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SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR

ADDITIVES / TREATMENTS for SEPTIC SYSTEMS
AEROBIC SEPTIC SYSTEMS
ALTERNATING BED SEPTIC SYSTEMS

BACKUP PREVENTION, SEPTIC
BACKUP PREVENTION, SEWER LINE
BACKWATER VALVES, SEWER LINE
BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS
BOOKS, RECOMMENDED SEPTIC
BOOKSTORE, SEPTIC SYSTEMS

CESSPOOLS
CESSPOOL SAFETY WARNINGS
CHECK VALVES, WATER SUPPLY
CHEMICALS & TREATMENTS for SEPTICS
CHLORINE IN DRINKING WATER
CISTERNS
CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR

D BOX TROUBLESHOOTING
DEFINITIONS OF SEPTIC SYSTEM TERMS
DIFFICULT SEPTIC SITES
DISTRIBUTION-BOX INSPECTION, SEPTIC
DRAINFIELD FAILURE DIAGNOSIS
DRIVING or PARKING OVER SEPTIC COMPONENTS?
DRYWELL DESIGN & USES

EFFLUENT RETENTION TIME

FILTERS SEPTIC & GREYWATER
FLOOD DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, SAFETY & CLEANUP
FLOODED SEPTIC SYSTEMS, REPAIR

GARBAGE DISPOSAL vs SEPTICS
GRAVELLESS SEPTIC SYSTEMS
GRAVITY/SIPHON DOSING SYSTEMS
GREYWATER SYSTEMS

HOME BUYERS GUIDE to SEPTIC SYSTEMS
HOME SELLERS GUIDE TO SEPTIC INSPECT

LAGOON SEPTIC SYSTEMS
LEACHFIELD FAILURE DIAGNOSIS

MEDIA FILTER SEPTIC SYSTEMS
MOUND SEPTIC SYSTEMS

NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE

ODORS & SMELLS DIAGNOSIS & CURE
ODOR DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST
ODORLESS CHEMICALS / GASES: CHECK FOR?
ODORS, PLUMBING SYSTEM
ODORS, SEPTIC or SEWER
ODORS, SULPHUR SMELL SOURCES
OUTHOUSES & LATRINES

PLANTS & TREES OVER SEPTIC SYSTEMS
PRESSURE DOSING SEPTIC SYSTEMS

RAISED BED SEPTIC SYSTEMS

SAND BED SEPTIC SYSTEMS
SEEPAGE PITS

SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY
SEPTIC AUTHORITIES, DESIGN REGS
SEPTIC BACKUP PREVENTION
SEPTIC BACKUP REPAIR
SEPTIC BOOK, FREE ONLINE
SEPTIC BOOKSTORE
SEPTIC BIOMATS
SEPTIC CARE INSTRUCTIONS
SEPTIC CLEARANCE DISTANCES
SEPTIC CODES & REFERENCES
SEPTIC CONSULTANTS

SEPTIC D-BOX INSPECTION
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD FAILURE DIAGNOSIS
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD INSPECTION & TEST
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD LIFE
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD LOCATION
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD RESTORERS?
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SIZE
SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SHAPE
SEPTIC DRAWINGS
SEPTIC DYE TEST PROCEDURE

SEPTIC FAILURE LAWSUIT
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SEPTIC FILTERS
SEPTIC FLOOD RESPONSE
SEPTIC HOLDING TANKS

SEPTIC INSPECTION & TEST GUIDE
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SEPTIC PUMPS
SEPTIC PUMPING REPAIR
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SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY
SEPTIC SUPPLIES & PARTS

SEPTIC SYSTEM DEFINITIONS
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN BASICS
SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL - Online
SEPTIC SYSTEM, HOME BUYERS GUIDE
SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECTION & TEST GUIDE
SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECTION CLASS
SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECTION LEVELS
SEPTIC SYSTEM ODORS
SEPTIC SYSTEM PUMPS
SEPTIC SYSTEM SAFETY WARNINGS
SEPTIC SYSTEM TYPES, MASTER LIST

