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• What problems and defects do tankless water heaters have & how are they solved?
• Tankless water heaters = demand water heaters = instantaneous water heaters
• Detailed explanation of how tankless hot water heaters work, what they cost, what are their operating characteristics, pro's and con's.

Here we discuss concerns, problems, & special characteristics of tankless water heaters, also called instant water heaters or "on demand" water heaters. Readers should also see ALTERNATIVE HOT WATER SOURCES to distinguish among these types of hot water producing systems. Portions of this article were provided courtesy of Carson Dunlop - that text has been edited and may not entirely reflect CD's views. Page top sketch of a point of use tankless water heater courtesy of Carson Dunlop.

© Copyright 2009 Daniel Friedman & Carson Dunlop Associates, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use the links at page left to navigate this document or to go to Other Website Topics. Green links at left show where you are in our document & website.

Tankless Water Heater Problems & Defects

Tankless Water Heater Maintenance

Conventional water heaters are relatively inexpensive due to their simplicity while tankless water heaters are more expensive to purchase and install. In 2009 in Toronto, Ontario a high capacity instantaneous water heater installation could cost $4000. CDN. Their complexity also means that maintenance and repairs can be more expensive. Dedicated isolating valves help simplify draining and other regular maintenance.

Fuel Supply for Tankless Water Heaters

The water heater must have a continuous fuel supply. Malfunctioning burners, sensors or controls will cause poor operation or may result in the system not working at all, meaning no hot water.

Tankless Water Heater Scale Build-up Will Reduce Hot Water Flow

The small diameter of the heat exchangers means that these units are susceptible to clogging with scale, especially in areas with hard water. In hard water areas, annual de-scaling is recommended.

As with tank-type water heaters, some manufacturers recommend regular flushing - a step that removes sediment and debris from the heater, not scale.

Tankless Water Heater Dirty Filter Will Reduce Hot Water Flow

If the heater is equipped with a water filter, usually an in-line screen that can be removed, inspected, and cleaned. The demand water heater filter screen should be checked and cleaned monthly, or performance will suffer.

Tankless Water Heater Hot Water Supply May Not be Constant

Consumer Reports reports that some tankless water heaters do not heat continuously and constantly. If a particular model has this problem users will find that in the shower the water runs in cold bursts from time to time.

Tankless Water Heater Cold Water Sandwich Effect Explained

Depending on how you use your demand hot water heater, an unpleasant jolt of cold water often occurs when water is turned on and off fairly quickly. This can happen at a kitchen sink when rinsing dishes or at the bathroom basin while washing and shaving, for example.

Rinnai™, a maker of tankless water heaters explains the cold water sandwich effect as follows:

"The term “cold water sandwich effect” is a term that is used to describe the introduction of cold water into the hot water supply line during frequent on/off operation of an instantaneous water heater. The cold water sandwich effect, when present, appears as a momentary drop in hot water temperature as it is discharged from a hot water supply outlet (i.e. shower, tub, or faucet). This phenomenon is present in the operation of all instantaneous, tankless style, water heaters, but is minimized with the high tech design of Rinnai water heaters.

The technology built into the Rinnai water heaters is designed to minimize the cold water sandwich effect. Rinnai water heaters are microprocessor controlled and when water flow through them ceases, they remain in a “ready to fire state” for approximately 1 minute. If water flow through a Rinnai water heater begins within the first minute following water flow stoppage, the water heater will fire back up within 1 to 2 seconds.

This minimizes the cold water sandwich effect that would otherwise be experienced with a low tech tankless water heater. It should be noted that the cold water sandwich effect cannot be removed completely from tankless style water heaters. The safety standards developed to insure the safe operation of water heaters require a delay in the ignition sequence of all gas water heaters.

While the cold water sandwich effect cannot be completely eliminated from standard plumbing systems, it can be eliminated from plumbing systems that have a supply and return hot water circulating system. Rinnai has developed 2 methods to eliminate the cold water sandwich effect in residential hot water circulating systems.

The first (and preferred) method to remove the cold water sandwich from circulating systems utilizes a small electric tank water heater (powered up) that is used with a dual purpose. The small water heater acts as a mixing tank to eliminate the cold water sandwich effect from the Rinnai water heater and it uses its electric heating element to offset the heat losses from the hot water circulating system.

The second method to remove the cold water sandwich from circulating systems utilizes a small 2 to 6 gallon storage tank installed on the hot water outlet of the Rinnai water heater. This tank acts as a mixing tank to blend the cold water sandwich with hot water and eliminating its effect at fixtures."

Tankless Water Heater Maximum Hot Water Flow Rate

The hot water flow rate is not only dependent on the heating capacity of the water heater and the output water temperature, but also on the inlet water temperature.

Homes in northern climates draw water from colder water supplies, and since it takes longer to heat up colder water, tankless water heaters installed in these homes will have lower hot water flow rates. The design temperatures for many water heaters is 60 deg. F. but in northern climates (Toronto, Ontario, or Two Harbors MN), the incoming water temperature may be 50 deg.F. or even as low as 40 deg.F.

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  Tankless Water Heaters
    Guide to Tankless Water Heaters
    Operation & Characteristics
    Problems & Defects
    Hot Water Delivery Speedup
    Installation Requirements & Costs
    Should I Convert to a Tankless Heater?
    Endless Hot Water?
    Calculate Water Heater Requirements
    Capacities of Tankless Water Heaters
    Life Expectancy & Applications

• Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto, for permission to use illustrations from their publication, The Illustrated Home which illustrates construction details and building components. Carson Dunlop provides home inspection education, publications, report writing materials, and home inspection services. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
• Consumer Reports offers an article on the efficiency versus the economy of tankless water heaters - see http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/appliances/heating-cooling-and-air/water-heaters/tankless-water-heaters/overview/tankless-water-heaters-ov.htm
• Bosch Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.boschhotwater.com/
• Chromolite Tankless Water Heaters
• Bradford White Everhot Tankless Water Heaters - Bradford White offers this step by step hot water retrofit installation file (large, slow PDF) - www.bradfordwhite.com
• Eemax Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.eemaxinc.com/
• Noritz Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.noritz.com/
• Rheem Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.rheemtankless.com/content/
• Rinnai Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.rinnai.us/tankless-water-heaters/
• Stiebel Eltron Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.stiebel-eltron-usa.com/
• Takagi USA Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.takagi.com/
• Titan Tankless Water Heaters - http://www.titanheater.com/
• U.S. Department of Energy on Tankless Water Heaters - http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=12820

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