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Modified Bitumen Roofing Types, Product Sources, Installation, Defects, Repairs
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InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
Modified bitumen roofs: this article describes modified bitumen roofing materials, choices, installations, inspection, defects, roofing repairs, and product sources.
Page top photo courtesy of W. David Schwaderer. Because modified bituminous roofing, sold in rolls and applied to low-slope roof areas can be mistaken for mineral-granule-coated roll roofing, also see ROLL ROOFING, ASPHALT.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
Modified Bitumen Roofing Materials, Choices, Costs, Life Expectancy, Characteristics
Conventional Modified Bitumen
 Modified bitumen (modified asphalt) or "mod bit" roofing material is sold in rolls and applied usually on low-slope or flat roofs. Its seams are sealed using a torch to heat the under-side of the bituminous material that coats both sides of a polyester or fiberglass reinforced mat. Modified bitumen roofs are installed using one of several methods: hot applied, cold applied, heat weldable (torched seams), and self-adhered.
While we consider this material quite durable, the manufacturer's label typically warrants its life for just ten years.
SBS-Modified Bitumen installation sketch (left) courtesy of Johns Manville Roofing.
What is the meaning of "modified" in modified bitumen roofing? Quoting from ARMA,
Modified bitumens generally use a traditional waterproofing medium -- asphalt -- modified with atactic polypropylene (APP), styrene butadiene styrene (SBS), synthetic rubber or other agents that create a uniform matrix that enhances the physical properties of the asphalt. SBS and APP are the most common bitumen modifiers.
As Carson Dunlop's sketch (below) illustrates a simple single-ply modified bitumen roof installation and a two-ply modified bitumen roof installation procedure.
The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers' Association (ARMA) describes Modified Bitumen Roofing as follows:
Modified bitumen membranes -- MBS -- combine the features of a built-up roof with the added tensile strength from its polymer modification. Using a reinforced sheet that is prefabricated in the plant, modified bitumen systems require a less labor-intensive application and can be applied cross-platform in both commercial and certain residential applications.
A modified bitumen roofing system is composed primarily of polymer-modified bitumen reinforced with one or more plies of fabric such as polyester, fiberglass or a combination of both. Factory surfacing, if applied, includes mineral granules, slag, aluminum or copper. The bitumen determines the membrane's physical characteristics and provides primary waterproofing protection, while the reinforcement adds strength, puncture resistance and overall system integrity.
Factory-assembled, modified bitumen membranes undergo strict quality control standards to ensure uniform thickness and consistent physical properties throughout the membrane. The finished roofing system is usually a two- to four-ply system consisting of a modified bitumen membrane and a base sheet, with additional plies for added strength if needed. The substrate often determines which ply system is best specified.
The finished roofing membrane may consist of one or more modified bitumen sheets, or it may be comprised of a combination of built-up roofing (BUR) felts and one or more modified bitumen sheets. The type of substrate and the performance objectives influence the specification of the modified bitumen membrane system.
According to the US NPS, in discussing use of modified bitumen on historic buildings in roofing today:
Modified bitumen roofs involve some traditional materials, but use modern fabrication methods, and traditional or more contemporary installation techniques. Modified bitumen roofs are made from prefabricated rolls of modified asphalt (or coal tar) reinforced with a fiberglass or polyester reinforced mat. Rubber-modified asphalts, such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) materials, are granular surfaced and are normally installed in two or more plies using mopping asphalt, cold adhesives, or torch welding. Plastic-modified asphalts such as atactic polypropylene (APP) systems are smooth or granular surfaced and can be heat welded or laid in cold adhesive.
How to Identify Modified Bitumen versus Roll Roofing on buildings
First, how can an inspector quickly examine roll roofing material on a building surface to determine if it is asphalt roll roofing or modified bitumen roofing?
Try looking at the material edges: modified bitumen roofing is thicker, and its edges are sealed by heating with a torch - you should see a little runout of melted bitumen at the material seams. If there is no runout the roof may have been adhered using some other method, but if it was "torched" it was not heated sufficiently and may be less durable.
