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Mobile ViewROOFING INSPECTION & REPAIR AGE OF ROOFING ALUMINUM ROOFING AMERICAN CEMWOOD ROOFING ARCHITECTURE & BUILDING COMPONENT ID ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN buildings ASBESTOS CEMENT & FIBER CEMENT ROOFING ASPHALT ROOF SHINGLES BEST ROOFING PRACTICES BUILDING SAFETY HAZARDS GUIDE BUILT UP ROOFS CEMWOOD ROOFING CERTIFICATIONS for ROOFING CONTRACTORS CHIMNEY INSPECTION & REPAIRS Chimney Flashing Mistakes & Leaks CHOOSING A ROOFING CONTRACTOR CLAY TILE ROOFING Clay Roofing Tile Types S-style Clay & Flat Rectangular Tiles Tapered & Barrel Mission Tiles Duralita Tile Roof Alternative CLAY TILE ROOF STYLES, DESIGNS CLAY TILE ROOF SPECIFICATIONS CLAY TILE ROOF SLOPE, DECK & UNDERLAY CLAY TILE ROOF BATTENS & STACKING CLAY TILE ROOF CONNECTIONS CLAY TILE WIND & SEISMIC CONNECTORS CLAY TILE EAVES, HIP & RAKE DETAILS FLASHING, CLAY TILE ROOFS CLAY TILE ROOF DAMAGE & WEAR ROOFING TILE SHAPES & PROFILES CLAY TILE ROOF SUPPLIERS CLAY, CONCRETE, FIBER CEMENT ROOF TILES COLD WEATHER ROOF TROUBLE CONCRETE ROOFING COOLING LOAD REDUCTION by ROOF VENTS CORRUGATED ROOFING COPPER ROOFING DEBRIS STAINING on ROOFS DECKS, ROOFTOP CONSTRUCTION DEFINITIONS of ENGINEERED WOOD OSB LVL etc DISASTERS: BUILDING INSPECTION & REPAIR SAFEY Hurricane or Storm Flooding Hurricane Safety Preparation Hurricane Damage Prevention Wildfire Damage Prevention Windstorm Damage Prevention EARLY ROOF FAILURE DIAGNOSTIC QUESTIONS ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings EPDM ROOFS EXTRACTIVE BLEEDING on SHINGLES FELT UNDERLAYMENT REQUIREMENTS FIBER CEMENT & FIBERBOARD ROOFING FIRE RATINGS for ROOF SURFACES FIRE RETARDANT PLYWOOD FLASHING, ASPHALT SHINGLE VALLEYS FLASHING, CLAY TILE ROOFS FLASHING MEMBRANES PEEL & STICK FLASHING for METAL ROOFS FLASHING ROOF WALL DETAILS FLASHING ROOF-WALL SNAFU FLASHING SIDING DETAILS FLASHING WALL DETAILS FLASHING WOOD ROOF DETAILS FLAT ROOF MOISTURE & CONDENSATION GUTTERS & DOWNSPOUTS HAIL DAMAGED SHINGLES HEAT TAPES & CABLES on Roofs for Ice Dams HOT ROOF DESIGNS: Un-Vented Roof Solutions HOUSEWRAP INSTALLATION DETAILS HUMIDITY LEVEL TARGET ICE DAM PREVENTION INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE LEAKY ROOF DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR LEED GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION LOW SLOPE ROOFING MASONITE WOODRUF FIBERBOARD ROOFING MEMBRANE & SINGLE PLY ROOFS METAL ROOFING MODIFIED BITUMEN ROOFING NOISE CONTROL for ROOFS NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE PLASTIC ROOFING TYPES ROLL ROOFING, ASPHALT ROOF ARCHITECTURAL STYLES - PHOTO GUIDE ROOF CLEANING RECOMMENDATIONS ROOF DORMER TYPES - PHOTO GUIDE ROOF INSPECTION SAFETY & LIMITS ROOF SLOPE DEFINITIONS ROOF VENTILATION SPECIFICATIONS ROOF VENTING ENERGY SAVING DETAILS ROOF NOISE TRANSMISSION ROOFING FELT UNDERLAYMENT REQUIREMENTS ROOFING MATERIALS, Age, Types ROOFING TILE SHAPES & PROFILES ROOFING UNDERLAYMENT BEST PRACTICES SADDLE CONSTRUCTION at CHIMNEYS SLATE ROOF INSPECTION & REPAIR SNOW GUARDS on SLATE & METAL ROOFS SOD ROOFING STAIN & BIODETERIORATION AGENT CATALOG STAINS on buildings - QUICK GUIDE STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING EXTERIORS STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORS STAIN DIAGNOSIS on ROOFS STAIN DIAGNOSIS on STONE STANDARDS for ROOFING STONE CLEANING METHODS STONE ROOFING STRESS SKIN INSULATED PANELS TEST LABS - ROOF SHINGLE THATCH ROOFING THERMAL EXPANSION of MATERIALS THERMAL MASS in buildings TILE ROOFING TRUSS UPLIFT, ROOF TRUSSES, Floor & Roof UNDERLAYMENT REQUIREMENTS on ROOFS WALK-ON ROOF SURFACES WARRANTIES for ROOF SHINGLES WIND DAMAGE to ROOFS WOOD SHAKE & SHINGLE ROOFING WORKMANSHIP & ROOF DAMAGE ZINC METAL ROOFING More Information |
This article explains how clay tiles are secured to the roof deck. Our page top photo shows clay roofing tiles installed in the Northeastern United States, on a combination steep and low slope roof. The metal tabs exposed at the lower edge of many of these tiles indicates that the roof has had extensive repair work. Also see CLAY TILE WIND & SEISMIC CONNECTORS where we describe special connections used for clay tiles on roofs in high wind, hurricane, or seismic areas. © Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website. How clay roofing tiles are secured to the roofFasteners for clay tile roofs: clay tiles are secured to the roof deck using wire, special clips, concrete, ballast stones, or