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ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS - INSPECT, TEST, REMEDY PLUMBING SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR AGE of PLUMBING MATERIALS & FIXTURES AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES AIR INLET VALVE, WATER TANK AIR VOLUME CONTROLS, WATER TANK ANTI-SCALD VALVES APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY RATINGS AQUASTAT CONTROL Functions BACKDRAFTING HEATING EQUIPMENT BACKUP PREVENTION, SEWER LINE BATH & KITCHEN DESIGN GUIDE BATHROOM MOLD BATHROOM VENTILATION BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS Bisphenol-A, BPA BLEVE EXPLOSIONS BLOCKED DRAIN REPAIR METHODS BOILERS, HEATING CHIMNEY INSPECTION DIAGNOSIS REPAIR CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS CROSS CONNECTIONS, PLUMBING DEBRIS in WATER SUPPLY, Water Heater DEPTH of DRAIN & SEWER PIPES DEPTH of SEPTIC TANK DRAIN & SEWER PIPING DRAIN a WATER HEATER TANK DRINKING WATER - EMERGENCY PURIFICATION DRINKING WATER - EMERGENCY SOURCES ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS FILTERS, WATER FLOODED HEATING EQUIPMENT REPAIR FLOODED WATER HEATER REPAIR FLOODED SEPTIC SYSTEMS, REPAIR FLUSHOMETER VALVES for TOILETS URINALS GAS FIRED WATER HEATERS GAS PIPING, VALVES, CONTROLS GALVANIC SCALE & METAL CORROSION HARD WATER - SOFTENERS HEAT TAPES, Heat, Insulation prevent Freeze-Up HOT WATER HEATERS KITCHEN & BATH DESIGN GUIDE KITCHEN VENTILATION LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES LEED GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION MANUALS & PARTS GUIDES - HVAC MIXING / ANTI-SCALD VALVES MIX VALVE SCALD PROTECTION, Best Practices MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE IMPROVEMENTS MOLD INFORMATION CENTER MVOCs & MOLDY MUSTY ODORS MYCOTOXIN EFFECTS of MOLD EXPOSURE NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE ODORS & SMELLS DIAGNOSIS & CURE ODOR DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST OUTHOUSES & LATRINES OIL FIRED WATER HEATERS OIL TANKS PIPING IN buildings, Clogs Leaks Types AGE OF PIPING AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES BRASS WATER PIPES CAST IRON DRAIN PIPING CAST IRON DRAIN LEAK, ODOR, REPAIR CHECK VALVES CHINESE DRYWALL HAZARDS COMPRESSION FITTINGS COPPER PIPING in buildings CLEANOUTS, PLUMBING DRAIN CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, DIAGNOSIS CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, REPAIR CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, HOT WATER CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS CROSS CONNECTIONS, PLUMBING DEBRIS in WATER SUPPLY, Water Heater DIAELECTRIC PIPE FITTINGS DRAIN & SEWER PIPING DRAIN NOISES FLARE FITTINGS FLOOR DRAIN / TRAP ODORS FREEZE-PROOF PIPES GAS PIPING, VALVES, CONTROLS GALVANIZED STEEL WATER PIPING LEAD PIPES in buildings LEAD IN DRINKING WATER, HOW to REDUCE LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES LEAK TYPES, Water Supply/Drain Pipe OIL TANK PIPING & PIPING DEFECTS PLASTIC PIPING ABS Plastic Pipes Polybutylene Plumbing Plastic Pipes Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe Polybutylene (PB) Pipes CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe PB Polybutylene Pipe Failure Claims PLASTIC PIPE LEAK CAUSES PLUMBING DRAIN CLEANOUTS PLUMBING DRAIN VENTS PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE REPAIR PLUMBING VENT DEFINITIONS & TYPES PLUMBING VENT DEFECTS & NOISES REPAIR BURST LEAKY PIPES SEPTIC BACKUP PREVENTION SEPTIC BACKUP REPAIR SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION SEWER GAS ODORS SEWER GAS ODORS in COLD WEATHER SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION SEWER LINE REPLACEMENT SOUND CONTROL for PLUMBING SUPPLY PIPING SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES TRAPS on DRAINS VALVES, PLUMBING VENT PIPING Water pipe clog diagnosis Water pipe clog repair guide WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE WATER PIPES, Clogs Leaks Types WATER PRESSURE LOSS PLUMBING FIXTURES, KITCHEN, BATH AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES PLUMBING FIXTURE TRAPS PUMPS & WELLS FAUCETS & CONTROLS, KITCHEN & BATH SCALD PROTECTION SHOWERS, TUBS SINKS, FIXTURES SPAS, WHIRLPOOLS, SOAK/JETTED TUBS SPAS, WHIRLPOOLS, INSTALLATION TOILETS, INSPECT, INSTALL, REPAIR TOILET ALTERNATIVES TOILET FLUSHOMETER VALVES TOILET INSTALLATION PROCEDURE TOILET OVERFLOW EMERGENCY TOILET PLUGS, SEWER BACKUP TOILET REPAIR GUIDE TOILET TYPES Toilet Types, Flush Methods TOILETS, DON'T FLUSH LIST TRAPS on PLUMBING FIXTURES RANGE BOILERS RELIEF VALVES - TP Valves on Boilers RELIEF VALVES - Water