SEPTIC TANKS
SEPTIC TANK BAFFLES
SEPTIC TANK COVERS
SEPTIC TANK, HOW TO FIND
SEPTIC TANK INSPECTION PROCEDURE
  CLEANING SEPTIC TANKS
  MEASURE SCUM & SLUDGE
    Frequency of Tank Pumping Depends
    Floating Scum Layer Defined
    Settled Sludge Layer Defined
    Other Measures Scum / Sludge
    What Scum Sludge Thickness = Pump Needed
    Net Free Area - Septic Working Volume
    HOW TO MEASURE SEPTIC SCUM LAYER
    HOW TO MEASURE SEPTIC SLUDGE LAYER
    TUBE for MEASURING SCUM & SLUDGE
    ELECTRIC MONITOR for SCUM & SLUDGE
  SEPTIC TANK INSPECTION CHECLIST
  STEEL SEPTIC TANKS
  CONCRETE SEPTIC TANKS
  FIBERGLASS / PLASTIC SEPTIC TANKS
  HOME MADE SITE BUILT TANKS
  SEPTIC TANK BAFFLES
  SEPTIC TANK COVERS
  SEPTIC TANK SOLIDS & SCUM
  SEWAGE LEVELS in SEPTIC TANKS
SEPTIC TANK LEAKS
SEPTIC TANK LEVELS of SEWAGE
SEPTIC TANK PUMPING PROCEDURE
  Safety Warnings
  CLEANING SEPTIC TANKS
  WHEN to CLEAN THE SEPTIC TANK
  WHEN NOT TO PUMP A SEPTIC TANK
  Find the Septic Tank - a Photo Guide
  How to Open Septic Tanks
  Open the Septic Tank
  SEPTIC TANK INSPECTION PROCEDURE
  Inspect Before Pumping
  SEWAGE LEVELS in SEPTIC TANKS
  MEASURE SCUM & SLUDGE
  SEWAGE LEVELS in SEPTIC TANKS
  EFFLUENT RETENTION TIME
  Pumper Truck Operation
  Pumping the Septic Tank
  Inspect During Pumping
  Washing Septic Tank Sides/Bottom
  Inspect After Pumping
  Close the Septic Tank
  Record Septic Tank Location
  Safety Warnings to Owners
  SEPTIC PUMPING CONCLUSIONS
SEPTIC TANK PUMPING REASONS
SEPTIC TANK PUMPING SCHEDULE
SEPTIC TANK SAFETY
SEPTIC TANK SIZE
SEPTIC TANK TEES
SEPTIC TESTS: DYE & LOADING TESTS
SEPTIC TREATMENTS & CHEMICALS

SEPTIC VIDEOS

SEWAGE & SEPTIC CONTAMINANTS
SEWAGE & SEPTIC CONTAMINANTS
SEWAGE CONTAMINATION in buildings
SEWAGE CONTAMINANTS in FRUIT / VEGETABLES
SEWAGE EJECTOR / GRINDER PUMPS
SEWAGE LEVELS in SEPTIC TANKS
SEWAGE NITROGEN CONTAMINANTS
SEWAGE PATHOGENS in SEPTIC SLUDGE
SEWAGE PUMPS
SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION
SEWER GAS ODORS
SEWER LINE REPLACEMENT

SINKHOLES, WARNING SIGNS
SMELL PATCH TEST to Track Down Odors
SOAKAWAY BED FAILURE DIAGNOSIS
SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES
SUMP PUMPS

TOILETS, INSPECT, INSTALL, REPAIR
TOILET ALTERNATIVES
TOILET FLUSHOMETER VALVES
TOILET INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
TOILET OVERFLOW EMERGENCY
TOILET PLUGS, SEWER BACKUP
TOILET REPAIR GUIDE
TOILET TISSUE CHOICES
TOILET TYPES
Toilet Types, Flush Methods
TOILETS, DON'T FLUSH LIST
TRAPS on PLUMBING FIXTURES
TREATMENTS & CHEMICALS, SEPTIC

VIDEO GUIDES: Septic Videos

WASHING MACHINES & SEPTIC SYSTEMS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT BASICS
WATER, WELLS, WATER TANKS: TESTING GUIDE
WATER PURIFIERS
WATER QUALITY TESTS, CONTAMINANTS, TREATMENT
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WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT CHOICES
WELLS CISTERNS & SPRINGS
WELL CLEARANCES
WETLAND SEPTIC SYSTEMS
WINTERIZE A BUILDING

More Information

How to measure septic tank scum and sludge thickness - USDA DJF Simple Tools Used to Measure Septic Tank Floating Scum Thickness and Sludge Level in the Septic Tank
InspectAPedia®  -      

  • How to make a septic tank sludge & scum measuring tool
  • Electronic septic tank scum and sludge level monitoring - also for grease traps
  • Guide to septic tank scum and sludge layers in deciding when to pump a septic tank
  • Questions & answers about buying or making a tool to measure the thickness of the septic tank scum layer or sludge layer
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers nor with topics or services discussed at this website.