Second measure the width of material between seams parallel to the roof eaves. Since modified bitumen is typically 39" wide and overlapped just an inch or two, the measurement will be wider than lapped 36" asphalt roll roofing whose interstitial spaces will be less than 36".
Third, not only is the modified bitumen usually thicker and more pliable than asphalt roll roofing, it also is better at resisting tearing and breaking. If you find that it is easy to (very very slightly) tear into the roof material edge (don't try this where a leak or cosmetic damage will appear) it's probably roll roofing not mod-bit.
Modified Bitumen Roofing Properties & Installation Methods
As stated in Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, chapter on BEST ROOFING PRACTICES:
Most modified-bitumen roofs are torch-applied, although
there are also self-adhesive and cold-process systems. The
waterproofing membrane, sometimes called “single-ply
modified,” consists of asphalt bitumen reinforced with a
polyester or fiberglass fabric and modified with polymers
to give it greater strength, flexibility, resistance to UV
degradation, and resistance to heat and cold.
A variety of
different chemical formulations have been tried over the
years. It is best to stick to a product with an established
track record. In general, modified-bitumen roofs can be
applied to slopes as shallow as
1/4
inch per foot.
Modified Bitumen Roofing Product Properties
Modified Bitumen
Product |
Appliation Methods |
Compatible Decks |
Warranty |
Codes, Comments |
| Firestone UltraWhite[5] |
Hot asphalt
Heat welding
MB Cold Adhesive |
Concrete (structural)
Plywood
Steel
Wood (structural)
|
20-Year Red Shield® available |
Granule coated, bright white surface, high reflectivity reduces cooling costs. Does not require liquid roof coating treatment. Available in SBS or APP. |
| APP-Modified Bitumen |
- Heat welded
- Cold-applied-adhesives |
|
|
- Extra wear-resistant granule-coated surface,
- Non-wovenpolyester mat
- Sold in both smooth & granule-coated forms.
- Sold in various thicknesses
- Used: re-roofing & new roofing |
| SBS Modified Bitumen |
- Heat welded
- Cold-applied adhesives
- Hot asphalt
- Mechanical-attachment |
|
|
- Extra strength compared with traditional asphalt-based rooing products, high resistance to elongation & fatigue
- Glass-reinforced polyester mat
- Sold in black, white, other colors, granule-surfaced products; |
| BUR |
- Hot asphalt
- + mechanical attachment ? |
|
|
- 4-ply or 6-ply
- Asphalt-impregnated fiberglass mat reinforced felt installed in multiple layers + floodcoat + aggregate
- Can be used in combination with modified bitumen |
| Self-Adhered Base |
- Cap sheet torch applied over base sheet |
|
|
- 2-ply self-adhered base using Firestone MB Base SA + either an APP or SPP cap sheet |
| Two-Ply SBS or APP, Cold-Adhesive |
SBS or APP base sheet cold-adhesive bonded to cover board;
SBS or APP cap sheet cold-adhesive bonded to base sheet
|
|
|
Typical application: installed over cover board mechanically glued atop solid insulation that has been mechanically attached to the roof deck. |
| Two-Ply SBS glass fiber reinforced base+cap sheet |
SBS glass fiber reinforced cap sheet torch applied over SBS base sheet. |
|
|
Typical application: installed over two layers of foam board insulation both mechanically bonded to the roof deck & together |
Notes:
1. APP = atactic polypropylene products.
2. SBS = styrene-butadiene-styrene products. SBS polymers are blended with asphalt to obtain properties of flexibility & resistance to thermal movement at low temperatures.