Heaters RELIEF VALVES - Water Tanks SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR SEPTIC METHANE GAS SEPTIC ODORS SEPTIC PUMPS SEPTIC SYSTEM ODORS SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY SEWAGE BACKUP, WHAT TO DO SEWAGE BACKUP TEST & CLEANUP SEWAGE BACKUP PREVENTION SEWAGE BACKUP TEST & CLEANUP SEWAGE & SEPTIC CONTAMINANTS SEWAGE CONTAMINATION in buildings SEWAGE CONTAMINANTS in FRUIT / VEGETABLES SEWAGE EJECTOR / GRINDER PUMPS SEWAGE NITROGEN CONTAMINANTS SEWAGE PATHOGENS in SEPTIC SLUDGE SEWAGE PUMPS SEWAGE PUMP CLOG DAMAGE SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION SEWER GAS ODORS SEWER LINE REPLACEMENT SHUTOFF VALVE LOCATION, USE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS SOLAR HOT WATER HEATERS SUMP PUMPS GUIDE SWEATING (CONDENSATION) on PIPES, TANKS TANK TYPES: WATER, OIL, EXPANSION, ALL TANKLESS COILS TOILET FLUSHOMETER VALVES TOILET INSTALLATION PROCEDURE TOILET OVERFLOW EMERGENCY TOILET PLUGS, SEWER BACKUP TOILET REPAIR GUIDE TOILET TYPES Toilet Types, Flush Methods TOILETS, DON'T FLUSH LIST TRAPS on PLUMBING FIXTURES WATER HEATERS AGE of WATER HEATERS ALTERNATIVE HOT WATER SOURCES ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS GAS FIRED WATER HEATERS HOT WATER IMPROVEMENTS HOT WATER QUANTITY IMPROVEMENT INDIRECT FIRED WATER HEATERS WATER HEATER PROPERTIES WATER, WELLS, WATER TANKS: TESTING GUIDE WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE WATER PRESSURE & FLOW MEASUREMENT WATER PUMPS & TANKS WATER PUMP CONTROLS & SWITCHES WATER PUMP TYPES & LIFE EXPECTANCY WATER PUMP SAFETY WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING WATER PUMP & WATER TANK REPAIRS WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE WATER PRESSURE & FLOW MEASUREMENT WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS WATER SOURCE ALTERNATIVES WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS WATER SOURCE ALTERNATIVES WATER SUPPLY & DRAIN PIPING CLEANOUTS, PLUMBING DRAIN CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR FIRST SIGNS of DRAIN CLOGGING DRAIN vs SEPTIC BLOCKED DRAIN? DRAIN DRAINFIELD DIAGNOSTIC TABLE PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE REPAIR CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, HOT WATER DEBRIS in WATER SUPPLY, Water Heater PIPING IN buildings, Clogs Leaks Types SEPTIC BACKUP PREVENTION SEPTIC BACKUP REPAIR SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION SEWER GAS ODORS SEWER GAS ODORS in COLD WEATHER Transite Pipe Water Supply Piping WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR WATER SHUTOFF VALVE LOCATION, USE WATER SHUTOFF VALVE, WELL PUMP WATER TESTS, CONTAMINANTS, TREATMENT WELLS CISTERNS & SPRINGS AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES Basement Wells CHECK VALVES CISTERNS DEPTH of a WELL, HOW TO MEASURE Drilled Wells - steel casings Driven Point Wells How Much Water is In the Well? How to Test Well Water Quantity How to Get More Water From a Well Hand Dug Wells Hand Dug Well Procedure Jetted Wells OLD WELL - RETURN TO SERVICE Springs as Water Supply Wash Wells Well Pits WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE WATER PIPES, Clogs Leaks Types WATER PRESSURE LOSS WATER PUMP SAFETY WATER TANK SAFETY WATER TANK TYPES WELL CHLORINATION SHOCKING PROCEDURE WELL CLEARANCE DISTANCES WELL DEPTH, HOW TO MEASURE WELL FLOW RATE WELL LIFE EXPECTANCY WELL PIPING CHECK VALVES WELL PIPING FOOT VALVES WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS WELL PIPING TAIL PIECE WELL PUMP TYPES & LIFE EXPECTANCY WELL PUMP PRIMING PROCEDURE WELL PUMP TYPES & LIFE EXPECTANCY WINTERIZE A BUILDING More Information |
This article discusses identification of lead drain or water supply piping, durability, leaks, health questions. The articles at this website will answer most questions about water supply & drain piping, wells, & water tanks as well as many other building plumbing system inspection or defect topics. Related articles: LEAD IN DRINKING WATER, HOW to REDUCE - Lead water supply piping as a possible health concern? Leak concern? and LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES - Guide to testing for lead contamination caused by water pipes Reproduction of this web page electronically at other websites is prohibited. © Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website. Lead Water Supply & Drain Piping in buildings
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The life expectancy of lead water supply piping is indefinite in some soils and in more corrosive soils we have plumbers' opinions that the service life of buried lead water supply piping is 40 to 50 years.
