Classroom presentation on how to inspect, diagnose, and test septic systems, septic tanks, septic piping, and septic drainfields.
Class notes on septic pumps and alarms
Class notes on septic loading and dye test procedures
Questions & answers about how to inspect septic systems or test them
This septic system inspection and testing classroom presentation explains Onsite Wastewater Disposal / Private Septic System Inspection, Operation, Maintenance, and Repair
to Clients. It describes detailed procedures for visual inspection of septic systems, septic system testing including
loading and dye tests and other procedures, invasive
inspection methods, septic capacity evaluation, & reporting the condition of septic systems, drywells, cesspools, leachfields, galleys and other
onsite waste disposal systems and equipment.
InspectAPedia offers impartial, unbiased advice without conflicts of interest.
We will block advertisements which we discover or readers inform us are associated with bad business practices,
false-advertising, or junk science. Our contact info is at
InspectAPedia.com/Contact.htm.
Future trends in on site waste / wastewater disposal & legislation pertaining to septic systems and
groundwater contamination are also discussed.
Links at the end of this class presentation provide specific and detailed articles about
locating and inspecting each specific component of a septic system as well as a detailed
procedure for conducting a septic loading and dye test.
Readers should see our home page, the Septic Information Website for the complete list of septic system design, installation, inspection, diagnosis, maintenance, and repair articles available online.
The author is a Massachusetts Licensed Title 5 Septic Inspector, and a licensed home inspector New York State License # 16000005303 (inception to 2008).
Other credentials are at our bio and our contact information available online.
Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest corrections or additions to articles at this website, and if you wish, to receive online listing and credit as a contributor. Particular thanks are due to the many experts and also consumers who read and critique technical articles at InspectAPedia.com.
Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.
Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.
What is a Septic System - What is Onsite Wastewater Disposal?
Class with text and illustrations for the inspection, testing, and diagnosis of septic systems (onsite wastewater disposal systems)
provided by Daniel Friedman at
Inspection Training Associates
Inspection Expo '98, Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas NV
October 1-4, 1998 [updated and expanded through 12/04/2006]
Waste is disposed-of on the property rather than being piped to a municipal sewage treatment plant. Actually
this is speaking carelessly. More precisely, solid waste is retained in a holding (septic) tank from which it is
periodically removed for disposal at an approved dumping facility. Clarified effluent is discharged from the
tank (onsite wastewater) and is allowed to seep into the soil on the property.
Explaining septic systems to clients
"Yuck! You mean sewage stays in my yard?" I don't want that stuff on my property!
Yep. But not to worry, properly installed and
maintained, the system can be sanitary and unobtrusive. It's true however that
some maintenance is needed, particularly periodically pumping the tank. We'll talk about that in a minute. First let's look
at a very basic understanding of what's installed and how it works.
What are the Functions of a Septic System:
In a typical modern system, waste from house
plumbing, (kitchen sink, bathroom sink, shower, toilet, laundry) flows through
house waste pipes into a two-part system: a septic tank, whose job is to
retain all solid waste, and a soil absorption system whose job is to
permit clarified effluent (liquid from the tank) to seep into the soil. In the
absorption system bacteria which occur naturally in the soil digest septic
bacteria and other pathogens so that the liquid is eventually sanitary and
doesn't contaminate the private wells, ponds, or streams. There is some
bacterial action in the tank but most of it, and all of the important action
occurs in the soil absorption system.
What are the Components of a Typical Septic System (Onsite Waste Disposal System)
What is the Septic Tank and What's its Function?
The septic tank in a modern system is a water tight container, usually concrete, sometimes fiberglass. Older steel tanks were used in many areas but
might be considered a problem because of both small size and because eventually they rust out and fail. The tank is normally "full" of liquid and
waste all the time. Since the tank is normally water tight, if we run 100 gallons of water in the house, 100 gallons of water enters the tank and pushes 100 gallons of effluent out of the tank into the soil absorption system.