metal clips. Tiles are secured loosely - overly-tight wires or nails are likely to break the tile. Also used to secure clay tiles on some roofs are aluminum nails, hot dipped galvanized steel nails, or stainless steel nails. Clay tiles at roof gable edges are often nailed through multiple pre-cast holes in special roof edge tiles in areas where wind blow-off is a common risk. The fastener schedule for clay roofing tiles varies by geographic area, as we discuss below. Where nails are used, one or two nails per clay tile is usual. In some jurisdictions (areas of low storm and wind damage risk) only every third or fourth course of tiles is nailed, and in the roof shown in our photo (below right) none of the tiles was secured except those at the roof edges where mortar was applied. Carson Dunlop's sketch (above left) illustrates typical methods of securing clay tiles to the roof deck. The clay tile roof battens shown in the sketch (above left) are discussed at CLAY TILE ROOF BATTENS & STACKING. Our photo (above right) illustrates a clay tile roof undergoing repair in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. This tile roof is in a sheltered location and as is local custom, the clay roofing tiles are barely secured, perhaps only at the roof edges where tiles are set in cement.
Roof Tile Fastening Alternatives & MethodsAdapted/paraphrased with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, chapter on BEST ROOFING PRACTICES: The preferred method of attachment depends on the type of tile, climate conditions, and slope of the roof.
Loose Laid Clay Tile RoofsFor standard concrete tiles with lugs set on battens, building codes still allow tiles to be laid loose at slopes less than 5:12 (except for one nail per tile within 36 inches of hips, ridges, eaves, or rakes). Loose-laid tiles are not allowed, however, in snow regions, areas subject to high winds, or with tiles weighing less than 9 pounds per square foot installed. Selection of Nails Used on Clay Tile RoofsNails are the least expensive and most common method for attaching concrete and clay tiles. Tiles can be nailed either directly into the roof sheathing or tiles with lugs can be nailed to battens. Corrosion-resistant nails must be minimum 11 gauge, with 5/16 -inch heads, and long enough to penetrate the sheathing by 3/4 inch—typically 8d nails. Ring-shank nails or hot-dipped galvanized nails hold better than smooth-shank nails in areas subject to heavy winds. Whether driven by hand or pneumatic nailers, nails should be driven so heads lightly touch the tile but not so tight as to risk cracking tiles. Because of the longevity of a tile roof, some contractors use copper or stainless-steel roofing nails. No. 8 or 9 stainless-steel or brass screws also work well and are sometimes used in high-wind regions. Most tiles have two prepunched nail holes. On curved tiles, use the hole closest to the deck surface unless a nail there would penetrate a critical flashing. The other hole is also used for cut tiles or applications requiring two nails. For example, all flat, non interlocking tiles require two nails. And in snow regions, codes require two nails per tile for all types and slopes. Otherwise follow the guidelines in Table 2-9 above or the manufacturer’s guidelines if they are more stringent. Also see CLAY TILE WIND & SEISMIC CONNECTORS where we describe special connections used for clay tiles on roofs in high wind, hurricane, or seismic areas. Tile Roof Fastener Options from NRCAIn the 1990's NRCA's Thomas Smith noted that a paper published in the Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Roofing Technology expressed concern for the lack of conservative roofing industry guidelines for the components of tile roofing systems in the U.S. The recommendations in the then-current NRCA Steep Roofing and Waterproofing Manual indeed included recommendations for tile roof underlayment, fasteners, and metal flashings, but Smith noted that these were "non-conservative" for many areas in the United States (and other locations of challenging weather). Smith posed some interim fastener options to improve the life of tile roof systems, including
Note: Bliss's fastener suggestions above incorporate and update this historical data. - Ed. Questions & Answers regarding this articleQuestions & answers about how clay tiles are fastened to the roof deck. Ask a Question or Search InspectAPediaHTML Comment Box is loading comments...
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