Tools for measuring septic tank scum / sludge: this article explains the necessity of measuring the thickness of the floating scum layer in a septic tank and of measuring the thickness of the settled scum layer in a septic tank as well. We include descriptions of how to make septic sludge and scum measuring tools and how to use them. Whether your system is a conventional septic tank and drain field, an above ground septic system, or even a holding tank, pumping and inspecting the septic tank is a critical septic tank maintenance and septic system maintenance chore. Septic tank pumping pumping frequency guidance is provided in a table at our website (see links at page left.) When the septic tank is pumped, measurements of the scum layer and sludge layer tell you the condition of the system.

© Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website.

USDA / US FPS design for Septic Tank Sludge & Scum Measuring Tube

Septic tank scum and sludge measuring tube - USDA - DJFThese septic tank sludge/scum measurements, made or at least roughly estimated by the septic pumping contractor at the time that a septic tank is pumped, provide key information that permits the home owner to know

1) whether or not the septic tank is being pumped often enough, and

2) whether or not there is evidence that the septic fields have been damaged by having not pumped the tank soon enough.

Use of this information at other websites, in books or pamphlets for sale is reserved to the author. Technical review by industry experts has been performed and is ongoing - reviewers are listed at "References."

At SEWAGE LEVELS in SEPTIC TANKS we explain how to interpret the meaning of high or low sewage levels in the septic tank as well as thick or thin scum or sludge levels. Readers of this document should be sure to review our table of septic tank pumping frequency. This article is part of our series: Inspecting, Testing, & Maintaining Residential Septic Systems. Also see Diagnosing Clogged Drains Is it a blocked drain or the septic system? If you can't find your septic tank see How to Find The Septic Tank - tips on locating septic tanks for inspection and septic tank pumping.

The USDA/FPS sketch at above left shows a tube and rubber ball design that can be used for measuring both the septic tank floating scum layer, and the septic tank bottom sludge layer thickness.

The tube can be constructed using acrylic plastic (as shown) or a PVC plastic pipe (more readily available. All you need is a rubber ball that is a bit larger than the inside diameter of the pipe, some string, a washer, cotter pin or wire, and a scrap of wood for a handle.

The length of pipe needs to be long enough to safely reach the tank bottom without you having to lean over or reach into the tank, but short enough to be easy to handle. Eight feet should be plenty. If you find that your septic tank bottom is just four or five feet below the ground surface you can later cut some excess off of the pipe.

Below we include the USDA sketch showing how this measuring tube can easily measure both the floating scum layer in the septic tank and the bottom sludge layer thickness in the tank.

How to measure septic tank scum and sludge thickness - USDA DJF

 

At left is an illustration showing how the pipe and rubber ball measuring system is used to measure septic tank scum layer and bottom sludge layer.

Watch out: opening, leaning over, or falling into a septic tank is dangerous and can be fatal. Do not work alone. See the safety warnings at SEPTIC SYSTEM SAFETY WARNINGS.

Electronic Monitors for Septic Tank Scum & Sludge Levels

Septic tank monitor

Below at References we also describe an electronic septic tank monitor or grease trap monitor from Worldstone. These devices can track sludge, scum, or grease levels in order to best schedule septic tank pumping or grease trap cleaning. This product is suitable for commercial installations and possibly for some residential septic tank systems.

According to the company, "Data from monitors can help establish appropriate service intervals, and document maintenance for regulatory compliance. Alarm features can help detect abnormal conditions and prevent costly backups."The company also produces an oil tank level monitor.

Thanks to reader Robert Shirley for this tip.

OPINION - DF: this product is a great idea for commercial installations or problem septic installations. Substituting actual septic tank scum layer thickness or scum level thickness data for the septic tank pumping schedule table above may allow the tank to be opened and pumped less often - saving some money.

Watch out: But don't forget that regular opening and inspection of the septic tank, such as happens when the septic tank is to be pumped out or "cleaned", gives an additional opportunity to check for other septic system problems that could be leading to a costly failure, but that don't directly concern the septic tank sludge or scum layer thickness. Examples include the discovery of lost or damaged septic tank baffles, septic tanks leaks that allow ground water to flood the septic system, or septic tank leaks out of the tank.

Questions & Answers regarding this article

Questions & answers about buying or making a tool to measure the thickness of the septic tank scum layer or sludge layer.