The job of the septic tank is to keep solid waste from flowing out into the
absorption system where it would clog the soil absorption system. Floating debris such as grease collects in the scum layer. Heavier solid waste
eventually settles to the bottom of the tank.
Some wastewater treatment occurs in the tank, up to perhaps 40% of the total treatment needed before wastewater is discharged to the environment. Treatment in the
septic tank includes mostly anaerobic bacterial action and conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia.
Anaerobic treatment in a conventional septic tank is slow and incomplete. You can see that the "tees" or baffles to permit only liquid effluent to flow out of the
tank to the absorption field. Alternative septic system designs, and there are quite a few, include aerobic septic systems which, by
adding oxygen and air to the septic tank, increase the level of treatment there. Septic tanks require periodic cleaning to remove solids - more on that later at Pumping Septic Tanks.
Alternative septic system designs such as aerobic septic tanks use a pump to add air (oxygen) to the septic tank or other methods to increase the level of sewage treatment in the tank. But beware of just adding an air pump to a conventional septic tank not designed for that purpose: the continued agitation waste in such a tank can lead to rapid clogging failure of the drainfield. See Septic System Design for a wide variety of alternative septic system designs including aerobic and others.
More Reading about Septic System Basics and Septic Tanks
Buyer's Guide Home Buyer's Guide to Septic Systems Inspection & Testing - What to Do, Step by Step.
Retention Time in Septic Tanks Septic Tank Pumping Guide discusses retention time and "net free area" in a tank (allowing for sludge and scum layers)
Septic Tank Inspection Procedure - How to Inspect Septic Tanks and evaluate the septic tank condition, baffles, sludge levels, damage, evidence of septic failure, etc.
Septic Tank Location - How to Find the Septic Tank, how deep will the cover be, how to document its location
Tank Tees & Baffles: septic tank baffles and tees, design to prevent system clogging
Above you can see sketches of two commonly-used concrete septic tanks.
What is the Septic Leach Field. What are its Components and its Function?
Clarified effluent flows from the tank into a soil absorption system,
(SAS), also commonly called a drainfield, leach field, leaching bed. The drainfield is typically made of perforated pipes buried in
gravel-filled leaching trenches or in a leaching bed. There are other types of SAS as well, and in the case of alternative or slightly more sophisticated septic systems, perhaps a raised bed or sand
bed system.
The job of the soil absorption system is to treat the effluent by removing contaminants. This happens as the effluent
soaks into the soil where bacterial action and filtration take place to convert unsanitary liquid to a sanitary condition before it flows onward deeper into
the soil or ultimately to other locations. A biological mat forms below the SAS and performs this treatment.
Here's a sketch of side and top views of a system. Notice the three "drop boxes" also called distribution
boxes which are used to connect several perforated pipes together.
Here's an idea of how effluent flows into the soil from the soil absorption system:
The job of the distribution box, or drop-box, or "d-box" is to provide equal distribution to each absorption pipe or
trench, or in some cases to allow you to adjust the flow of septic effluent unevenly among various leachfield
lines if that's needed.
Notice that in proper operation the effluent is moving down, not up to the surface.
More Reading about Septic System Drainfields or Leach Fields
Absorption Field Design size and specifications for leach fields, absorption beds, gravelless systems, seepage pits
Planting Over Septic Systems: trees, shrubs, groundcover over the septic system: what can you plant over or near septic system components without causing a problem?
Special Types of Septic Systems and Alternative Septic Designs
Older properties used systems such as cesspools,
or tanks connected to DRYWELL DESIGN & USES or seepage pits which worked but often have more limited capacity and/or life. Special land forms may require
special systems. In areas where there is limited space, rocky soil, or other limitations, mound systems (bring in fill for rocky sites), dosing systems
(pumps to overcome elevation restrictions) , sand filter beds (alternative treatment) , and other special systems such as recirculating
sand filters and even systems that inject chlorine into effluent for discharge into waterways may be installed. We discuss special systems if we
have reason to believe that one is installed at the property being inspected. Different test procedures may be required! See Septic System Design for a wide variety of these alternative septic system designs.