3. BUR = built-up roofing systems
Both APP & SBS modified bitumen roofing from Firestone include a fiberglass / polyester reinforcing non-woven mat. SBS flashing is used on traditional built-up roof (BUR) roofing systems;
SBS cap sheets & flashing are used on hybrid BUR roofing systems
SBS base sheets, cap sheets & flashings are used in 2-ply modified bitumen roofing systems. Firestone's literature describes the product's reinforcing fiber mat as including both non-woven polyester fibers (flexibility & puncture resistance) and continuous glass fiber materials (strength & stability) integrated into a single reinforcing fabric.
Source: Firestone Roofing Products [5] |
Modified Bitumen Roofing Product Heat Reflection & Cooling Propoerties |
| Product Type |
Roof Reflectivity1 |
Roof Emissivity2 |
Roof Initial SRI3 |
Comments |
| SBS Products |
0.72 |
0.84 |
87 |
|
| SBS FR Products |
0.72 |
0.92 |
89 |
|
| APP Products |
0.72 |
0.89 |
89 |
|
| APP FR Products |
0.72 |
0.90 |
89 |
|
Notes:
1. Reflectivity =
2. Emissivitiy =
3. SRI = solar reflectivity index.
Source: Firestone Roofing Products [5b] |
Installation Methods for Modified Bitumen Roofs
A torch-applied, or torchdown, roof starts
with a nonflammable base sheet made of asphalt-saturated
felt or fiberglass that is mechanically attached to the roofing
deck. In residential construction, the base sheet is usually
attached with roofing nails driven through metal caps.
The second layer is the waterproofing membrane, or cap
sheet. This is heated with a torch as it unrolls, fusing it to
the base sheet, to itself at seams, and to penetrations such
as skylights. Installers must learn to heat the membrane so
it is hot enough to fuse but not so hot as to burn through.
Membranes may be either smooth or have a granular surface
like roll roofing. Smooth-faced membranes need a
third coating, which has colored or reflective pigments to
protect against UV radiation. The smooth type is preferable
where foot traffic is expected or where decking is
going over the roofing.
Torchdown roofing is self-flashing and uses no adhesives
or solvents to seal around openings. The material can
be run up parapets and abutting wall, and patches are used
to seal around metal skylight curbs and similar openings.
A special patching compound is used to seal to PVC
stacks. If applied correctly, the torchdown membrane is
essentially seamless.
Pros and Cons of Modified Bitumen Roofs
Modified bitumen is easily repaired
without solvents or adhesives. It is compatible with asphalt
shingles and asphalt compounds, although patching with
roofing cement is not recommended. The reinforced fabric
layer isolates the membrane above from building movement
and gives the material enough strength to support
occasional foot traffic.
The main drawback of modified bitumen roofing is the risk of fire during installation.
While the risk of fire is low in the hands of trained
installers, care must be taken when using torchdown on a
wood-frame structure. A number of fires have started with
sawdust that has accumulated in empty cavities, such as
crickets and parapets. Inspection of the roof for sawdust
pockets while it is being framed is advised.
-- Adapted with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction.
Typical Slopes for Modified Bitumen Roof Systems
Modified bitumen roofing is normally installed on low-slope roofing, up to 3" in slope, or depending on the application method, up to 6" of slope per foot may be permitted. Because there are quite a few approved installation methods, manufacturers such as Johns Manville and others typically use a alphameric roof application method name that encodes the basics of how the roof covering should be installed.
For example a JM 3FID-HW modified bitumen roof installation specification would require 3 plies, of Fiberglass cap sheet, installed on an Insulated substrate, D=capped with an SBS granule-surfaced cap sheet, HW=Heat Welded.
Wear and Maintenance on Modified Bitumen Roofs
 An an older mod-bit roof, particularly an older bitumen roof whose material lacked the now-common protective coating of mineral granules, you may see fine alligatoring or cracking as its surface dried.
Modified bitumen roofing manufacturers such as Johns Manville advise that at the time of unrolling and installation, "...a small amount of light cracking of the coating can be normal. These minor visual imperfections do not affect the waterproofing performance or integrity of the ... materials. For aesthetic purposes only, a recoating may be applied using JM ... Coating."
