How to Use Peat as a Septic Media Filter
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Peat septic media filters
Peat Bed Septic System Design & Materials
What is the proper type and source of peat for septic systems
Why & how do peat filter septic systems work
How peat functions as a septic effluent filter and treatment media
Why more septic systems don't use tertiary treatment by peat
Peat filter septic system Design & Maintenance Specifications
Q&A on finding peat for septic systems
List of suppliers of peat media septic systems

Peat bed septic systems: This document discusses the design and use peat septic media filter systems. Peat media filter septic systems use a conventional septic tank followed by any of several methods to further filter and treat septic effluent before it is discharged to the soil, soil surface, or waterway. Peat-based septic media filter types are explained here. We include a list of product sources for various types of septic filters. Our page top photo shows a septic mound installed on a narrow lot bordering on Lake Superior in Minnesota, reported to use peat as a septic media filter. To protect this system from surface runoff flooding, the installers included intercept drainage to route runoff away from the mound itself and to improve drainage towards the lake. It is instructive to compare the mound shape to the peat system described below.

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Design & Use of Septic Media Filters Using Peat

Peat filter septic systems take a conventional septic system design (such as those regulated in MA under Title 5) and adds an effluent filter stage for additional effluent treatment. Some literature refers to this extra treatment step as tertiary treatment of septic effluent, or as multiple module effluent treatment, or moving bed biological reactor treatment systems.

Dr. Joan Brooks [as part of a masters thesis] installed the first sphagnum peat-based onsite wastewater treatment system in Maine in 1978[3] where it supported a septic system supporting a home with nine occupants. Brooks subsequently designed and installed additional peat filter septic systems in Maine.Shaw [op cit] claims that the system treated septic tank effluent "to drinking water standards" and that the system was still in use after 25 years. [Note that this does not mean that maintenance and repair have not been required during that period.] Brooks is credited with development of the "modular peat system" that uses multiple effluent treatment tanks connected to the septic tank to receive its effluent.

In simpler terms, adding a peat media filter to a septic system is an extra step in treatment of septic effluent that removes a higher percentage of fine solids that otherwise would be discharged from a septic tank or an aerobic septic tank. The result is cleaner wastewater discharged into the environment, and probably a longer drainfield or soakaway bed life.

A peat septic system functions much like a conventional Title 5 septic system with the exception that the wastewater receives treatment by being filtered through 2 to 3 feet of peat before being discharged to the soil for final disposal. Water from the dwelling first flows to a conventional septic tank where solids settle. The clarified effluent then flows, either by gravity or by pump, to the peat filter. - Barnstable BOH in Massachusetts [1]

You can infer from this data that a higher level of effluent treatment is achieved with a peat filter septic design. That's surely why the septic treatment system shown at the top of this page used a peat filter: the system is located very close to the shores of Lake Superior in northern Minnesota. The Barnstable BOH continues to describe how and why peat is an effective filter.

The peat acts much like a sponge, absorbing and wicking the effluent in all directions and providing treatment as the wastewater slowly filters through the peat. Eventually the effluent filters to the bottom of the peat where it percolates into the soil for final disposal. Experimental results show that peat filters are capable of very efficient removal of fecal coliform bacteria, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS). They also appear to be capable of a producing a significant loss of total nitrogen in finished effluent. - op.cit.

Sketch of a Recirculating Sand Media Filter System - EPA

Septic effluent treatment systems using peat as the filter media include an effluent dosing system, peat filter media, and a drainage system. Unlike sand bed filters, peat filtration systems are sold as prepackaged systems which provide modular peat units enclosed in containers or "pods" ready to install.

Peat filter media systems may receive effluent doses by a pump system (similar to sand filter systems) or by a gravity-operated tipping bucket which, when filled with effluent, tips to distribute the effluent into the media distribution pipes.

Watch out: Jantrania/Gross point out that you should not try to build your own septic treatment system using peat from a local landscaper as such material has a short life. Don't run out and buy peat moss for your septic system filter by going to the landscape and gardening supplier.

Peat which is intended to be used as a septic media filter is specially selected and perhaps treated and prepared by the manufacturer, and has an 8-20 year life expectancy. Peat from the local nursery may not last more than a year or two and it is unlikely to achieve the level of effluent treatment that was assumed when the septic system was designed and approved

We list some supplies of peat-based septic systems and peat suppliers below..

Septic effluent which has been processed through the peat biofilter is discharged into a soil absorption system such as a stone bed below the peat pods, or to a dosing tank where it is pumped to a mound or other soil absorption system.

Why Does a Peat Filter Treat Effluent and Remove Contaminants at a High Level?

The following is adapted and expanded from Barnstable BOH [1] who, speaking in more technical terms describe peat filter material as having a "high cation exchange capacity"[2] and other properties that make it work well as a septic effluent filter and treatment media.

"Peat fibers are polar, have a high surface area, and a highly porous structure (90-95% porosity)." Holding a lot of water means, in the case of peat used as a septic filter, holding lots of septic effluent, and not just holding it, but holding the effluent in contact with the cellulosic fibers that comprise the peat itself. The combination of holding volume and contact time gives opportunity for the peat fibers to capture or treat contaminants that are found in septic effluent before the effluent passes out of the filter and into the drainfield and thence into the environment.
Because peat contains lignin-like substances (wood-fiber cells that are negatively charged particles), those particles give peat a great ability to adsorb positively charged molecules such as happens to be the charge on a high portion of ultra-small particles floating in home septic system effluent.
Peat's high cation exchange capacity means the peat can effectively hold positively charged molecules including ammonium, metals, pesticides, some organic molecules, and possibly viruses. That's the secret.
Peat also has the property that the actual interstitial spaces between individual peat fibers are quite small. Combining small inter-fiber space with high water holding volume with high surface area with long contact time we can add these features to explain why peat does an effective job as a filter and treatment media for septic effluent.
Peat's ability to hold on to its moisture also means that the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) that help the peat perform its treatment functions are able to stay healthy even when the septic system is not in active use - read this as one more argument against septic tank additives and chemicals.
Interestingly, the same experts point out that while peat also is good at removing excess nitrogen from septic effluent (very important for that lakefront property), they're not quite sure how it works, possibly it's due to the activity of certain fungi that are found at high levels in peat.