More Reading about Alternative Septic System Designs - Handling Difficult or Problem Sites
Dosing Systems, Pressure - Pressure dosing, using manifold systems, rigid pipe systems, and drip irrigation systems to control movement of septic effluent to the absorption system
Types, Causes, and Failure Criteria for Septic Systems: Defining "Failed" Onsite Wastewater Treatment or Disposal
This section lists types of failure of septic system failure by individual system component,
the common causes of each septic component failure, and provides defining "septic failure criteria".
More detailed "how to" steps instructing how to inspect specific septic components for signs of failure are
discussed at my separate online book chapter in text that compliments material here:
How Does Each Septic System Component Fail?
If you link to that book-text, please return to the class-text here using your browser's "BACK" button. Otherwise the reader may be
confused about where you are, as the text in this class section below appears later in the book text as well.
In simplest terms, there are two visible disposal failures:
Toilets or other fixtures back up into the house - but first see "Diagnosing Clogged Drains then return here using your browser's "BACK" button.
Effluent or sewage appears at the surface of the yard, or the neighbor's yard!
Septic odors may also indicate a system failure or an imminent failure. But such odors
may also be produced by defects in the plumbing vent system or other site conditions. Beware, sewer gas contains
methane and is explosive if it reaches a dangerous concentration inside a building.
Typical causes range from things that are easy and cheap to repair, to a need for complete system replacement:
Clogged pipes
Broken pipes
Damaged tank
Tipped distribution box
Clogged/broken soil absorption piping
Clogged absorption soils (grease & solids)
Saturated soil absorption area
However there can also be treatment failures.
Effluent may not back up or appear on the surface, but if insufficiently
treated effluent reaches a private well or any stream or waterway, the
environment is being contaminated -- an unacceptable condition. Historically
many people have just worried about disposal. As the quality of drinking water
deteriorates in many areas and as population grows in many previously
thinly-populated areas, proper treatment has become the real concern for
everyone's health.
For example, if there is not sufficient soil
between the bottom of the soil absorption system trenches and the local
groundwater, the local environment is being contaminated.
Other causes of onsite wastewater disposal system failure:
Driving over the absorption system, leach field, drainfield
Paving over the absorption system
Flooding the absorption system with surface or roof runoff, or rocky, poorly-drained or under-sized sites may simply lack capacity
Improper original construction , especially on rocky, poorly-drained sites (pipes settle, for example)
Tipped or flooded distribution boxes, resulting in uneven loading of soil absorption system lines
Use of septic tank or drain field additives which claim to extend system life can generate so much activity in the tank that
solids are held in suspension and forced into the soil absorption system! Do
not add any treatments, chemicals, yeast, or other treats to a septic system. In general these treatments don't work, may ruin the system, and
are illegal in many localities. There is no magic bullet to repair a bad SAS.
Rusting steel tank covers can cause death! Rusted covers can collapse. I have reports of
children and adults who have died from this hazard, as recently as December 1997. In 2000 I consulted in a fatality involving an adult falling into a cesspool.
At a building inspection I myself stepped through a hidden, rusted-through steel septic tank cover.
Falling into a septic tank, drywell, or cesspool is quickly fatal, either from being buried by falling soils and debris, or by asphyxiation. Septic gases are highly toxic and can kill in just minutes
of exposure. Even leaning over an empty (just pumped) tank has led to collapse and fatality of a septic pumper.
Concrete tank lids: can be damaged by vehicle traffic; heavy duty covers are available.