The life expectancy of lead drain piping may be 50 years or longer, but varies by water corrosivity and amount of use as well as mechanical disturbance. Below we include a photograph and text of corroded leaky lead drain piping below a toilet.
Should We Replace Lead Water Supply Pipes?
Lead water supply piping may be a source of lead contamination of drinking water in some buildings. This condition is more likely to be the case where water is aggressive (leaching out lead from the pipes) and where people drink water that has been sitting in piping over night.
Our photo (left) shows a lead water supply pipe delivering water below a bathroom sink. The right-hand pipe from the floor to the galvanized iron tee is lead, which you can recognize by the pipe diameter, by the lead wipe joint at the connection, and if necessary by gently scraping the pipe or using a magnet (lead is not magnetic). Notice that the left hand water supply riser has already been replaced.
Often running the water until cold water from the street is felt at the tap will reduce the levels of lead in building water to below hazardous amounts.
See LEAD IN DRINKING WATER, HOW to REDUCE and LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES for details.
There may be other reasons besides leaks to replace lead water supply piping, including possible health concerns (arguable), or poor water pressure or flow.
Lead Water Pipes & Poor Water Pressure: Up until World War II, most of the service pipes in built-up areas were lead. While these generally provide good service, they are small in diameter and may have to be replaced.
Long runs of relatively small (1/2-inch diameter) pipe result in considerable pressure drop, especially with more than one fixture flowing. Solutions include replacement with larger pipe or shortening the runs.
Also, lead is relatively soft, and if building settlement occurs, there is a chance of leakage or crimping the pipe. Leaks can also occur at connections as a result of long-term deterioration.
Another source of water entry main piping leaks is a little more subtle:
Many of the old lead service lines were connected to a galvanized nipple – a short piece of steel
that was often in contact with the soil. This pipe rusts on the outside and inside, and may be close to the end of its life. It is often wise to replace this as a precautionary measure.
When Do We Need to Replace Lead Drain Piping?
Don't assume that because visible building drain piping in an old house is cast iron that no lead pipe bends were used. As our lead toilet bend photograph (left) shows, often the toilet in older homes was mounted using a lead drain line. - Home Reference Book, used with permission. |
Extra Costs for Renovation or Repair of Lead Drain Piping
 Watch out: a lead drain line below a bath tub was identified in our photo at left - found by viewing the floor piping seen at a plumbing access opening in a 1935-built home in Poughkeepsie, NY. We did not see any signs that the lead drain (the silver-gray colored, bulged horizongal pipe in our photo (left)). But because this second-floor bathroom was constructed using a poured concrete floor, and because asbestos pipe insulation was present on the brass hot water supply pipe (parallel to and above the lead drain line shown at left - see BRASS WATER PIPES), when this drain leaks and needs repairs, extra costs will be involved, both to access the concrete encased piping, and to properly handle the asbestos insulation. Until there is a leak, this piping and the asbestos insulation should be left undistrubed. |
See our detailed articles about lead plumbing pipes in buildings at
- LEAD PIPES in buildings - identification of lead drain or water supply piping, durability, leaks, health questions
- LEAD IN DRINKING WATER, HOW to REDUCE - Lead water supply piping as a possible health concern? Leak concern?
- LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES - Guide to testing for lead contamination caused by water pipes
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Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.