Why are the fungi in the peat? Fungi, other than certain bacteria, are the only fellows capable of breaking down wood fibers and cellulose in the first place. NItrification and de nitrification might in turn also be explained by the action of certain bacteria also found in peat (also discussed by the article we reference at [1] ).

According to the Shaw Peat Manual[3], use of peat for odor absorption and filtering have been known "since ancient times". A peat filter system for treating wastewater installed in Finland in 1957 and still functioning today, reports that peat filtering successfully removes phosphorous to 82%, nitrogen to 90%, BOD to 90%, and pathogenic bacteria to 99% in the treated effluent.

So Why Doesn't Every Septic System Use a Peat Filter

OPINION-DF: surely the peat system suppliers would love the answer to this one. We speculate that in any system, where an extra component or device is not needed people don't want to pay for its cost, added complexity, and added maintenance.

Requiring and paying for adequate septic system design, installation supervision, and a regular inspection and maintenance by a professional third party is a way around this problem, but folks may simply not want to face that added expense, even though proper design, supervision, and ongoing maintenance protects the environment, extends the life of the septic system, and ultimately saves money by making the need for septic system replacement less frequent.

Heck, as you will read below, people don't even have their septic tank pumped on schedule until they've begun to smell an incipient failure.

Analysis of a Peat Filter Septic System Failure Study - Mistakes to Avoid

Also some sources ([1] once again) point out that some states such as Maine have issued warnings about peat filter media system clogging failures. A Maine study of 68 peat filter systems [4] confirmed serious system failures [failure to treat effluent or other failures] in four systems, seven other incipient failures [saturated drainfields] and five "stressed" systems that were at their design limit.

If we exclude six peat systems that were used only seasonally, this finds 16 out of 61 malfunctioning systems, or about one forth of the in-use peat filter systems were in failure mode. [Septic system age,original design, and maintenance data must also be considered, as we noted in our similar discussion of aerobic septic system failures.]

Another 29 of the peat filter septic systems were also not installed according to state BOH DEP rules, with these variations that are listed in order of severity of impact on the successful functioning of the peat filter system:

Over compaction of the peat filter media
Use of unapproved septic piping bedding stone [leads to failures]
Use of unapproved septic distribution piping
Use of stone containing excessive fine particles
Use of stone exceeding the size criterion of the [Maine] Rules
Alleged use of excessively dry peat during construction
Unapproved use of alternating layers of peat media and stone (contrary to the Maine Rules, this indicates a "localized misunderstanding of the design and installation criteria for peat systems on the part of the designer(s) and/or installers".
Total lack of pipe bedding stone [a sure sign of amateur workmanship]
Covering the peat bed with soil or other materials [contrary to the Maine Rules]
Use of garbage grinders or "garbage disposers" contrary to peat filter bed designer recommendations [note that by its place in this list, the experts considered garbage grinders a very serious impact on the septic system] See GARBAGE DISPOSAL vs SEPTICS.

The Maine study also traced peat filter system failures to:

Lack of adequate peat filter septic system designer oversight during construction was reported in a majority of the system malfunction cases. Significantly, the majority of the peat systems that were functioning properly were also reported to have received designer oversight during most of the installation process.
Lack of owner maintenance (woody shrubs and small trees in the peat beds) See PLANTS & TREES OVER SEPTIC SYSTEMS for details.
Failure by owners to ever pump their septic tanks, or owners who pumped the septic tank only after a failure was evident. See SEPTIC TANK PUMPING SCHEDULE for details.

Remarkable for its contradiction, suggesting that at least sometimes robust original design can trump poor maintenance, the study reported that:

An extreme example of this last [lack of owner maintenance of the peat filter system] observation is an eight year old system in Windham that serves seven dwellings (four year round and three seasonal), which continues to function well despite use of only one of its two beds due to an out of level distribution box, and despite the presence of numerous medium sized trees and shrubs in the peat medium.

The 1998 peat septic system study also concluded that

Onsite peat sewage treatment systems can work well, if properly designed, installed, and maintained. DHE is persuaded that the systems inspected included a sufficient number of functioning systems to attest to this. However, the design and installation quality appears to be both critical to the success or failure of an individual system, and much more sensitive to errors than conventional systems.

Other studies conducted of the failure of aerobic septic systems [AEROBIC SEPTIC SYSTEMS] may offer a model for septic system design versus maintenance requirements: a significant, perhaps even dominant reason for septic system failure in advanced septic system designs such as aerobic and filter-based septic systems and even in older designs such as sand bed septic systems is that normal homeowners don't think much about the septic system nor its maintenance until something fails.

Basic Maintenance for Peat-Filter Septic Systems

Most of the peat filter septic ongoing maintenance advice detailed below has as its object preventing damage to the peat filter system either from overloading (garbage disposers), chemicals and additives (see x), or traffic that may compact or damage the filter system.

Garbage disposals and peat filter systems: Garbage disposals should not be used with peat disposal fields. However, if such units are to be used, additional septic tank capacity (such as a second septic tank installed in series, or filters) shall be included in the system design to prevent suspended solids from entering the peat disposal field. Details are at GARBAGE DISPOSAL vs SEPTICS.

Chemicals - not into the septic: Chemicals, other than normal household cleaners, shall not be disposed of in the disposal peat field. Examples of prohibited chemicals include paint, paint thinner, commercial grease and oil, darkroom chemicals, etc. In addition, treatments or additives are not needed and not recommended and in some cases may also be actually harmful to the peat filter. See TOILETS, DON'T FLUSH LIST and see CHEMICALS & TREATMENTS for SEPTICS for details.