Steel tank baffles: rust out and fall off, permitting solids to enter the soil absorption system
Steel tank bottoms rust out permitting effluent to leak into soils around the tank, possibly giving a large void in tank at time of testing,
thus subverting a loading or dye test;
Leaky septic tanks: a septic tank should be water tight. If ground or surface water leak into the tank the result is often a flooded and failed drainfield; if sewage effluent leak out of the septic tank the result is the discharge of inadequately treated effluent into the soils and in the case of a very leaky septic tank, the result may also be a too-rapid loss of effluent in the septic tank resulting in too rapid build-up of solids and total system clogging and failure.
Concrete tanks can crack or sections may separate causing leaks with the same effects as just stated
Concrete tank baffles: may erode from chemicals, detergents, poor concrete mix, water flowing over top of baffles, or may be broken by improper pumping procedures
Houses clustered around a lake: often will have a marginal system as properties were crowded
together, built as part-time summer-camps, were built without code supervision, and often were built using amateur, marginal home-made systems.
Age: eventually even a well-maintained SAS will clog and have to be replaced.
List of Septic System (Onsite Waste Disposal System) Failure Criteria
Massachusetts Title 5 lists specific failure criteria and serves as
a good model for septic inspections anywhere.
Backup anywhere in the system
Discharge of effluent to the surface, stream, etc. regardless of
whether or not septic dye is observed
Static effluent level above outlet in the D-box
System has to be pumped more than 4x/year
Metal septic tanks (municipality dependent; note that in special
site conditions small metal tanks may be the "only" solution and
may be approved by local officials. An owner/buyer must be informed of the
implications of such installations.)
Soil Absorption System (or cesspool, etc) is at a depth exposing
it to the maximum groundwater level
List of Cesspool Failure Criteria (MA)
less
than 6" of freeboard
less than 1/2 day's storage
within100 ft. of a pond or dug well (surface water supply)
within50 ft. of a private well (modern sanitary well)
between50 and 100 ft from a private well if well fails bacteria test
inMA, within Zone 1 of a public well
BOH evaluation is required if within 50ft of any surface water
List of Drainfield/Soil Absorption System Failures (leach fields, drain fields, seepage pits)
Breakout of effluent observed (& I consider odors as well)
BOH evaluation in MA if within 100 ft of surface water supply
within Zone 1 of a public well
within 50ft of a private well
between 50ft and 100ft of a private well if well fails bacteria test.
SEPTIC FAILURE SPOTS - Where septic system trouble is likely to show up regardless of septic dye testing
Maintenance Needs of Septic Systems
A principal measure to avoid system failure
is periodic tank pumping. Systems can appear to "work" for a
long time without maintenance. Modern system failure theory talks about systems
that "crash." This means that a system can appear to be ok for a
long while but may actually be getting in so much trouble that by the time a
problem is noticed it's too late to do anything about it. The system crashes
and is beyond repair. When a tank is not pumped sufficiently often there is
less settling time for waste entering the tank, so small bits of floating
solids are pushed out into and begin clogging the soil absorption system, shortening
and eventually ending its life. I've found 9-year old systems which were in
total failure for this reason.
Septic Tank pumping frequency depends on these variables:
Septic Tank size or capacity
The volume of wastewater (number of occupants)
Amount of solids in wastewater (garbage disposers)
Table I at Septic Tank Pumping Guide: When, Why, How
provides details of tank size in gallons, number of occupants in the building, and tank pumping
frequency in years.
Septic tanks will not fail immediately if they are not
pumped. However, an un-maintained septic tank is no longer protecting the soil
absorption field from solids. Continued neglect may result in system failure
and even replacement of the soil absorption field. In some cases, site
limitations may make replacement of the absorption field impossible.
More Reading About How and When to Maintain the Septic System, When to Pump the Septic Tank
Biomat Formation in the Septic System Drainfield Absorption System - what leads to drain field clogging and expensive drainfield repairs
Septic System Inspection Safety & Health Concerns:
Before discussing inspecting septic systems, cesspools, septic tanks, drainfields, etc., critical
septic inspection safety issues must be reviewed. Making a mistake can result in a fatality for
the septic inspector, septic pumper, building occupants, or anyone who has the misfortune to walk over
and fall into an unsafe or collapsing system.