But deeper and more extensive cracks (see Carson Dunlop's illustration at left) in any roofing material are an indication of wear, age, and shortened remaining life. In a freezing climate, the action of water and ice in such cracks can lead to an accelerated wear in the latter portion of the roof's life. We have successfully extended the life of modified bitumen roofs with modest cracking by coating with a roof paint formulated for use on this material. Don't use a roof coating not recommended for modified bitumen roofs or its solvents may damage the roof.
Guide to Selection & Use of Coatings, Paints, Sealants for Low-Slope Roof Surfaces
Roof coatings used on low slope roof coverings improve the roof life by increasing the solar reflecitivity and may also reduce building cooling costs if the roof surface color is changed from a darker (say black EPDM) to lighter (tan or gray) surface.
Watch out: some roof coatings are chemically incompatible with some roof covering materials and can dissolve or otherwise damage the roof surface. Be sure to check the compatability of the specific roof paint or coating you are considering using against the properties of the roof covering material itself. And as you'll see in notes to the table below, even when an acrylic roof coating is to be applied, a base coat of special sealant is recommended for EPDM roofing and is required when coating Asphalt based roofing products.
Firestone's AcryliTop™ PC-100 roof coating is an white, tan, or gray acrylic sealant that, according to the company, can be applied to all APP, granulated SBS, smooth BUR, and RubberGuard™ EPDM roof membrane systems. The tan or gray systems are typically applied to EPDM roofs.
Roof Coating Products, Properties, Applications |
| Product |
Compatability |
Colors |
Reflectance |
Emittance |
Comments |
| Initial |
3-year |
Initial |
3-Year |
| Acrylic Top Coat1 |
all APP, granulated SBS, smooth BUR, EPDM |
White |
0.82 |
0.73 |
0.87 |
0.84 |
|
| Tan |
0.53 |
0.48 |
0.68 |
0.83 |
|
| Gray |
0.32 |
0.34 |
0.88 |
0.82 |
|
| Acrylic Base Coat2 |
EPDM |
|
|
|
|
| Acrylic Base Coat3 |
Asphalt |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
1. Firestone AcryliTop™ PC-100 Roof Coating
2. Firestone AcryliTop PC-100 Base Coat for EPDM - applied before the top coat
3. Firestone AcryliTop PC-100 Base Coat for for Asphalt roofing must be used when applying the Acrylic Top Coat
Source: Firestone Roofing Products [5b] |
Examples of Defects in Modified Bitumen Roofs
Our photographs of modified bitumen roofing shown below indicate three conditions found on a small walk-out balcony on a 1935 Poughkeepsie New York home that had been re-roofed in the prior year.
Modified Bitumen Roof Wear From Walking-on Traffic
At left we can see that in less than a year there is some granule loss and wear from foot traffic, especially where people step on the modified bitumen roof membrane as exiting and entering the door into the building. While light, careful walking on a modified bitumen roof may be acceptable for the purpose of inspection or maintenance, on a balcony where regular walking is anticipated, the roof will not wear well.
Inadequately Heated Modified Bitumen Roof Seams
Second, in the same photograph we don't see any melted runout at the heated, lapped roofing seam. It is possible that this seam was inadequately torched or heated during installation. Elsewhere on the roof we noticed granule loss at wrinkles in the roofing membrane, perhaps caused by foot traffic over the raised edges of the wrinkles.
Modified Bitumen Roof Edge Bending & Wear
Our modified bitumen roof photo at right shows that the installer allowed the edge of the roof membrane to run wild about 2 inches past the roof edge. You may notice a bit of granule loss on this component as well. While it's more of a problem with asphalt roll roofing than modified bitumen (which is thicker, more flexible, and in some products, reinforced) running an inch or two of unsupported roofing out past the roof edge invites bending and early wear or cracking in that location.
Modified Bitumen Roof Shingles - SuperKatepal™
 SuperKatepal™ a Finnish SBS modified bitumen [elastomer bitumen] roof shingles look like a more conventional asphalt shingle roof.