Non-biodegradable materials: Non-biodegradable materials, such as diapers, sanitary napkins, etc., shall not be disposed of in a peat disposal system. See WHAT CAN GO INTO TOILETS & DRAINS?

Protect the peat filter septic from foot or vehicle traffic: Fencing is required in heavy foot traffic areas such as school playgrounds, commercial establishments, or vehicular-traffic travel areas. Traffic: In addition to the above, peat disposal fields should be protected from the type of heavy foot traffic found on a school yard, playground, or ball court. Riding mowers, ATV's, snowmobiles, and other vehicles should not be allowed on peat disposal fields. See DRIVING or PARKING OVER SEPTIC COMPONENTS? for details.

Planting over Peat Filter or Drainfield: If a peat disposal field is planted with lawn grasses it should be mowed on a regular basis during the growing season with a walk-behind power or manual mower. See PLANTS & TREES OVER SEPTIC SYSTEMS for details about the types of cover that can be planted over drainfields and the recommended separation distances between drainfield and trees or shrubs.

Maintenance instructions for Peat Filter Septics: System owners shall be provided with a copy of the operation & maintenance requirements by the site evaluator. Specific peat filter maintenance instructions and requirements for repair or replacement of peat used in the system depend on the system's design and will appear in maintenance instructions that should be provided by the installer or by the septic disposal site evaluator who approved the system. Our references (below) include documents that also provide details about peat filter septic system design, installation, and maintenance.

- Adapted and paraphrased from Maine's Onsite Peat Sewage Treatment Systems Assessment", James Jacobsen [4] published by the State of Maine, Division of Environmental Health.

Q&A on Peat Bed Septic Systems

Question: Where can I buy peat for my septic tank?

I want to purchase peat for my septic tank. Have you got any suggestions? I'm in the Ohio/Pennsylvania area. - M.G.

Reply: Peat is used for a septic media filter. Here are some suggestions for finding a source of peat for septic system use

You may already know this,but we do not sell anything. InspectAPedia.com provides building and environmental diagnostic and repair information. In order to absolutely assure our readers that we write and report without bias we do not sell any products nor do we have any business or financial relationships that could create such conflicts of interest.

Also, to be accurate, peat does not go into the septic tank. Peat used with septic systems is installed in a separately constructed mound or container that acts as an additional or "tertiary" treatment step for sewage effluent between the point of leaving the septic tank and the point of entering the disposal field or drainfield. You may also have seen that you don't want to buy ordinary peat moss from a landscape supplier.

Since you already have a peat bed installed, and as we won't know the names of local suppliers, here is how we look for supplies: We figure that one would not usually build a system that required importing materials from a great distance (cost), I'd start by calling the septic system designers/installers in your immediate area to ask what suppliers they've used.

In some states such as ME we read that the local health department had information about peat bed designs and suppliers so don't forget to ask your local BOH or building department for a suggestion.[1]

We list suppliers of peat media filter systems and peat supplies just below.

Suppliers of Peat-Based Septic Filter Systems and Peat Supplies

Bord na Móna Environmental Products, U.S., Inc., P.O. Box 77457, Greensboro, NC 27417, Tel: (336) 547-9338 Fax: (336) 547-8559, Sales: 1-800-PURAFLO (787-2356) EMAIL: info@bnm-us.com. Bord na Móna distributes residential onsite wastewater treatment peat fiber or peat filters and membrane technologies for both residential and light commercial properties. The company also distributes drip irrigation, drip dispersal, siphon and septic tank components, as well as providing municipal, decentralized, and commercial wastewater treatment systems. Website: http://www.bnm-us.com/. Quoting:
- The Puraflo Wastewater Treatment System is a peat biofilter incorporating peat fiber to provide high quality Wastewater Treatment for residential and light commercial developments. The Puraflo Wastewater Treatment System and PuraMc Ultrafiltration Membrane Bioreactor for Wastewater Treatment and Wastewater Reuse are specifically designed for single house, cluster and light commercial onsite developments. Bord na Mona’s Wastewater Treatment Systems and Water Reuse Technologies are green friendly, low energy, natural solutions where simple, reliable operation & maintenance are required.
Enviro-Pure™ Onsite Wastewater Treatment System, American Concrete Industries, 1022 Minot Avenue, Auburn ME 04210 USA, Tel: 207-784-1388 , Fax (207) 783-4039 1-800-638-9000, or 1717 Stillwater Ave., Veazie, ME 04401, (207) 947-8334 - Fax (207) 947-3580, 1-800-432-7843. American Concrete produces concrete products including septic tanks, septic tank risers, drywells, drainage rings, and other items, even burial vaults.
Flemington Precast & Supply, LLC, distributes Puraflo wastewater treatment components and supplies including peat fibre media from Ireland. Flemington Precast & Supply, LLC, 18 Allen St., Flemington, NJ 08822 Tel: (908) 782-3246 Fax: (908) 782-1981, http://www.flemingtonprecast.com
Puraflo™ Peat Biofilter, Bord na Mona, the Irish Peat Corporation, distributed in the U.S. by Bord na Móna Products U.S. Inc., website: http://www.flemingtonprecast.com/puraflo.html

CONTACT us to add additional peat filter system or peat filter suppliers here - no fees are involved. InspectAPedia has no business nor financial relationship with systems or materials discussed at our website.

List of U.S. States and Canadian Provinces where Peat Biofilter and Filtration Systems Have Been Approved

Alaska
Massachusetts
Maine, approved in 1988.
VIrginia

Main Specifications for Peat Septic Wastewater Disposal Systems

The following information is provided as a model and for background about peat septic system design and installation. Source: http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/eng/plumb/Adobe/peat1998.pdf 03/16/2011, citing the Maine Division of Environmental Health [4]

Notice: because the study referenced above recommended changes to procedure and possibly state code, the text below may have been subsequently updated by the state. Readers should check with their own local municipal building and health departments for current regulations regarding septic system installation and maintenance and peat filter septics. The current model building code approved by the state of Maine is provided at http://www.maine.gov/legis/lawlib/buildcode.htm.