Do not enter septic tanks/cesspools (fatality reports)
Do not lean into septic tanks/cesspools (gas hazards, anoxia, asphyxiation)
Note and take appropriate actions regarding unsafe tank covers
Special hazards: pumping site-built cesspools, Long Island NY Fatality following Cesspool pump and collapse
Special hazards: unsafe covers, collapsing steel tanks and covers, New York near-miss falling into septic tank, potential fatality cases involving children at two sites
Septic collapse during exploratory excavation to find equipment
Note and take appropriate actions regarding site or building unsanitary conditions (sewage backups)
Do not bring sewage-contaminated clothing into your home
Tetanus inoculations needed if working in this field
Warnings which should be in writing and orally issued to
Septic and cesspool pumpers, workers, installers
Homeowners or building occupants
Rope off and prevent access immediately if you detect a collapse risk or unsafe cover. Inform all appropriate parties.
Read: Septic System Safety: Septic System, Septic Tank, & Cesspool Safety Warnings for Septic Inspectors, Septic Pumpers, and Homeowners
How to Inspect & Evaluate the Condition of Septic Systems - On Site Waste Disposal
Septic systems should be conducted in as non-intrusive
a manner as possible. Depending on the level of service being provided by the
inspector, local conditions, and client/owner requirements, the depth of
information collected and extent of testing performed will vary widely. The
steps described below give a general outline of types of investigation
possible.
Collect Historical Information about the Onsite Waste Disposal System
Collect existing information from owner, realtor,
municipality, if available: Original "as approved" or "as
built" plans showing system components, layout, type of use, design flow,
water use records, service (pumping) and repair records.
Visual Site Inspection of the Septic System:
Examine the site for possible component locations
& other clues:
On a property by a stream, pond, storm sewer, watch out for "repairs"
that extended the SAS into these locations.
Look for site problems: rocky areas, wet areas, areas taking surface or roof
runoff and prone to flooding, odors, unusual growth, green stripes marking
leach trenches, soggy sewage erupting at the surface, signs of recent
excavation.
If a well casing is visible note its location and distance from actual or
most likely septic component locations.
Notice dry as well as wet areas; if you perform a loading/dye test you'll want to
look for changes anywhere on the property.
Even if you are not performing a septic inspection or
test, if you are able to notice obvious signs of failure and fail to report them, you may be considered
not to have conducted your inspection with professional diligence in behalf of
your client.
How to Locate Septic System Components
We're talking about mostly buried stuff here.Remember that unless you actually find and open an
access cover and confirm flow from the house into it, all you're doing is identifying
typical or likely component locations in order to assist in understanding the
property and to look for signs of failure.
Septic Plans: Never assume
that the system was installed exactly according to plan. Never assume
that components are located in the most likely space unless you have hard
evidence. Never assume that a tank cover you see is for a system
still in use; it may have been abandoned.
Main waste pipe in house
indicates only the point of exit and a likely direction for septic
components; components may be anywhere, even off the property or actually
non-existent! Look for room for a tank and for room for the SAS.
Tanks: are often buried
close (10' or more) to the building as that's where there is backfill and
a place to bury this large object; but they can be quite remote.
Rectangular outline, depression,
dry or green growth may mark a concrete septic tank; Round outline
about 5' in diameter may mark a steel tank. Watch out for unsafe covers!
Recent excavations: may
mark septic components.
Tank covers, cleanout-access ports:
may be visible;
On a fairly new property
one would not expect the SAS to be located on a rocky ridge or amongst
dense mature trees where a backhoe would not have been able to pass for
excavation.
