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  AGE OF PIPING
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  CLEANOUTS, PLUMBING DRAIN
  CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR
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  CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, REPAIR
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  DIAELECTRIC PIPE FITTINGS

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  Water pipe clog repair guide
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WELL PUMP PRIMING PROCEDURE

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More Information

Photograph of  this antiquated laundry sink with several unsanitary plumbing violations in view. Water Hammer Plumbing Noises - Diagnosis, Causes, Cures
InspectAPedia®  -    

  • What is water hammer noise - also called "air hammer" noise in pipes
  • Definition of water hammer or hydrostatic shock noise in plumbing pipes
  • How to diagnose & cure water hammer noises & banging pipes
  • Curing water hammer by adding an air chamber or surge buffer
  • Curing water hammer by draining pipes to restore air charge in risers
  • Diagnose & cure other water supply & Drain Piping Noises
  • Sources of water hammer noise suppression devices
  • Plumbing supply and drain piping system inspection, testing, & repairs
  • Questions & answers about banging pipes and water hammer noise: how to find, fix, or prevent banging water pipes or heating pipes

The articles at this website will answer most questions about plumbing noise associated with water hammer or water surge, including the diagnosis and cure of water hammer noises as well as many other building plumbing system inspection or defect topics.

InspectAPedia offers impartial, unbiased advice without conflicts of interest. We will block advertisements which we discover or readers inform us are associated with bad business practices, false-advertising, or junk science. Our contact info is at InspectAPedia.com/Contact.htm.

Water hammer noises in plumbing is also called hydrostatic shock. Our page top photo shows a water hammer noise suppression device produced by Oatey and available at building suppliers. This particular water hammer noise suppressor is interesting because it's designed to be added to a hose bib or washing machine hose connection by a homeowner, avoiding having to cut and solder pipes.

For steam heat piping noise, see  BANGING HEATING PIPE NOISES. Also see NOISE CONTROL for PLUMBING and Sound Control for Plumbing for an extensive list of causes and cures of building plumbing noises. Reproduction of this web page electronically at other websites is prohibited.

© Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website.

Water Hammer Noises in buildings: Diagnosis & Cure

We divide water hammer or banging pipe noises in buildings into two categories:

  1. Water hammer noises in house plumbing systems, typically water supply piping
  2. Banging heating pipes heard mostly on steam heating systems but occasionally (more creaking and cracking noises) on hot water heat systems as well

How to Fix Water Hammer Noises in House Plumbing Systems

Water hammer correction (C) Carson Dunlop AssociatesWater hammer (or hydrostatic shock) is a noisy pipe problem that occurs when valves are shut off quickly. You may hear banging water pipes, or clanging, rattling, or rumbling noises in the water piping when a plumbing fixture, sink, or clothes washer turns off.

Water hammer can damage pipe connections and result in leakage.

Water hammer works like this: water passing through a pipe has momentum or velocity. When the valve is shut quickly, the momentum of the water carries it into the valve with considerable force.

Since water is essentially incompressible, a large pressure is built up against the valve, and there is low pressure upstream in the pipe. The high-pressure water wants to flow to the low-pressure area.

This happens so quickly that a small vacuum is created against the valve as the water moves away from it. This can result in cavitation as the water is pulled back against the valve a second time.

This continues back and forth in slowly diminishing shock waves. Pressures up to 600 psi (some sources say 1000 psi) can result from water traveling up to 3,000 miles per hour, for very short periods.

Water hammer can result in loud noises in supply plumbing pipes. Water hammer only occurs as valves are closed. If a valve is closed slowly, and the noise does not occur, one can be sure that water hammer is the problem.

Water hammer is common with quick-closing electrically operated valves on appliances such as washing machines and dishwashers. Air chambers can be installed to control water hammer, as Carson Dunlop's illustration (above) demonstrates.