CHAPTER 23 - PEAT DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, SECTION 2300.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND ON TYPES OF PEAT

SECTION 2301.0 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

2301.1 General: See Chapter 12 for general construction techniques.

2301.2 Suitable sites: Suitable sites for installing peat disposal fields are the same as for other types of disposal fields. See Chapters 4, 6, and 7.

2301.3 Site preparation: Site preparation for peat disposal fields shall be the same as it is for any disposal field authorized under this code. See Chapter 12.
SECTION

2302.0 PEAT DISPOSAL FIELD DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

2302.1 Weather: Peat disposal fields shall not be installed when the ground or the peat material is frozen.

2302.2 Low pressure distribution: Low pressure distribution is not allowed in peat disposal fields.

2302.3 Minimum width: The minimum recommended width of a peat disposal field is 5 feet.

2302.4 Maximum width: The maximum recommended width of a peat disposal field is 20 feet.

2302.5 Maximum length: The maximum recommended length of a peat disposal field is 50 feet with end manifold and 100 feet with central manifold.

2302.6 Distribution pipe sizing: Gravity dosed distribution pipes shall consist of 4 inch diameter perforated pipe.

2302.7 Distribution pipe dosing: Dose to a maximum of 1/2 gallon per linear foot of 4 inch diameter pipe.

2302.8 Distribution pipe placement and bedding: The distribution pipes and bedding in peat disposal fields shall meet the following requirements:

2302.8.1 Distance from outer limits: The distribution pipes shall be installed 2.5 feet from the outer limits of the peat disposal field;

2302.8.2 Distances center-to-center: The distribution pipes shall be 2.5 feet on center;

2302.8.3 Connecting the ends of each distribution pipe: The distribution pipes shall be connected at each end with solid piping;

2302.8.4 Distribution box: If a distribution box is used it shall be located out side the limits of the peat and meet the requirements of section 1104.0;

2302.8.5 Stone beneath and on the sides of the distribution piping: The distribution pipes shall be installed over the center line of a 10 inch wide and 4 inch deep layer of 3/8 inch washed crushed rock. Additional 3/8 inch washed stone shall be placed on either side of the pipe to a 3 inch width. All stone shall be washed before its delivery to the site. No stone may be placed above the pipe;

2302.8.6 Stone under the peat: A minimum of 6 inches of 3/8 inch clean crushed rock or clean coarse sand shall be placed at the bottom of the peat disposal field; and

2302.8.7 Depth of peat: There shall be a minimum of 24 inches of peat below the bottom of the distribution lines and a minimum of 8 inches of peat above the top of the distribution lines.

2302.9 Compaction of the peat: The depth of peat layers depends on the moisture content at the time of the installation. At 50% moisture content (on a dry weight basis) install in 8 to 12 inch lifts. At 60% moisture, install in 12 to 16 inch lifts. The peat lifts should be hand raked and compacted by an adult walking on it with snowshoes until an in-place bulk density of 6.2 to 9.4 pounds/cubic foot (on a dry-weight basis) is reached. No construction equipment or lawn rollers may be used to compact the peat.

2302.10 Surface treatment: No fill material may be placed over the top of the peat. Instead, the peat shall extend to the mineral soil surface of the original ground, or the fill on each side, and shall be crowned at a slope of 3%. The surface of the peat may be left bare, seeded with lawn grasses, or planted with shallow rooted vegetation so as to
blend into the natural surroundings. Deep-rooted vegetation shall not be allowed to grow on the surface of a peat disposal field.

2302.11 Vehicular and pedestrian traffic: No portion of any peat disposal field may be located under a paved area, driveway, or roadway.
SECTION

2303.0 PEAT TYPE AND CONDITION

2303.1 Type of peat: Ideally, the peat should be air-dried, milled, unscreened, bulk-loaded Sphagnum peat with a pH of 3.5 to 4.5, a von Post degree of decomposition of H4, a moisture content of 50% to 60%, an organic content of 95% or greater, and an ash content of 5% or less. The peat should not have been dried to less than 40% at any time during production.

2304.0 SIZING PEAT DISPOSAL FIELDS

2304.1 Soil profile vs peat disposal field application rates: The required bottom area of peat disposal fields shall be determined using the following:

2304.1.1 Soil profile 6: Soil profile 6 require a peat disposal field application rate of 1 square foot per gallon per day;

2304.1.2 Soil profiles 4 and 5: Soil profiles 4 and 5 require a peat disposal field application rate of 1.25 square feet per gallon per day;

2304.1.3 Soil profiles 2, 3, and 7: Soil profiles 2, 3, and 7 require a peat disposal field application rate of 1.50 square feet per gallon per day;

2304.1.4 Soil profiles 1 and 8: Soil profiles 1 and 8 require a peat disposal field application rate of 1.75 square feet per gallon per day;

2304.1.5 Soil profile 9: Soil profile 9 requires a peat disposal field application rate of 2.0 square feet per gallon per day;

2304.1.6 Soil profile 11: Soil profile 11 is for alluvial soils that vary in texture. For design purposes, use the peat disposal field application rate from a soil profile listed above which best describes the texture encountered; and

2304.1.7 Site suitability: Site suitability for peat disposal fields is as prescribed in Chapter 7.

2304.2 All other aspects: In all other aspects, construction of a peat disposal field shall comply with Chapter 7, unless otherwise specified.
SECTION

2305.0 UNDER-DRAINED PEAT FILTERS

2305.1 Scope: Under-drained peat filters are designed to pre- treat septic tank effluent prior to its ultimate disposal in any disposal field authorized under this code. See Chapter 1.

2305.2 Polyethylene liner: The under-drained peat filter is placed in an excavation or fill material that is lined with an 18 mil polyethylene sheeting or equivalent.

2305.3 Final disposal in a disposal field: The effluent from the peat filter is conveyed to a separate disposal field for final disposal.