Sewage does not flow up-hill
unless there is a pump-system or siphon system installed
Basement plumbing: may
not empty into the main system - notice the level at which the main waste
line exits the building; if it's above basement fixtures and there is no
sewage pump system you should be looking for additional septic components.
Special equipment: is
available to locate pipes and tanks, using snakes and electronic sensors.
A septic contractor or plumber in your area may have these tools; even a
simple plumbing snake from the main house cleanout can indicate probable
distance to a tank.
Distances between septic system components and wells, streams, etc. are
detailed in my
Table of
Septic and Well Distances citing various authorities and distances
to streams, lakes, farm buildings, etc.
Depressions in the ground, especially near a building, may indicate the location of a septic tank; depressions in the drainfield often will mark the locations of leach bed lines, and similarly, a depression in the drainfield area in the shape of a small rectangle may indicate the location of a septic distribution box.
More Reading About How to Find Septic System Components
OUTSIDE SEPTIC INSPECTION - - Simple Visual Site Inspection Gives Key Information About Septic System Condition
Septic Tank Location - How to Find the Septic Tank, how deep will the cover be, how to document its location
Guide to Performing Septic Loading & Dye Tests
Septic Loading and Dye Testing is a useful, somewhat controversial, and not
conclusive test of a system involving placing a tracer dye in a toilet,
flushing the dye into the system, and running a reasonable test volume of water
(minimum 150 gallons or 50-gallons per bedroom) into the system to look for
signs of blockage in the building, backup in the building, or breakout of
effluent (possibly dyed) anywhere on or around the property. There is no question
that this procedure is useful in that it has disclosed numerous septic failures
and has proven that preexisting wet areas did, in fact, come from the septic
system. It will NOT find every failure condition. Below I describe the
general procedure for performing a loading and dye test of an onsite waste
disposal or "septic" system.
A very detailed description of this procedure
is at Septic Loading & Dye Test Procedure Details,
a chapter of "Inspecting, Testing, & Maintaining Residential Septic Systems"
Obtain owner permission.
If a buyer has indicated that a septic test is to be performed one might
expect the owner to have given permission for a loading and dye test but
it's not the case that an owner understands ahead of time what is going to
be done. If an owner objects to running water or performing a dye
test the inspector should not proceed with the test and should inform the
client, including the implications of the situation. A realtor present at
the inspection should, by virtue of the realtor agency for the seller, be
able to confirm that the septic test is to be performed.
Do not perform loading tests on certain systems: dosing systems and recirculating
sand bed systems may require that flows into them be limited in volume and
time; some systems can be damaged by excessive flooding.
Do not permit system pumpout right before testing:
an empty tank may be 1000 gallons or more; it
will not be filled by a typical loading and dye test, therefore the SAS
will not have been loaded at all, and false conclusions may be drawn about
the condition of the system.
If pumping and tank inspection are to be performed in conjunction
with a dye test: the optimum
procedure would be to open and inspect the tank at its normal operating
condition. The static level liquid in the tank (high, normal, low) may give
evidence of a problem that will be masked when the system is flooded. Tank
pumping may then be delayed until after the loading test has had
opportunity to test the SAS. If there is obvious tank damage (missing
baffles, collapsing tank, abnormal liquid levels) the dye test should not
proceed.
Document: when and where
water was run, at what fixtures, for what length of time, at what measured
or estimated average flow rate, and at what total volume.
Confirm water flow into main waste line:
from the fixtures where it is being run. Note
piping that may suggest presence of separate drywells and do not use
fixtures draining thereto for septic system testing. Document that
drywells were not tested if you're not performing additional tests
thereon.
Monitor water supply equipment during test:
if flow declines or stops, be sure to stop the
test to avoid possible damage to a well pump.
Watch for leaks and backup at fixtures:
check each fixture before walking away leaving
water running. Ask Douglas Hansen what happens if you don't do this.
Inspect: suspected SAS area
as well as all property areas for evidence of dye or effluent breakout
before and after the test.