PIPING IN buildings, Clogs Leaks Types
AGE OF PIPING
AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES
BRASS WATER PIPES
CAST IRON DRAIN PIPING
CAST IRON DRAIN LEAK, ODOR, REPAIR
CHECK VALVES
CHINESE DRYWALL HAZARDS
COMPRESSION FITTINGS
COPPER PIPING in buildings
CLEANOUTS, PLUMBING DRAIN
CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR
FIRST SIGNS of DRAIN CLOGGING
DRAIN vs SEPTIC
BLOCKED DRAIN?
DRAIN DRAINFIELD DIAGNOSTIC TABLE
PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS
PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE REPAIR
CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, DIAGNOSIS
CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, REPAIR
CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, HOT WATER
CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS
CROSS CONNECTIONS, PLUMBING
DEBRIS in WATER SUPPLY, Water Heater
DIAELECTRIC PIPE FITTINGS
DRAIN & SEWER PIPING
DRAIN NOISES
FLARE FITTINGS
FLOOR DRAIN / TRAP ODORS
FREEZE-PROOF PIPES
GAS PIPING, VALVES, CONTROLS
GALVANIZED STEEL WATER PIPING
LEAD PIPES in buildings
LEAD IN DRINKING WATER, HOW to REDUCE
LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE
LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES
LEAK TYPES, Water Supply/Drain Pipe
OIL TANK PIPING & PIPING DEFECTS
PLASTIC PIPING
ABS Plastic Pipes
Polybutylene Plumbing Plastic Pipes
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe
Polybutylene (PB) Pipes
CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
PB Polybutylene Pipe Failure Claims
PLASTIC PIPE LEAK CAUSES
PLUMBING DRAIN CLEANOUTS
PLUMBING DRAIN VENTS
PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS
PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE REPAIR
PLUMBING VENT DEFINITIONS & TYPES
PLUMBING VENT DEFECTS & NOISES
REPAIR BURST LEAKY PIPES
SEPTIC BACKUP PREVENTION
SEPTIC BACKUP REPAIR
SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION
SEWER GAS ODORS
SEWER GAS ODORS in COLD WEATHER
SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION
SEWER LINE REPLACEMENT
SOUND CONTROL for PLUMBING
SUPPLY PIPING
SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES
TRAPS on DRAINS
VALVES, PLUMBING
VENT PIPING
Water pipe clog diagnosis
Water pipe clog repair guide
WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS
WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE
WATER PIPES, Clogs Leaks Types
WATER PRESSURE LOSS
- Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission to use illustrations from their publication, The Illustrated Home which illustrates construction details and building components. Carson Dunlop provides home inspection education including the ASHI-adopted Home Inspection Training Program (home study course), publications such as the Home Reference Book, report writing materials including the Horizon report writer, and home inspection services. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
- US CPSC Document #426 "How to Protect Your Family from Lead in the Home" with additional information and annotations
- "Standard Operating Procedure for Determining Lead (Pb) and Its Availability in Children's Metal Jewelery", US CPSC, 2/3/2005
- "Displaced Gypsies at Risk from Lead in Kosovo Camps," Nicholas Wood, New York Times, 5 February 2006 p5.
- Lead in Drinking Water: Advice
- Tests for Lead Contamination in Water
- Lead in Drinking Water - Testing Problems/Advice
- How to Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home U.S. CPSC publication with additional links and resource references
- Lead Hazards in buildings, Dust, Paint, Water: General Advice, Testing Procedures, Illnesses with additional links and resource references for Lead Hazards
- Lead Testing & Correcting Contamination from Lead Water Supply Lines/Entry Mains - Lead Pipe Problems/Advice
- Extreme Lead Poisoning Symptoms Suggested by Feb 2006 NY Times Article on Kosovo Roma Camps
- "Dally No Longer, Get the Lead Out," Jane Brody, The New York Times," 17 January 2006 p. F6. This is a good article for summarizing the lead issue.
- SOP for Determining Lead (Pb) and And Its Availability in Children's Jewelry
- Toy Industry Policy on Lead in Toys, International Council of Toy Industries, October 8, 1997
"The voluntary standard established in the United States under ASTM F-963 and the European standard under EN-71 for soluble lead in toys (lead which may migrate from the toy and be ingested by the child) is 90 parts-per-million. At that level, any intentional use of lead in paints or other surface coatings containing lead would immediately put the toy over the permitted limit."