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Technical Reviewers & References

  • InspectAPedia.com® - Daniel Friedman - Publisher & Editor.
  • InspectAPedia Bookstore lists recommended books, organized by topic & available for purchase. Most of our articles also list books on the specific article topic as well as other references, and information sources.
  • Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest corrections or additions to articles at this website, and if you wish, to receive online listing and credit as a contributor. Particular thanks are due to the many experts and also consumers who read and critique technical articles at InspectAPedia.com.
  • Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.

Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

  MEASURE SCUM & SLUDGE
    Frequency of Tank Pumping Depends
    Floating Scum Layer Defined
    Settled Sludge Layer Defined
    Other Measures Scum / Sludge
    What Scum Sludge Thickness = Pump Needed
    Net Free Area - Septic Working Volume
    HOW TO MEASURE SEPTIC SCUM LAYER
    HOW TO MEASURE SEPTIC SLUDGE LAYER
    TUBE for MEASURING SCUM & SLUDGE
    ELECTRIC MONITOR for SCUM & SLUDGE

  • Septic Tank/Soil-Absorption Systems: How to Operate & Maintain [ copy on file as /septic/Septic_Operation_USDA.pdf ] - , Equipment Tips, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 8271 1302, 7100 Engineering, 2300 Recreation, September 1982, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfimage/82711302.pdf.
  • Septic Tank Leaks - how and why septic tank leaks cause septic system failures
  • Septic Contaminants, identifying - what are the contaminants produced by septic systems and what can be done about them if they escape initial treatment?
  • Septic Tank Sludge and Floating Scum: what makes up the contents of residential sewage
  • Safety: Septic System, Septic Tank, & Cesspool Safety Warnings for Septic Inspectors, Septic Pumpers, and Homeowners
  • Components of Septic Tank Sludge and Floating Scum: what makes up the contents of residential sewage
  • SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN BASICS
  • Septic System Additives and "Helpers"
  • Buyer's Guide Home Buyer's Guide to Septic Systems, Inspection & Testing - What to Do, Step by Step.
  • SEPTIC SYSTEM DEFINITIONS of septic system terms
  • Planting Over Septic Systems: trees, shrubs, groundcover over the septic system: what can you plant over or near septic system components without causing a problem?
  • Sewer Gas Odors diagnosing, finding, and curing septic tank and sewer line smells
  • Ten Steps to Keeping a Septic System Working, suggestions from the U.S. EPA, edits and additions by DJF
  • What is a Septic System An Engineer's View & Septic System FAQ's
  • Sketches of the Septic System Components Private Sewage Disposal Systems - Septic Drawing Library
  • SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
  • SEWAGE LEVELS in SEPTIC TANKS - details on normal and abnormal levels and what they mean.
  • Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission to use illustrations from their publication, The Illustrated Home which illustrates construction details and building components. Carson Dunlop provides home inspection education including the ASHI-adopted Home Inspection Training Program (home study course), publications such as the Home Reference Book, report writing materials including the Horizon report writer, and home inspection services. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
  • Thanks to Richard at Effluent Services, Ltd., Cambridge 3434 NZ for the suggestions regarding the significance of the septic tank floating scum layer and settled sludge layer. New Zealand readers can contact this septic system service company at 07 827 0436 or Waikato Wide: 0800 EFFLUENT.
  • Thanks to reader Robert Shirley, Calgary, for discussing alternative ways to measure septic tank sludge, including the relatively low cost electronic system on the market from Worldstone Inc. (SepticWatch) - a system to monitor sludge and scum and grease levels in grease traps or septic tanks - 04/20/2010
  • Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission to use illustrations from their publication, The Illustrated Home which illustrates construction details and building components. Carson Dunlop provides home inspection education including the ASHI-adopted Home Inspection Training Program (home study course), publications such as the Home Reference Book, report writing materials including the Horizon report writer, and home inspection services. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
  • Worldstone, http://www.worldstoneinc.com/ electronic monitors, including via internet, for grease traps, septic tanks, oil tanks - manufactured by F.O.G. Solutions, 1348 Delta Drive, Saginaw, MI 48638, 866 279-2824, 989-928-1806, Fax 480-247-4983. The Company also makes an oil tank level monitor.
    "Worldstone Inc. is a Braintree Massachusetts based company that specializes in separation tank monitoring. Using established ultrasonic technologies, Worldstone’s GREASEwatch, SEPTICwatch and OILwatch monitors capture critical tank information and transfers data to city officials, end users or service providers creating a safer, cost effective solution to manual inspections. Data from monitors can help establish appropriate service intervals, and document maintenance for regulatory compliance. Alarm features can help detect abnormal conditions and prevent costly backups.
    Worldstone monitors are currently assisting over 200 major restaurants, hospitals, prisons, casinos and city officials across the United States."