2305.4 Sizing the disposal field: The disposal field used for final disposal is sized according to Chapter 9 and sized at 90% of the minimum hydraulic loading rate required in Table 700.1. Field size may be further reduced based on Subsection 702.6.
SECTION

2306.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

2306.1 Garbage disposal: Garbage disposals should not be used with peat disposal fields. However, if such units are to be used, additional septic tank capacity (such as a second septic tank installed in series, or filters) shall be included in the system design to prevent suspended solids from entering the peat disposal field.

2306.2 Chemicals: Chemicals, other than normal household cleaners, shall not be disposed of in the disposal peat field. Examples of prohibited chemicals include paint, paint thinner, commercial grease and oil, darkroom chemicals, etc.

2306.3 Non-biodegradable materials: Non-biodegradable materials, such as diapers, sanitary napkins, etc., shall not be disposed of in a peat disposal system.
Page 9

2306.4 Fencing: Fencing is required in heavy foot traffic areas such as school playgrounds, commercial establishments, or vehicular-traffic travel areas.

2306.5 Mowing: If a peat disposal field is planted with lawn grasses it should be mowed on a regular basis during the growing season with a walk-behind power or manual mower.

2306.6 Traffic: In addition to the above, peat disposal fields should be protected from the type of heavy foot traffic found on a school yard, playground, or ball court. Riding mowers, ATV's, snowmobiles, and other vehicles should not be allowed on peat disposal fields.
c6.7 Maintenance instructions: System owners shall be provided with a copy of the operation & maintenance requirements by the site evaluator.

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  PEAT FILTER SEPTICS
    Peat Media Septic Design & Use
    Peat Treatment Levels
    Peat Filter Failure Study
    Peat-Filter Maintenance
    Q&A on Peat Bed Septics
    Peat-Based Septic Suppliers
    Peat Septic Approvals
    Peat Septic Design Specs
  RAISED BED SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Design Alternatives for Septic Systems: Alternate Onsite Wastewater Disposal Designs for Septic Systems - design engineers, consultants, products, books for special problem situations, difficult soils, old system repairs. Aerobic septic systems, chemical, composting, incinerating & waterless toilets, Evaporation-Transpiration (ET) Septic Systems, septic media filters, greywater systems, holding tank septic systems, mound septics, raised bed septics, pressure dosing septic systems, sand bed filters, peat beds, constructed wetlands, septic disinfection systems.
[1] Peat Filer Septic Systems, Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment, Barnstable MA, web search 02/16/2011, Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment, County Complex at the Barnstable County Superior Courthouse Building, 3195 Main Street, Barnstable, MA 02630. Original source: http://www.barnstablecountyhealth.org/ and http://www.barnstablecountyhealth.org/AlternativeWebpage/Peat/Peat.htm
[2] Cation Exchange Capacity is defined asthe total amount of cations (positively charged particles) that a soil can adsorb. - op.cit.
[3] Shaw Peat Technical Manual, April 2003, 85 pp., Shaw Pipe, Shaw Peat Modular On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems, PO BOx 2130, Lantz, Nova Scotia, Canada B2S 3G4 902-883-2201, and 815 Gorge Rd., Moncton New Brunswick, Canada E1G 3H7, Tel: 506-388-8887. Web search 03/16/2011, original source: http://www.gsconcrete.ca/Resources/Docs/ShawPeatTechnicalManual.pdf
"This technical manual provides information on the Shaw Peat Modular O[n]-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems. This manual includes introductory information, an overview of the Shaw Peat Systems, design procedures and installation and maintenance information. This manual is periodically updated.
[4] "1988 Onsite Peat Sewage Treatment Systems Assessment", James Jacobsen, Manager, Wastewater and Plumbing Control Program Department of Human Services, Division of Health Engineering, 1988, Maine Division of Environmental Health, Key Plaza Building, 286 Water St. 3rd Floor 11 State House Station, Augusta, Maine 04333-0011, TEL: (207) 287-5697 TTY: (800) 606-0215 FAX: (207) 287-4172 http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/eng/, Web Search 03/16/2011, original source: http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/eng/plumb/Adobe/peat1998.pdf
[5] PATTERSON, R.A. (1999). Peat Treatment of Septic Tank Effluent. in
PATTERSON, R.A. (Ed) 1999. Proceedings of On-site '99 Conference: Making on-site
wastewater systems work. 13-15 July 1999. Held at University of New England, Armidale. Lanfax
Laboratories, Armidale. pp273-281. [copy on file as Peat_Septics_PattersonP43-peat.pdf ] - Quoting conclusions:
Pre-treatment of STE through a 500 mm deep bed of peat has reduced the suspended solids (turbidity),
BOD5, and FC to levels suitable for application to landscape areas. At dosing rates less than 50 L m-2, the
experimental peat bed was successful in consistently reducing suspended solids by more than 96%, BOD5
to levels by 90% and FC to less than 99.6% of the input populations. Odour was eliminated completely from
the peat bed and there was no nuisance from insects.
The savings in land area required for on-site disposal through peat pre-treatment of domestic wastewater
will benefit areas of limited subdivision potential, further minimising the adverse environmental effects
resulting from failed soil absorption systems. The additional benefit is the increase in water available for
landscape design where plants may access the nitrogen and phosphorus by-products and prevent their loss
to either surface runoff or groundwater contamination. Under Australian conditions the added value of the
water will increase domestic environmental amenity.
The need to reduce further the residual faecal coliforms to levels acceptable to regulatory authorities is
important in the commercialisation of the treatment system. Subsurface disposal through modern dripper
systems is perhaps the more favourable option. With significant reduction in suspended solids,
malfunctioning of underground systems is less likely.
The peat bed has shown that with limited resources and a minimal energy input, pre-treatment before
surface irrigation of domestic wastewater can be undertaken. The system can be installed onto a failed
drainfield system, thus providing an ability to re-use water and reduce nitrate and phosphate runoff into the
environment.
Patterson, R.A. (1998) Household Solutions to End-of-Line Re-use. Proceedings of Water Asia-Pacific
98. 11th IWSA ASPAC Regional Conference, Sydney 2-5 November, 1998
Patterson, R.A. (1998) Household Solutions to End-of-Line Re-use. Proceedings of Water Asia-Pacific
98. 11th IWSA ASPAC Regional Conference, Sydney 2-5 November, 1998
Rock, C.A., Brooks, J.L., Bradeen, S.A. and Woodard, F.E. (1982). Treatment of septic tank effluent in
a peat bed. Proceedings 3rd Nat. Symp. Individual and Small Community Sewaqe Treatment. Am. Soc.
Ag. Engineers, Michigan, pp
APHA (1985). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 16th Ed. American
Public Health Association. Washington.
[6] Brooks, J.L., Rock, C.A. and Struchtemeyer, R.A. (1984). Use of peat for on-site wastewater treatment:
II field studies. J.Environ.Qual., 13, 524-530.
[7] Brooks, J.L., Rock, C.A. and Struchtemeyer, R.A. (1984). Use of peat for on-site wastewater treatment:
II field studies. J.Environ.Qual., 13, 524-530.
Monson Geerts, S., B. McCarthy, R. Axler, J.Henneck, S. Heger, J.Crosby and M.Guite. 2001. Performance of
peat filters in the treatment of domestic wastewater in Minnesota. 9th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
Rock, C.A., Brooks, J.L., Bradeen, S.A. and Woodard, F.E. (1982). Treatment of septic tank effluent in
a peat bed. Proceedings 3rd Nat. Symp. Individual and Small Community Sewaqe Treatment. Am. Soc.
Ag. Engineers, Michigan, pp
Rock, C.A., Brooks, J.L., Bradeen, S.A. and Woodard, F.E. (1982). Treatment of septic tank effluent in
a peat bed. Proceedings 3rd Nat. Symp. Individual and Small Community Sewaqe Treatment. Am. Soc.
Ag. Engineers, Michigan, pp
Department of Local Government. 1998. Environment and Health Protection Guidelines On-site
Sewage Management for Single Households. Dept. Local Government, NSW Environment Protection
Authority, NSW Health, Dept. Land and Water Conservation and Department of Urban Affairs and
Planning. Sydney.
Department of Local Government. 1998. Environment and Health Protection Guidelines On-site
Sewage Management for Single Households. Dept. Local Government, NSW Environment Protection
Authority, NSW Health, Dept. Land and Water Conservation and Department of Urban Affairs and
Planning. Sydney.
Department of Local Government. 1998. Environment and Health Protection Guidelines On-site
Sewage Management for Single Households. Dept. Local Government, NSW Environment Protection
Authority, NSW Health, Dept. Land and Water Conservation and Department of Urban Affairs and
Planning. Sydney.
"Estimation of Ground-Water Mounding Beneath Septic Drainfields", E. John Finnemore, 1992, revised 1993, Department of Civil Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara CA 95053. This paper is an appendix to the Shaw Peat Technical Manual, Op.cit.
"Localized ground-water mounding beneath larger on-site sewage disposal fields (septic drain fields) can reduce and even eliminate the waste-water treatment that occurs in the unsaturated soil zone. Such mounding was previously predicted for longer times by a procedure of uncertain accuracy and having a number of limitations. In this paper, a new procedure is developed on a stronger theoretical basis. The governing equation may be solved by four different methods. The new procedure considerably extends the time range of applicability, and no longer restricts the proportions of the rectangular disposal field. Errors in the previous methods approached 20% in some cases. Comparisons of different methods to reduce [septic] mound heights where they are critical indicate that they are critical indicate that the most effective method is to subdivide the disposal field into separated subareas."
This article cites that about 1/3 of homes in the United States are served by septic drainfields.