But unlike a conventional asphalt roof shingle that is built on a fiberglass or organic (bitumen impregnated felt) base, modified bitumen shingles are constructed from what appears to be essentially the same material as modified bitumen roll roofing products applied on low-slopes.
Modified bitumen is a durable roofing product that tolerates bending and temperature extremes. Mineral-granule-coated modified bitumen roofs [perhaps a precursor to the hybrid product described here], by adding sun protection, are more durable, and a common industry claim is that the material life is double that of ordinary [not-modified bitumen- based roofing products].
Here is how the manufacturer's sales brochure and other product literature from katepal describe the product
SuperKatepal shingles are manufactured from
SBS elastomer bitumen. The product has
glass felt reinforcement, which guarantees
excellent dimensional stability. Thanks to
the SBS elastomer bitumen the shingles
are watertight and pliable.
The shingles
have a surfacing of slate and/or mineral
granules. The undersurface consists of
self-adhesive bitumen under a protective
film and a sand coated area. The granular
surfacing gives the product its colour, a
matt finish that blends in well with the
natural and built environment, a rough friction
surface, UV protection and the required fire
safety properties (fire rating: BROOF (t2)
and BROOF (t1)).
...
Katepal roofing shingles combine the durability of stone and
the waterproofing qualities of bitumen with excellent
elasticity. Thanks to the staggered assembly all joints
are covered, and the roof is waterproof at nailing points
and joints. Durability also means that the surface of
the shingle does not peel or rust. Snow and ice
accumulating on the rough mineral granule surface stay
on the roof in the winter and do not fall on pavements
or garden plants. In rain and hard wind bitumen roofing
shingles are comfortably quiet.
SuperKatepal™ SBS modified bitumen is nonetheless installed over an underlay membrane. [See
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about modified bitumen roofs: installation, specifications, life, repairs
...
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- [1] ARMA Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association, 750 National Press Building, 529 14th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20045 Tel: 202 / 207-0917. Quoting from the association's website
The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA) is the North American trade association that represents the majority of the asphalt roofing industry’s manufacturing companies and their raw material suppliers. Together these companies produce a variety of bituminous-based residential and commercial roofing systems, including asphalt shingles, roll roofing, built-up roofing systems and modified bitumen-roofing systems.
- Web Search 07/12/2010 original source http://www.asphaltroofing.org/resources_faq.html#ls2.
Example of SBS heat weldable modified bitumen installation encoding and instructions was found at
http://www.specjm.com/products/system.asp?system=sbsbituminous&type
=heat&main=application&tab=specs Quoting further details about the composition of modified bitumen roofing material
- SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) modifies the asphalt by forming a polymer network within the bitumen. SBS gives the bitumen rubber-like characteristics and improved resistance to aging and weathering. Most SBS-modified bitumen sheets are either set in hot mopping asphalt, torch-applied or adhered with cold-process adhesives. SBS-modified bitumen sheets that do not have factory applied granule or foil surfacing need some form of field-applied ultraviolet protective coating.
- APP (Atactic Polypropylene) is a thermoplastic polymer which forms a uniform matrix within the asphalt. This enhances the bitumen’s performance by increasing its UV resistance, increasing its flexibility at low temperatures and improving its flow resistance at high temperatures. APP-modified bitumen sheets are generally applied using a propane-fueled torch. Applicators use the heat to soften the modified bitumen on the underside of the sheet. The sheet's bottom surface becomes a molten adhesive which flows upon the substrate and then cools to form a waterproof adhesive bond. Some APP sheets can also be applied with cold process adhesives.
 Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides:
- Commercial Building Inspection Courses - protocol ASTM Standard E 2018-08 for Property Condition Assessments
- Home Inspection Education Courses including home study & live classes at eleven colleges & universities.
- Home Inspection Education Home Study Courses - ASHI@Home Training 10-course program.
Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on these courses: Enter INSPECTAHITP in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference Book, a reference & inspection report product for building owners & inspectors.
Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference eBook, an electronic version for PCs, the iPad, iPhone, & Android smart phones.
Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter inspectaehrb in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
- The Illustrated Home illustrates construction details and building components, a reference for owners & inspectors.
Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Illustrated Home purchased as a single order Enter INSPECTAILL in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
- The Horizon Software System manages business operations,scheduling, & inspection report writing using Carson Dunlop's knowledge base & color images. The Horizon system runs on always-available cloud-based software for office computers, laptops, tablets, iPad, Android, & other smartphones.
- [3] "Choosing Roofing," Jefferson Kolle, January 1995, No. 92, Fine Homebuilding, Taunton Press, 63 S. Main St., PO Box 5506, Newton CT 06470 - 800-888-8286 - see http://www.taunton.com/FineHomebuilding/ for the magazine's website and for subscription information.
- Johns Manville Corporation, JM Corporate Headquarters, 717 17th Street, Denver, Colorado 80202
Phone: 303.978.2000, (800) 654-3103 - Web Search 05/22/2010 original source: http://www.specjm.com/commercial/roofing/sbsbituminous.asp
- [5] "Firestone Modified Bitumen Capsheets with UltraWhite Granules", Firestone Building Products, 250 West 96th St., Indianapolis IN 46260, Tel: 800-428-4442, Website: www.firestonebpco.com
Firestone Building Products Europe, Ikaroslaan 75 - 1930 Zaventern, Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 7114450
Firestone Building Products, Canada, 2835 Argentina Rd. Unit #2, Mississauga ON L5N 8G6, Tel: 888-292-6265
Firestone Building Products Latin America, 8200 NW 52nd Terract, Suite #107, MIami FL 33166, Tel: 305-471-0117
- [5b] "Firestone Modified Bitumen Roofing Systems", Firestone Building Products, 250 West 96th St., Indianapolis IN 46260, Tel: 800-428-4442, Website: www.firestonebpco.com, retrieved 3/20/2013
- [6] Katepal Oy, Katepal Oy, P.O. Box 33, FI-37501 LEMPÄÄLÄ
Customer service +358 (0)3 375 9111
Fax +358 (0)3 375 0974
E-mail: katepal@katepal.fi
www.katepal.fi
Quoting from the company's brochure:
Founded in 1949, Katepal Oy is the leading manufacturer of bitumen-based roofing materials
and bitumen products in Finland. Katepal roofing shingles comply with the requirements of the
European Standard EN 544.
Katepal roofing shingles are type approved by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment and
several other countries where our products are exported. Katepal complies in all its operations
with the requirements of a certified ISO 9001 quality system.
- [7] "On file as /roof/Asbestos-to-Zinc_Metal_Roofing_NPS_2.pdf - From Asbestos to Zinc, Roofing for Historic buildings, Metals- Roofing Today - ", Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, web search 9./29.10, original source:
http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/roofingexhibit/roofingtoday.htm
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
 The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
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|
- Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, Hardcover: 320 pages, available from Amazon.com and also Wiley.com. See our book review of this publication.
- Decks and Porches, the JLC Guide to, Best Practices for Outdoor Spaces, Steve Bliss (Editor), The Journal of Light Construction, Williston VT, 2010 ISBN 10: 1-928580-42-4, ISBN 13: 978-1-928580-42-3, available from Amazon.com
- The Journal of Light Construction has generously given reprint permission to InspectAPedia.com for this article. All rights and contents are ©Journal of Light Construction and may not be reproduced in any form.