"Under federal law, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) enforces a standard for total lead of 600 ppm. Recently, the CPSC refused to lower the lead limit in paint and other similar surface coating materials to 100 ppm after finding that most paints sold in the United States were already at or below that level and, therefore, these materials did not present an unreasonable risk of injury warranting further government regulation."
- Environmental Hazard Testing, Effects, Remedies, Prevention our main Enviro-Haz Web Page
- Appropriate Methods for Reducing Lead-Paint Hazards in Historic Housing, Sharon C. Park, AIA, and Douglas C. Hicks, U.S. National Park Service.
- "Report on the National Survey of Lead-Based Paint in Housing," - Executive Summary - U.S. EPA, April, 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-003). An Executive Summary of this report is provided in this web page below. The Full report is at this (large) pdf file.
- Using X-ray fluorescence for analysis of lead in paint and applicability of other agencies lead levels OSHA, 03/01/1999 - this is an important document because OSHA does not accept XRF for analysis of lead exposure in the workplace.
"The lead-in-construction standard was intended to apply to any detectable concentration of lead in paint, as even small concentrations of lead can result in unacceptable employee exposures depending upon on the method of removal and other workplace conditions. Since these conditions can vary greatly, the lead-in-construction standard was written to require exposure monitoring or the use of historical or objective data to ensure that employee exposures do not exceed the action level. Historical data may be applied to all construction tasks involving lead. Objective data was intended to apply to all tasks other than those listed under paragraph (d)(2) of the standard.
"OSHA does not consider X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to be an acceptable method of analysis. As stated in your letter, XRF analyzers are generally considered accurate when concentrations of lead in paint exceed 1 mg/cm�. For the purposes of occupational health, these levels are considered substantial and may easily present an exposure hazard. Without having conducted monitoring, or without the benefit of historical or objective data, the employer has no assurance of the employee's exposure. "
"Other regulatory agencies, such as Housing and Urban Development, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) have designated levels of lead in paint below which they consider the paint to be non-lead containing. The missions of these agencies differ from OSHA's, and for that reason, OSHA cannot recognize these levels as safe under workplace situations"
We recommend reviewing this position letter from OSHA. -- DF
- How to Identify Lead Paint Hazards, Maryland Department of the Environment, outlines when a lead inspection is necessary, who can perform a lead inspection, and the types of analysis used for lead inspections and testing. Maryland DOE includes suggestions for do-it-yourself lead paint testing using paint chips or scrapings. If you follow this approach be sure your samples accurately represent conditions at the whole building, inside and out -- DF.
- Sample XRF Lead Survey Report, "Lead Paint Inspection and Visual Assessment Single Family Dwelling, Murdock & Assoc., Mattoon, IL.
- ...
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
- Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia. er
- Plumbing Diagnosis & Repair: Water supply, drainage, septic systems, water testing, water contamination, defective plumbing materials & products.
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- Drinking Water Testing Advice for home buyers home owners home inspectors
- Interpreting Drinking Water Test Results and Correcting Unsatisfactory Water
- Drinking Water Contaminant Levels - Maximum Allowed
- HOT WATER HEATERS - a detailed guide to all types of hot water sources, problems, inspection, repair
- Lead Contamination in Drinking Water: Testing & Correction - Advice (This Article)
- Lead Testing & Correcting Contamination from Lead Water Supply Lines/Entry Mains - Lead Pipe Problems/Advice
- SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR The Septic Systems Information Website
- Sewage Odors in Wet or Cold Weather - Septic Odors or Sewage Odor Diagnosis & Repair Guide for diagnosing and eliminating cold weather sewer gas odors
- Sewage Levels in Septic Tanks - what are normal and abnormal sewage levels in septic tanks and what do they mean about tank condition, leaks, etc.
- Sewer Line Replacement diagnosing a clogged drain leads to drain line replacement - step by step photo-illustrated guide to drain replacement
- Water Pressure Loss - Diagnosis how to determine why water pressure has been lost or why there is no water at all in a building
- Water testing for Pesticides: comprehensive and pesticides-example parameters
- Water Testing: background comments on classes of water contaminants, & links to home buyer advice about water testing, drinking water, water supply
- When and How to Shock or Chlorinate a Well - Procedure for Shocking a Well to (temporarily or maybe longer) "Correct" Bacterial Contamination
- Water Requirements, Home & Outdoor Living
- Typical Water Tests & Fees this water test fee schedule applies when testing is combined with other onsite building inspection services
- Water pump and pressure tank repair diagnosis & cost an specific case offers an example of diagnosis of loss of water pressure, loss of water, and analyzes the actual repair cost
- Water pressure tank failures & water pump short cycling diagnosis and repair
- ...
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