Product Source List for Filters, Septic Filters & Wastewater Treatment Systems Using Filtration Methods

Amphidrome from F.R. Mahoney, Associates, is a "sequencing batch reactor" or effluent recycling system (approved in MA) cycling effluent between the septic tank and a reactor vessel.
AdvanTex- Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems from Orenco uses a textile filter in a fiberglass basin.
Biomicrobics wastewater treatment include BioSTEP, a screened pumping system, BioBarrier membrane bioreactor (MBR) which produces ultra-clean effluent Lixor, their submerged aeration system, SaniTEE wastewater screens and other wastewater treatment systems and products.
Biocycle Wastewater Treatment a BioCycle Unit, Tertiary Polishing Filter and Monitoring System.- Ireland
Bioren & Living Filter alternative wastewater treatment systems - Mass. USA
Bioclere from AquaPoint (MA) is a trickle-filter effluent treatment system
Peat Filters for septic effluent treatment, University of Minnesota Information Article on Peat Systems
Ruck systems (in MA) "Traditional RUCK- [Residential Septic] Systems are passive innovative septic systems that are designed to remove nitrogen and provide excellent treatment for an on site septic system." Commercial products are also available. This is an in-ground filter system installed between the septic tank and the absorption field.
SeptiTech Residential and Commercial Wastewater Pretreatment Systems include a fixed film effluent trickling filter and a patented effluent treatment media.
Waterloo biofilter trickle type wastewater filter and systems using aeration combined with foam filter media; effluent is sprayed over foam.
Submissions welcome send us a suggested document link or request an exchange of website links