Check nearby streams, storm drains: for presence of dyed effluent.
Dye often appears in 10-20
minutes if there is a gross system failure; however it may not appear for
5 days in some cases.
More Reading about Septic Loading and Dye Tests - Detailed Procedures
Dye Amounts, Water Volume: how much septic dye and how much water to use to perform a septic dye test
Dye Tests: how to perform a Septic Loading and Dye Test - the complete procedure for septic loading & dye testing, a septic function test
SEPTIC FAILURE SPOTS - Where septic system trouble is likely to show up regardless of septic dye testing
SPOTTING SEPTIC BREAKOUTS - Spotting Dyed Septic Effluent Breakout Outside - Where Septic Dye is Likely to Show Up During a Septic Dye
Excavating & Pumping Septic Tanks for Further Investigation of System Condition
This task is handled by a septic pumping company or a
company working along with a septic system inspector. I schedule the pumper to
arrive several hours after starting my inspection so I can do my loading test
if one is to be performed. A detailed septic report (such as required by MA
Title 5) includes:
Description of septic tank: age, size, condition, location
Distance between bottom of scum layer and bottom of outlet tee (want 2" or more else need pump)
Distance between top of scum layer and top of outlet tee (want 2" or more else need pump)
Thickness of scum layer
Depth of sludge layer and distance from top of sludge to bottom of outlet tee (want 12" or more else need pump)
Evidence of leakage into our out of tank (abnormal liquid top level)
Evidence of effluent backup (runs back into tank
during pumpdown). Note that a backup due to a
plugged line is not a system failure; backup due to leach area (SAS) plug
is considered a system failure.
Other defects such as damaged baffles and unsafe
tank covers.
More Reading About Pumping and Inspecting Septic Tanks
Septic Sludge & Scum Levels in Septic Tanks - Measuring the Level of Accumulated Solids, Sludge and Floating Scum in Treatment Tanks
Septic Tank Inspection Procedure - How to Inspect Septic Tanks and evaluate the septic tank condition, baffles, sludge levels, damage, evidence of septic failure, etc.
Septic Tank Location - How to Find the Septic Tank, how deep will the cover be, how to document its location
Septic Tank Pumping Frequency Guide for Septic Tanks: When, How, What to Watch For when pumping or cleaning septic tanks
Septic Tanks, Steel defects and inspection suggestions for steel septic tanks
Septic Tanks, Home Made defects and inspection suggestions for home made or site built septic tanks
Excavating & Inspecting Septic Distribution Boxes
Evidence of solids carryover from the tank
Leakage in or out of the D-box
Flow not moving equally into each distribution SAS line
Evidence of backup of effluent: stains showing
liquid level has been above the outlet tee - this would be considered
evidence of a system failure.
Inspecting the Soil Absorption System of an Onsite Wastewater Disposal System
The purpose of this component is to perform final treatment of effluent in a conventional
or advanced design septic system by permitting treated effluent to flow from the septic tank
(or other treatment tank) into the soil. Bacterial action and filtering there remove additional
pathogens to bring the discharged effluent to an acceptable level of sanitation, thus permitting
its discharge into the environment. "Soil absorption system" is a general term for what people call the "leach field," "leachfield,"
"drainage bed," "seepage area," "drip area" (usually in newer alternative design systems), "septic mound"
"galleys," "drain trenches" or similar terms. If you have synonyms to add to this list,
contact me and I'll add it here.
Signs of hydraulic failure
Condition of surface vegetation
Ponding in the disposal area
Encroachments into the SAS area (building a
pool, for example)
Other sources of hydraulic loading in the SAS
area (downspouts or area drainage)
More Reading about Septic System Testing
Dye Amounts, Water Volume: how much septic dye and how much water to use to perform a septic dye test
Dye Tests: how to perform a Septic Loading and Dye Test - the complete procedure for septic loading & dye testing, a septic function test
SPOTTING SEPTIC BREAKOUTS - Spotting Dyed Septic Effluent Breakout Outside - Where Septic Dye is Likely to Show Up During a Septic Dye
Recent & Future Trends in Onsite Waste Disposal Systems
Concern for Water Quality is increasing
Text under revision.