Causes of Water Hammer / Hydrostatic Shock Include

  • Excessive building water pressure
  • Poorly supported water supply piping
  • Certain fixture valves and controls may be prone to causing water hammer as they shut off high velocity flow very quickly
  • Water piping that is too small for the flow rate of water through the building piping. This is more likely to be noticed if the building water piping makes long straight runs, especially vertical runs of 12 feet or more.
  • Missing water hammer noise suppression device or air riser to absorb the shock of change in water velocity when water is suddenly shut off

Cures for Water Hammer or Air Hammer - Hydrostatic Shock Noises in buildings

  • Try draining the building water supply piping: if your building supply piping includes one or more air risers - vertical water pipes that end in a cap or stub - you may be able to stop water hammer noise by draining the building piping to re-admit air into the riser pipe. This should fix the problem for several years though eventually air in the riser may become absorbed into the water and need to be recharged. If your air risers don't keep working there may be a plumbing air leak in the building piping system.
  • Try adding a water hammer arrestor or noise suppression device sold at building or plumbing suppliers (see Oatey). Water hammer arrestors are designed not to lose their air charge. Install the water hammer arrester at or close to the plumbing fixture or faucet that seems most to cause the water hammer noise.
  • Check the building water pressure: if the building water pressure is too high, water hammer noise may be more likely. If water pressure is 80 psi or higher you almost certainly need to install a pressure regulator or adjust the existing one. See WATER PRESSURE REDUCER / REGULATOR.
  • Check the support for building water supply piping: water pipe noises may also be due to excessive movement (which also risks water pipe leaks), especially if your water supply piping is copper or another metal. (Plastic water supply piping is pretty quiet). All piping and tubing should be adequately supported with hangers. Copper piping should not be supported with steel hangers because of the corrosion that will take place. Copper pipes should not contact heating ducts for similar reasons. Plastic piping and tubing should be well supported and be kept away from heat ducts.

- The Home Reference Book

Also see Sound Control for Plumbing for an extensive list of causes and cures of building plumbing noises. Also see NOISES COMING FROM WATER HEATER for the diagnosis and cure of clanking or thumping noises that may be coming from your water heater or heating boiler.

- Adapted with permission from The Home Reference Book

Heating Pipe Noises: Banging Pipes on Steam or Hot Water Heating Systems

Please see our complete articles on heating system noise diagnosis and cure at HEATING SYSTEM NOISES and BANGING HEATING PIPE NOISES. Excerpts are below.

If it sounds as if someone is down in your baement or cellar banging on the heating pipes with a hammer, and particularly if your buildijng is heated with steam radiators (see STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS), the noise you hear may be due to water hammer in the steam piping system. In both one-pipe and two-pipe steam heat systems steam rises into the building's heating radiators, forcing air out of the radiator's steam vent (see Steam Vents), then making the radiator hot. Inside the hot radiator steam condenses back to water as heat is radiated (by the "radiator") into the room.

This steam condensate must drain back into the steam boiler where it is subsequently re-heated to steam to continue the heating cycle. But if the condensate is having trouble returning to the steam boiler your heating pipes may become waterlogged. This happens because when the steam boiler water level drops and is not replenished by returning condensate, the automatic water feeder will just send more water into the boiler.

Condensate accumulating in the steam piping (when it should be returning to the boiler) not only water-logs the system, it also means that cooler condensate (water) comes into contact with hotter rising steam in the piping. This contact can cause rapid expansion/contraction in the heating pipes and produces the loud "pipe banging" noise we are discussing.

Your heating service technician should be someone familiar with steam heating systems and the proper layout and function of condensate return lines in your home. The tech will look for a problem that is blocking condensate return to the heating boiler, such as a clogged strainer in the system piping, a steam trap clogged with rust, minerals, or sediment, or a similar problem.

A separate problem: failure of individual steam radiators to get hot, could also be due to blocked condensate return. If a radiator's steam vent is not working, or if a one-pipe steam system's radiator has settled so that it is no longer properly tipped to send condensate back into the steam pipe (and back to the boiler), that radiator will stop working. But individual radiator troubles do not usually explain banging heating pipes.

Watch out: If your heating boiler does not have an automatic water feeder and you've been putting makeup water into the boiler manually, a blocked condensate line and low water in the boiler will eventually lead to total loss of heat when the low water cutoff switch (see LOW WATER CUTOFF CONTROLS) , a key boiler safety device, simply shuts down the boiler.

Other causes of heating system noises are discussed at HEATING SYSTEM NOISES.