References for this Septic Media Filters Discussion

Measuring Septic Sludge & Scum Levels in Septic Tanks - Measuring the Level of Accumulated Solids, Sludge and Floating Scum in Treatment Tanks
Septic Contaminants, identifying - what are the Nitrogen contaminants produced by septic systems and what can be done about them if they escape initial treatment?
Safety: Septic System, Septic Tank, & Cesspool Safety Warnings for Septic Inspectors, Septic Pumpers, and Homeowners
Sewage & Septic Backups and what to do about sewage spillage in buildings
Septic Flood Response when and what to do to a septic system after area flooding
"Septic Tank/Drainfield System Fact Sheet", Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Drinking Water, Source Protection Program - (801) 536-4200 Division of Water Quality - (801) 538-6146 Sonja Wallace, Pollution Prevention Coordinator - (801) 536-4477 Environmental Hotline - 1-800-458-0145 - Original source: http://www.drinkingwater.utah.gov/documents/spec_services/pollution_prevention_septic_tanks.pdf
New York State Wastewater Treatment Standards - Individual Household Systems, Appendix 75-A (1990), Public Health Law 201(1)(1).
New York State Alternative Septic System Design Regulations, Wastewater Treatment Standards - Individual Household Systems, Appendix 75-A, of Public Health Law 201(1)(1) 1990.
Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies, Anish R. Jantrania, Mark A. Gross, CRC Taylor & Francis, 2006 ISBN 0-8493-3029-7 order a copy from the InspectAPedia bookstore (Amazon.com)
Anish Jantrania, Ph.D., P.E., M.B.A., Consulting Engineer, Mechanicsville VA, 804-550-0389
The Septic System Owners's Manual, Lloyd Kahn, Blair Allen, Julie Jones, Shelter Publications, 2000. ISBN 0-936070-20-X - order a copy from the InspectAPedia bookstore (Amazon.com)
Onsite wastewater treatment systems, Bennette D. Burks & Mary Margaret Minnis. Textbook and reference manual on all aspects of onsite treatment. This is one of the best books we've reviewed on the subject, with an excellent balance of clear simple explanation and solid engineering. Topics: Soil & Site Selection, Hydraulics, System Selection & Design, Wastewater Biology, History & Mythology of Onsite Wastewater Treatment. $49.95, Hogarth House, Ltd., 800-993-2665 x327 order a copy from the InspectApedia bookstore (Amazon.com) or order by telephone 800 -993-2665 x327 (Univ. Wisc. Bookstore)

Peat Media Septic System Designs & Suppliers

Ecoflo Pennsylvania system - distributed in Falling Springs Technologies, PO Box 410, Newburg, PA 17240 http://www.ecoflopa.com - (814) 632-9692.
Puraflo peat biofilter – distributed in Pennsylvania by Site Development Services, PO Box 5873, Wyomissing, PA 19610, 610-478-9900, puraflo1@comcast.net

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
Inspecting Septic Systems: Online Book, Inspection, Test, Diagnosis, Repair, & Maintenance: our Online Septic Book: Septic Testing, Loading & Dye Tests, Septic Tank Pumping, Clearances, details of onsite waste disposal system inspection, testing, repair procedures.

Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies, Anish R. Jantrania, Mark A. Gross. Anish Jantrania, Ph.D., P.E., M.B.A., is a Consulting Engineer, in Mechanicsville VA, 804-550-0389 (2006). Outstanding technical reference especially on alternative septic system design alternatives. Written for designers and engineers, this book is not at all easy going for homeowners but is a text I recommend for professionals--DF.
Builder's Guide to Wells and Septic Systems, Woodson, R. Dodge: $ 24.95; MCGRAW HILL B; TP; Quoting from Amazon's description: For the homebuilder, one mistake in estimating or installing wells and septic systems can cost thousands of dollars. This comprehensive guide filled with case studies can prevent that. Master plumber R. Dodge Woodson packs this reader-friendly guide with guidance and information, including details on new techniques and materials that can economize and expedite jobs and advice on how to avoid mistakes in both estimating and construction. Chapters cover virtually every aspect of wells and septic systems, including on-site evaluations; site limitations; bidding; soil studies, septic designs, and code-related issues; drilled and dug wells, gravel and pipe, chamber-type, and gravity septic systems; pump stations; common problems with well installation; and remedies for poor septic situations. Woodson also discusses ways to increase profits by avoiding cost overruns.
Country Plumbing: Living with a Septic System, Hartigan, Gerry: $ 9.95; ALAN C HOOD & TP; Quoting an Amazon reviewer's comment, with which we agree--DF:This book is informative as far as it goes and might be most useful for someone with an older system. But it was written in the early 1980s. A lot has changed since then. In particular, the book doesn't cover any of the newer systems that are used more and more nowadays in some parts of the country -- sand mounds, aeration systems, lagoons, etc.

Design Manuals for Septic Systems

US EPA Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual [online copy, free] Top Reference: US EPA's Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, 1980, available from the US EPA, the US GPO Superintendent of Documents (Pueblo CO), and from the National Small Flows Clearinghouse. Original source http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008.htm Onsite wastewater treatment and disposal systems, Richard J Otis, published by the US EPA. Although it's more than 20 years old, this book remains a useful reference for septic system designers. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Program Operations; Office of Research and Development, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory; (1980)
Eco John® Innovative Toilet Solutions, Global Inventive Industries, Fountain Valley CA, PDF, product brochure
"International Private Sewage Disposal Code," 1995, BOCA-708-799-2300, ICBO-310-699-0541, SBCCI 205-591-1853, available from those code associations.
"Manual of Policy, Procedures, and Guidelines for Onsite Sewage Systems," Ontario Reg. 374/81, Part VII of the Environmental Protection Act (Canada), ISBN 0-7743-7303-2, Ministry of the Environment,135 St. Clair Ave. West, Toronto Ontario M4V 1P5 Canada $24. CDN.
Manual of Septic Tank Practice, US Public Health Service's 1959.