Effluent Disposal vs. Treatment
In many states including my own New York, focus has traditionally been on successful "disposal" of
effluent which has received Level-1 treatment by a septic tank. Successful onsite wastewater "disposal" means
we don't see the waste water on the surface of a property and that a dye test does not detect it being
discharged into nearby surface streams or lakes. But successful onsite wastewater treatment
means we are not contaminating the ground water. The Massachusetts Title 5 Septic Inspection standards
and procedures make this distinction but many states have not adopted such rigorous standards (as of
January 2006).
Legislation & Mandated Upgrades
Alternative and Advanced Onsite Waste Water Treatment & Disposal Systems are Available
A "conventional" septic tank and drainfield just won't work at some sites for reasons like these:
The site is too rocky for a conventional septic system or perhaps there is no soil at all.
The site is too small for a conventional septic system
The site is too wet for a conventional septic system
The site is too dry for a conventional septic system
The site is too steep for a conventional septic system
The site is too close to a lake or stream for a conventional septic system
The community or occupants cannot afford a conventional nor an expensive alternative septic system design.
There are solutions for most site problems, including septic handling and wastewater treatment systems that can
fit in a very small space and operate completely above ground. Alternative septic system designs and products
have increased significantly in number in the past 20 years as experts have experimented with media treatment
systems and alternative materials for treatment, septic tanks, and soil absorption or even evaporation systems.
Systems that use no water or only very little water, and very important, systems that re-use graywater from
a site have been designed.
We have published a large article series describing a variety of alternative septic system designs and also
have collected reference sources: books, government resources, online articles.
These articles and resources for alternative septic system designs are organized and listed at
ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS.
Global Warming and Onsite Waste Disposal Issues
12/4/2006: different areas will experience quite different concerns as weather conditions, sea levels, and
soil moisture are amended by the effects of global warming in the coming century, or perhaps much sooner.
Areas of Rising Sea Level and Effects on Septic Systems: Rising sea levels will saturate soils and make conventional in-soil disposal and treatment ineffective,
raising serious health concerns for very large populations of the earth who currently live at or close to sea level
and in coastal areas.
Amended Weather Patterns Resulting in More Rain and Effects on Septic Systems:: may occur in some areas as both sea currents (Gulf Stream)
relocate and air currents (Jet Stream) relocate. Areas of increased rainfall resulting in increased soil moisture
levels will reduce effluent disposal capability of conventional septic systems in those areas and may interfere with
treatment of effluent in the biomat.
Amended Weather Patterns Resulting in Less Rainfall and Effects on Septic Systems: areas becoming very dry may
ease effluent disposal in soils up to a point. But soil pathogens necessary to form and function as the biomat
that treats septic effluent require soil moisture. Too-dry soils may interfere with successful treatment.
Septic System Design Improvements and Products
New materials and products for septic tanks permit systems to be installed where there is no soil perc, or no soil at all.
Wastewater treatment systems are available which also can significantly reduce the distance required between septic components and wells, streams, lakes, etc.
Dosing Systems, Pressure - Pressure dosing, using manifold systems, rigid pipe systems, and drip irrigation systems to control movement of septic effluent to the absorption system
Here are links to examples of field data collection sheets used in preparation of a septic inspection report
Examples of final, written septic inspection and testing reports are available and can be provided on request
to the author.
See
our online septic system inspection course at Inspecting Onsite Waste Disposal Systems - Septic System Testing Methods & Procedures - a Classroom Presentation
Inspecting Onsite Waste Disposal Systems class, Explaining Septic System Operation to Clients; Visual Inspection, Testing, Invasive Inspection , