http://info.ngwa.org/GWOL/pdf/870143411.PDF, copy on file as /heating/OIl Tanks UST/Tank_Test_Heck_870143411.pdf Abstract:
In September 1986, a precision tank testing program was started to bring a major Maryland utility into compliance with the State of Maryland Oil Spill Control Regulations regarding underground storage tanks. This program involved the testing of over 240 tanks ranging in size from 300 gallons to 1,500 gallons located throughout the entire state of Maryland.
Analyses of the testing results revealed that 40% of the systems tested leaked. Piping leaks caused 82% of the testing failures and tank leaks caused the remaining 18%. Tank systems located in urban areas experienced a 50% testing failure rate, while tank systems located in rural areas experienced only a 25% failure rate. Leaks in tank systems in urban areas appear to be the result of structural loading and corrosion, affects [effects] absent in rural areas. The age, capacity, and usage of the tanks did not have a role in causing leaks either in the piping or the tank.
- Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Mr. Cramer serves on the ASHI Home Inspection Standards. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com
- John Cranor is an ASHI member and a home inspector (The House Whisperer) is located in Glen Allen, VA 23060. He is also a contributor to InspectApedia.com in several technical areas such as plumbing and appliances (dryer vents). Contact Mr. Cranor at 804-747-7747 or by Email: johncranor@verizon.net
 Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides:
- Commercial Building Inspection Courses - protocol ASTM Standard E 2018-08 for Property Condition Assessments
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Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on these courses: Enter INSPECTAHITP in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference Book, a reference & inspection report product for building owners & inspectors.
Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
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Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter inspectaehrb in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
- The Illustrated Home illustrates construction details and building components, a reference for owners & inspectors.
Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Illustrated Home purchased as a single order Enter INSPECTAILL in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
- The Horizon Software System manages business operations,scheduling, & inspection report writing using Carson Dunlop's knowledge base & color images. The Horizon system runs on always-available cloud-based software for office computers, laptops, tablets, iPad, Android, & other smartphones.
- Arlene Puentes, an ASHI home inspector in Kingston, NY, contributed the example photograph of an outdoor aboveground oil tank. Ms. Puentes can be contacted at ap@octoberhome.com
- Audels Oil Burner Guide, Installation, Servicing, Repairing, Frank D. Graham, 1940's edition (obsolete). Updated versions of this guide are available in various editions, 1947, 1950, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1965, 1967, and at prices from around $3.00 to nearly $70.00 - useful for simple, clear, but not current, explanation of how heating equipment works. The original retail price was $1.00.
- Bottini Fuel service, 4/26/2011. Bottini Fuel is a residential and commercial heating oil distributor and oil heat service company in Wappingers Falls, NY and with offices in other New York locations. Bottini Fuel, 2785 W Main St,
Wappingers Falls NY, 12590-1576
(845) 297-5580 more contact information for Bottini Fuel
- Dave Ferris - M&S Environmental Systems, Dutchess County, New York. Mr. Ferris was an
HVAC expert. Personal communication to DJF 1987. Remove the firematic or
fusible oil supply line valve on return oil-line side - in case of fire if this
one closes first the pump continues to run, blows its seal, and sprays oil all
over the fire. Proper installation is to have a fusible link valve only on the
supply side, and to install a check valve on the return line to prevent
back-siphonage from the tank.
- Eric Galow, Galow Homes, Lagrangeville, NY. Mr. Galow can be reached by email: ericgalow@gmail.com or by telephone: 914-474-6613. Mr. Galow specializes in residential construction including both new homes and repairs, renovations, and additions.
- "HUD Regulation for Manufactured Homes; Requirement that Heat-Tape not include a GFCI [ copy on file as /plumbing/GFCI_Heat_Tapes_HUD_CPSC_Letter1994.pdf ] - ", Meeting Log, US CPSC, HUD, Dennis McCoskrie, ESEE, 2/14/1994
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
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