Questions & Answers regarding this article

Questions & answers about banging pipes and water hammer noise: how to find, fix, or prevent banging water pipes or heating pipes

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PIPING IN buildings, Clogs Leaks Types
  AGE OF PIPING
  AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES
  BRASS WATER PIPES
  CAST IRON DRAIN PIPING
  CAST IRON DRAIN LEAK, ODOR, REPAIR
  CHECK VALVES
  CHINESE DRYWALL HAZARDS
  COMPRESSION FITTINGS
  COPPER PIPING in buildings
  CLEANOUTS, PLUMBING DRAIN
  CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR
  CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, DIAGNOSIS
  CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, REPAIR
  CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, HOT WATER
  CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS
  CROSS CONNECTIONS, PLUMBING
  DEBRIS in WATER SUPPLY, Water Heater
  DIAELECTRIC PIPE FITTINGS

  DRAIN & SEWER PIPING
  DRAIN NOISES
  FLARE FITTINGS
  FLOOR DRAIN / TRAP ODORS
  FREEZE-PROOF PIPES
  GAS PIPING, VALVES, CONTROLS
  GALVANIZED STEEL WATER PIPING
  LEAD PIPES in buildings
  LEAD IN DRINKING WATER, HOW to REDUCE
  LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE
  LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES
  LEAK TYPES, Water Supply/Drain Pipe
  OIL TANK PIPING & PIPING DEFECTS
  PLASTIC PIPING
  PLASTIC PIPE LEAK CAUSES
  PLUMBING DRAIN CLEANOUTS
  PLUMBING DRAIN VENTS
  PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS
  PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE REPAIR
  PLUMBING VENT DEFINITIONS & TYPES
  PLUMBING VENT DEFECTS & NOISES
  REPAIR BURST LEAKY PIPES
  SEPTIC BACKUP PREVENTION
  SEPTIC BACKUP REPAIR
  SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION
  SEWER GAS ODORS
  SEWER GAS ODORS in COLD WEATHER
  SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION
  SEWER LINE REPLACEMENT
  SOUND CONTROL for PLUMBING

  SUPPLY PIPING
  SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES
  TRAPS on DRAINS
  VALVES, PLUMBING
  VENT PIPING
  Water pipe clog diagnosis
  Water pipe clog repair guide
  WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS
  WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE
  WATER PRESSURE LOSS

  • Oatey Plumbing, website: http://www.oatey.com/ Oatey U.S., 4700 W.160th Street Cleveland, Ohio 44135, PH: (800) 321-9532, and Oatey Canada: 218 Wilkinson Road Unit 3, Brampton, Ontario Canada L6P 4M4, PH: (800) 321-9532 email: customerservice@oateyscs.com

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

  • Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
  • Home Reference Book - Carson Dunlop The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 2010, $69.00 U.S., is available from Carson Dunlop. The Home Reference Book is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. InspectAPedia.com ® author/editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.
  • Cheating on water tests: Testing Water for Real Estate Transactions - make sure your water test is valid
  • Don't Flush these things into a septic system
  • Drain Noises: may indicate defective or clogged plumbing: how to diagnose and cure drain sounds
  • Drinking Water Testing Advice for home buyers home owners home inspectors
  • Interpreting Drinking Water Test Results and Correcting Unsatisfactory Water
  • Drinking Water Contaminant Levels - Maximum Allowed
  • HOT WATER HEATERS - a detailed guide to all types of hot water sources, problems, inspection, repair
  • Lead Contamination in Drinking Water: Testing & Correction - Advice (This Article)
  • Lead Testing & Correcting Contamination from Lead Water Supply Lines/Entry Mains - Lead Pipe Problems/Advice
  • SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR The Septic Systems Information Website
  • Sewage Odors in Wet or Cold Weather - Septic Odors or Sewage Odor Diagnosis & Repair Guide for diagnosing and eliminating cold weather sewer gas odors
  • Sewage Levels in Septic Tanks - what are normal and abnormal sewage levels in septic tanks and what do they mean about tank condition, leaks, etc.
  • Sewer Line Replacement diagnosing a clogged drain leads to drain line replacement - step by step photo-illustrated guide to drain replacement
  • Water Pressure Loss - Diagnosis how to determine why water pressure has been lost or why there is no water at all in a building
  • Water testing for Pesticides: comprehensive and pesticides-example parameters
  • Water Testing: background comments on classes of water contaminants, & links to home buyer advice about water testing, drinking water, water supply
  • When and How to Shock or Chlorinate a Well - Procedure for Shocking a Well to (temporarily or maybe longer) "Correct" Bacterial Contamination
  • Water Requirements, Home & Outdoor Living
  • Typical Water Tests & Fees this water test fee schedule applies when testing is combined with other onsite building inspection services
  • Water pump and pressure tank repair diagnosis & cost an specific case offers an example of diagnosis of loss of water pressure, loss of water, and analyzes the actual repair cost
  • Water pressure tank failures & water pump short cycling diagnosis and repair
  • ...
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