Onsite Wastewater Disposal Books

Onsite Wastewater Disposal, R. J. Perkins; Quoting from Amazon: This practical book, co-published with the National Environmental Health Association, describes the step-by-step procedures needed to avoid common pitfalls in septic system technology. Valuable in matching the septic system to the site-specific conditions, this useful book will help you install a reliable system in both suitable and difficult environments. Septic tank installers, planners, state and local regulators, civil and sanitary engineers, consulting engineers, architects, homeowners, academics, and land developers will find this publication valuable.
Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems, Bennette D. Burks, Mary Margaret Minnis, Hogarth House 1994 - one of the best septic system books around, suffering a bit from small fonts and a weak index. (DF volunteers to serve as indexer if Burks/Minnis re-publish this very useful volume.)While it contains some material more technical than needed by homeowners, Burks/Minnis book on onsite wastewater treatment systems a very useful reference for both property owners and septic system designers. We refer to it often. While Minnis says the best place to buy this book is at Amazon (our link at left), you can also see this book at Minnis' website at http://web page .pace.edu/MMinnisbook
Septic Tank/Soil-Absorption Systems: How to Operate & Maintain [ copy on file as /septic/Septic_Operation_USDA.pdf ] - , Equipment Tips, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 8271 1302, 7100 Engineering, 2300 Recreation, September 1982, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfimage/82711302.pdf
Soil Percolation Tests soil perc testing guide and instructions
Percolation Testing Manual, CNMI Division of Environmental Quality, PO Box 501304, Saipan, MP 96950
Planting Over Septic System Component", Daniel Friedman (author/editor, InspectAPedia.com), The Innovator, Winter/Spring 2008, BCOSSA, British Columbia OnSite Sewage Association, 201-3542 Blansard St., Victoria BC V8X 1W3 Canada
Save the Septic System - Do Not Flush These Items Down the Toilet, Daniel Friedman, InspectAPedia.com - PDF document, printable
SEPTIC STANDARDS
SEPTIC MAGAZINES
Septic System Owner's Manual, Lloyd Kahn, Blair Allen, Julie Jones, Shelter Publications, 2000 $14.95 U.S. - easy to understand, well illustrated, one of the best practical references around on septic design basics including some advanced systems; a little short on safety and maintenance. Both new and used (low priced copies are available, and we think the authors are working on an updated edition--DF. Quoting from one of several Amazon reviews: The basics of septic systems, from underground systems and failures to what the owner can do to promote and maintain a healthy system, is revealed in an excellent guide essential for any who reside on a septic system. Rural residents receive a primer on not only the basics; but how to conduct period inspections and what to do when things go wrong. History also figures into the fine coverage.
Test Pit Preparation for Onsite Sewage Evaluations, State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland OR, 800 452-4011. PDF document. We recommend this excellent document that offers detail about soil perc tests, deep hole tests, safety, and septic design. Readers should also see Soil Percolation Tests and for testing an existing septic system, also see Dye Tests
Grass is Always Greener Over the Septic Tank, Bombeck, Erma: $ 5.99; FAWCETT; MM; This septic system classic whose title helps avoid intimidating readers new to septic systems, is available new or used at very low prices. It's more entertainment than a serious "how to" book on septic systems design, maintenance, or repair. Not recommended -- DF.
US EPA Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual Top Reference: US EPA's Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, 1980, available from the US EPA, the US GPO Superintendent of Documents (Pueblo CO), and from the National Small Flows Clearinghouse. Original source http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008.htm
Water Wells and Septic Systems Handbook, R. Dodge Woodson. This book is in the upper price range, but is worth the cost for serious septic installers and designers. Quoting Amazon: Each year, thousands upon thousands of Americans install water wells and septic systems on their properties. But with a maze of codes governing their use along with a host of design requirements that ensure their functionality where can someone turn for comprehensive, one-stop guidance? Enter the Water Wells and Septic Systems Handbook from McGraw-Hill.
Written in language any property owner can understand yet detailed enough for professionals and technical students this easy-to-use volume delivers the latest techniques and code requirements for designing, building, rehabilitating, and maintaining private water wells and septic systems. Bolstered by a wealth of informative charts, tables, and illustrations, this book delivers:
* Current construction, maintenance, and repair methods
* New International Private Sewage Disposal Code
* Up-to-date standards from the American Water Works Association
Wells and Septic Systems, Alth, Max and Charlet, Rev. by S. Blackwell Duncan, $ 18.95; Tab Books 1992. We have found this text very useful for conventional well and septic systems design and maintenance --DF. Quoting an Amazon description:Here's all the information you need to build a well or septic system yourself - and save a lot of time, money, and frustration. S. Blackwell Duncan has thoroughly revised and updated this second edition of Wells and Septic Systems to conform to current codes and requirements. He also has expanded this national bestseller to include new material on well and septic installation, water storage and distribution, water treatment, ecological considerations, and septic systems for problem building sites.
The NSFC Products List has an excellent list of design manuals/modules available from their website or by telephone 800-624-8301
Submissions welcome. send us a suggested document link or request an exchange of website links
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Design & Use of Septic Media Filters Using Peat

Why Does a Peat Filter Treat Effluent and Remove Contaminants at a High Level?

So Why Doesn't Every Septic System Use a Peat Filter

Analysis of a Peat Filter Septic System Failure Study - Mistakes to Avoid

Basic Maintenance for Peat-Filter Septic Systems

Q&A on Peat Bed Septic Systems

Question: Where can I buy peat for my septic tank?

Reply: Peat is used for a septic media filter. Here are some suggestions for finding a source of peat for septic system use

Suppliers of Peat-Based Septic Filter Systems and Peat Supplies

List of U.S. States and Canadian Provinces where Peat Biofilter and Filtration Systems Have Been Approved

Main Specifications for Peat Septic Wastewater Disposal Systems

CHAPTER 23 - PEAT DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, SECTION 2300.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND ON TYPES OF PEAT

SECTION 2301.0 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

2301.1 General: See Chapter 12 for general construction techniques.

2302.0 PEAT DISPOSAL FIELD DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

2303.0 PEAT TYPE AND CONDITION

2304.0 SIZING PEAT DISPOSAL FIELDS

2305.0 UNDER-DRAINED PEAT FILTERS

2306.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Questions & Answers regarding this article

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Technical Reviewers & References

Product Source List for Filters, Septic Filters & Wastewater Treatment Systems Using Filtration Methods

References for this Septic Media Filters Discussion

Peat Media Septic System Designs & Suppliers

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

Design Manuals for Septic Systems

Onsite Wastewater Disposal Books