Winterizing Guide: How to Freeze-Protect a Water Softener InspectAPedia® -
Steps to protect a water softener from freeze or frost damage
How to shut down or turn off a water softener - avoid leaks, wasted water when not in use
How to winterize or freezeproof a building
How to prevent frost or freezing damage to building plumbing and water softeners
When to drain the water softener
Do I need to drain the water softener brine tank?
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This article discusses how to protect a water softener from freeze damage. Installation instructions for a water softener typically state "Do not install the unit where it might freeze,
or next to a water heater or furnace or in direct sunlight." -- Culligan. But what should be done if a building is going to be shut down and exposed to freezing conditions? If you don't know about water softeners, what they are or what they do, see WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS for information.
The articles at this website will answer most questions about freeze protection for piping and other building plumbing and heating system components: how to winterize a building to avoid frozen pipes, and how to thaw frozen water supply & drain piping, wells, & water tanks.
How to Winterize a Water Softener or other Water Treatment Equipment
Watch out: Protect your water conditioner and the entire drain line from freezing temperatures. DANGER: If your water softener should freeze, do not attempt to disassemble it. Call your water sofener dealer. [Paraphrasing advice from Culligan.]
Even if you are leaving heat turned on in an unoccupied building during winter, it still makes sense to turn off the water softener:
No one is using any water, so it does not need to regenerate itself with a water softener ion-exchanger brine rinse cycle, and if you leave the water softener operating, if it's like most "dumb" water softeners that recharge themselves based on a simple clock mechanism, you're wasting water, salt, and energy.
If your water softener is a model that actually monitors water usage and water hardness (such as the Culligan Soft-Minder®), it should not be running itself through a regenerating cycle when the building is empty - no one is using any water.
Still we can protect the equipment and the building from a possible leak by turning it off.
There is the risk of a cold-weather caused or other malfunction or a frozen pipe that could flood the building when the water softener is back-washing and re-charging itself.
Take these two water softener winterizing steps if you are leaving heat on:
1. Just unplug the electrical power to the water softener, or if it is "hard wired" to an electrical power source, turn off the electrical power switch feeding power to the device.
If the water softener has a manual bypass valve (photo at left), put the valve into bypass position so the softener is not in the piping loop at all.
The water softener bypass valve is normally included as part of the control valve assembly on top of the water softener media tank (the smaller tank that handles the actual ion exchange that is the real work of a water softener).
Bypassing the water softener and turning it off when the building water supply is not going to be in use removes one more possible source of freeze and or leak damage and it also isolates the water softener equipment from the rest of the building water supply piping.
2. Take this additional water softener winterizing step if you are turning heat off in a building located in a freezing climate:
Drain the water softener media tank (ion exchanger tank): If heat is to be turned off, drain the water softener or other water treatment equipment as part of the sequence we detail at
Winterize- Heat Off Procedure. Look at the instructions for your water softener, or if you don't have them, you can usually obtain a water softener user's guide and installation guide for your water softener by contacting the manufacturer such as the Culligan Corporation or Kemco.
Manufacturers want their products to work well and be successful, and will be happy to provide you with maintenance and freeze-proofing instructions for your water softener.
Drain the water softener control valve?: The control valve on modern water softeners is often constructed of a reinforced thermoplastic. Your model may have a drain plug that needs to be removed from the water softener control to help assure that that device is not damaged by freezing.
See Winterize- Heat Off Procedure for other details about shutting down a building's water supply.
Do we need to get all water out of the water softener salt storage tank (the brine tank) during winterizing? At what temperature will a water softener salt tank freeze?
Water inside the treatment tank of a water softener (the smaller-diameter tanks in our photos above) has very little dissolved salt and will freeze at a point at or perhaps just very slightly below freezing - 32 degF. or below.
But the freeze risk in the salt tank (photo at left) is less unless your water softener is going to be exposed to temperatures below zero F or below -21 C.
The water at the bottom of a water softener salt tank is probably close to fully saturated with salt - that is, it's as salty as it can get (23.3% salt) since it has a ready supply of un dissolved salt crystals or tablets (photo at left).
Water that is fully salt-saturated freezes at -21 deg. C or about six degrees below zero Fahrenheit (-5.8 degF).
Still the softener body water pipes feeding the water softener could freeze and break and should be drained.
If your water softener is going to be exposed to temperatures below -5 F (21 degC) it's a good idea to get empty the tank. If the salt tank is plastic (most of them are) and only an inch of water remains in the tank bottom, the chances that the salt tank will be broken and damaged by freezing is certainly less than with a higher amount of water there.
And of course if your water softener salt tank happens to be out of salt we can guess that the water in that tank is less salty and is at a greater risk of freezing which could damage the tank or the float mechanism in the tank (the yellow tube in our photo).
Other water treatment equipment needs to be winterized
If your building includes other water treatment equipment such as a chlorinator, UV-light for bacteria in water, or a treatment system for odors or sediment, and if the building heat is going to be turned off, that equipment needs to be drained and protected against freezing.
Restoring the water softener to operation:
When the building is reoccupied, you'll need to reverse these steps and do a few more things to get your water softener working again.
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"New Electric Heat Tapes Help Prevent Fires," US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) #00936
"Freezeproof Your House," Mike McClintock, Rodale's New Shelter, p. 30, October 1985 (approximate date)
"How to Winterize Your Pipes," Mike McClintock, Homeowners How-To Magazine, p. 59-62, Nov-Dec 1979.
North Dakota Standards for Water Softeners, North Dakota General Authority Law, Chapter 62-04-08, Water Softener Units http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/62-04-08.pdf. "The objective of this chapter is to provide a standard of quality, capacity,
and performance for water softener units. Water softener performance
is to be based upon referee tests procedures described in section
62-04-08-09."
Culligan Mark 10 Water Softener 1994-1998 Installation and Operating Instructions (covering models manufactured after 1995) (1-96) 01881948.pdf available from www.culligan.com
Water Softeners, CMHC, Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/wawa/wawa_005.cfm - October 2008. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation acknowledges the contribution of Health Canada to the development of this document. For further questions regarding water treatment and water quality, contact Health Canada at watereau@hc-sc.gc.ca or call 613-957-2991 or 1-866-225-0709.
"Commercial Water Softener Installation and Operating Instructions", IBC Filtration & Water Treatment Products (Australia) for commercial, industrial and residential application www.ibcwater.com.au (07) 3219 2233
"Non electric water softener,
Installation and Operating Instructions", IBC Filtration & Water Treatment Products (Australia), op.cit.
"Water Softener Twin Tank Installation and Operating Instructions", IBC Filtration & Water Treatment Products (Australia), op.cit.
Our Water Hardness Table used at originated with but was edited and added to from http://www.bestfish.com/tips/110598.html and also from http://www.water-research.net/hardness.htm
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The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 2010, $69.00 U.S., is available from Carson Dunlop. The Home Reference Book is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. InspectAPedia.com ® author/editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.
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