- Asphalt Roofing Residential Manual,
- Building Pathology, Deterioration, Diagnostics, and Intervention, Samuel Y. Harris, P.E., AIA, Esq., ISBN 0-471-33172-4, John Wiley & Sons, 2001 [General building science-DF] ISBN-10: 0471331724
ISBN-13: 978-0471331728
- Building Pathology: Principles and Practice, David Watt, Wiley-Blackwell; 2 edition (March 7, 2008)
ISBN-10: 1405161035
ISBN-13: 978-1405161039
- Concrete Folded Plate Roofs, C. Wilby PhD BSc CEng FICE FIStructE (Author), Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998, ISBN-10: 0340662662, ISBN-13: 978-0340662663
- Concrete Shell Roofs, C. Wilby PhD BSc CEng FICE FIStructE (Author),
- Concrete Dome Roofs (Longman Concrete Design and Construction Series),
- Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide, Edmund C. Snodgrass, Lucie L. Snodgrass, Timber Press, Incorporated, 2006, ISBN-10: 0881927872, ISBN-13: 978-0881927870. The text covers moisture needs, heat tolerance, hardiness, bloom color, foliage characteristics, and height of 350 species and cultivars.
- Green Roof Construction and Maintenance, Kelley Luckett, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009, ISBN-10: 007160880X, ISBN-13: 978-0071608800, quoting: Key questions to ask at each stage of the green building process Tested tips and techniques for successful structural design
Construction methods for new and existing buildings
Information on insulation, drainage, detailing, irrigation, and plant selection
Details on optimal soil formulation
Illustrations featuring various stages of construction
Best practices for green roof maintenance
A survey of environmental benefits, including evapo-transpiration, storm-water management, habitat restoration, and improvement of air quality
Tips on the LEED design and certification process
Considerations for assessing return on investment
Color photographs of successfully installed green roofs
Useful checklists, tables, and charts
- Handbook of Building Crafts in Conservation, Jack Bower, Ed.,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY 1981 ISBN 0-442-2135-3 Library of
Congress Catalog Card Nr. 81-50643.
- Historic Preservation Technology: A Primer, Robert A. Young, Wiley (March 21, 2008)
ISBN-10: 0471788368
ISBN-13: 978-0471788362
- Historic Slate Roofs : With How-to Info and Specifications, Tina Skinner (Ed), Schiffer Publishing, 2008, ISBN-10: 0764330012
, ISBN-13: 978-0764330018
- Low Slope Roofing, Manual of, 4th Ed., C.W. Griffin, Richard Fricklas,
McGraw-Hill Professional; 4 edition, 2006, ISBN-10: 007145828X, ISBN-13: 978-0071458283
- Roof failure causes in depth (and specific methods for avoiding them)
- Roof design fundamentals and flourishes, based on voluminous industry research and experience
- New technologies and materials -- using them safely and correctly
- Comprehensive coverage of all major roofing systems
pecifications, inspection, and maintenance tools for roofing work
- Problems in Roofing Design, B. Harrison McCampbell, Butterworth Heineman, 1991 ISBN 0-7506-9162-X (available used)
- Roofing The Right Way, Steven Bolt, McGraw-Hill Professional; 3rd Ed (1996), ISBN-10: 0070066507, ISBN-13: 978-0070066502
- Slate Roofs, National Slate Association, 1926, reprinted 1977
by Vermont Structural Slate Co., Inc., Fair Haven, VT 05743, 802-265-4933/34. (We recommend this book if you can find it. It
has gone in and out of print on occasion.)
- The Slate Roof Bible, Joseph Jenkins, www.jenkinsslate.com,
143 Forest Lane, PO Box 607, Grove City, PA 16127 - 866-641-7141 (We recommend this book).
- Slate Roofing in Canada (Studi4es in archaeology, architecture, and history),
- Smart Guide: Roofing: Step-by-Step Projects, Creative Homeowner (Ed), 2004, ISBN-10: 1580111491, ISBN-13: 978-1580111492
- Tile Roofs of Alfred: A Clay Tradition in Alfred NY
- "Weather-Resistive Barriers [copy on file as /interiors/Weather_Resistant_Barriers_DOE.pdf ] - ", how to select and install housewrap and other types of weather resistive barriers, U.S. DOE
- Wood Shingle Roofs, Care and Maintenance of wood shingle and shake roofs (EC), Stanley S. Niemiec (out of print)
- ...
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