    Septic Tank Monitoring:
    "The SEPTICwatch monitor provides continuous monitoring of the sludge, scum, temperature and liquid levels [in a septic tank]. ... real-time information on actual changes as a percentage of permissible floating solids, bottom solids and total solids. It also provides the immediate status of the liquid level within the tank in inches. Using the monitor's programmable Control Unit, the tank's optimum level for pumping is set, so the tank can be pumped when it's actually needed. The [septic tank] monitor's Control Unit can also be programmed to warn of dangerously high solid levels and lower than normal/higher than normal liquid levels - emergency conditions that could indicate system failure."
    Grease Trap Monitoring
    :
    "...GREASEwatch monitor uses ultrasonic transducers and an embedded microprocessor to continuously monitor the sludge, scum, liquid levels and temperature in your grease trap. ... get real-time information on incremental changes in the levels of floating solids, bottom solids and total solids at the touch of a button. ... the immediate status of the liquid level in the trap in inches. The Control Unit can be programmed to indicate how full the tank should be before pumping, so there's no more guessing when it's time for service. The GREASEwatch monitor lets you plan a pumping level that meets your needs and protects your investment."
  • Ten Steps to Keeping a Septic System Working, suggestions from the U.S. EPA, edits and additions by DJF
  • Pennsylvania State Fact Sheets relating to domestic wastewater treatment systems include
    • Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-161, Septic System Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment
    • Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-162, The Soil Media and the Percolation Test
    • Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-l64, Mound Systems for Wastewater Treatment
    • Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-165, Septic Tank-Soil Absorption Systems
    • Document Sources used for this web page include but are not limited to: Agricultural Fact Sheet #SW-161 "Septic Tank Pumping," by Paul D. Robillard and Kelli S. Martin. Penn State College of Agriculture - Cooperative Extension, edited and annotated by Dan Friedman (Thanks: to Bob Mackey for proofreading the original source material.)
  • Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
  • Home Reference Book - Carson Dunlop The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 2010, $69.00 U.S., is available from Carson Dunlop, and from the InspectAPedia bookstore. The 2010 edition of the Home Reference Book is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. InspectAPedia.com ® author/editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

  • Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
  • Inspecting Septic Systems: Online Book, Inspection, Test, Diagnosis, Repair, & Maintenance: our Online Septic Book: Septic Testing, Loading & Dye Tests, Septic Tank Pumping, Clearances, details of onsite waste disposal system inspection, testing, repair procedures.

  • Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies, Anish R. Jantrania, Mark A. Gross. Anish Jantrania, Ph.D., P.E., M.B.A., is a Consulting Engineer, in Mechanicsville VA, 804-550-0389 (2006). Outstanding technical reference especially on alternative septic system design alternatives. Written for designers and engineers, this book is not at all easy going for homeowners but is a text I recommend for professionals--DF.
  • Builder's Guide to Wells and Septic Systems, Woodson, R. Dodge: $ 24.95; MCGRAW HILL B; TP; Quoting from Amazon's description: For the homebuilder, one mistake in estimating or installing wells and septic systems can cost thousands of dollars. This comprehensive guide filled with case studies can prevent that. Master plumber R. Dodge Woodson packs this reader-friendly guide with guidance and information, including details on new techniques and materials that can economize and expedite jobs and advice on how to avoid mistakes in both estimating and construction. Chapters cover virtually every aspect of wells and septic systems, including on-site evaluations; site limitations; bidding; soil studies, septic designs, and code-related issues; drilled and dug wells, gravel and pipe, chamber-type, and gravity septic systems; pump stations; common problems with well installation; and remedies for poor septic situations. Woodson also discusses ways to increase profits by avoiding cost overruns.
  • Country Plumbing: Living with a Septic System, Hartigan, Gerry: $ 9.95; ALAN C HOOD & TP; Quoting an Amazon reviewer's comment, with which we agree--DF:This book is informative as far as it goes and might be most useful for someone with an older system. But it was written in the early 1980s. A lot has changed since then. In particular, the book doesn't cover any of the newer systems that are used more and more nowadays in some parts of the country -- sand mounds, aeration systems, lagoons, etc.

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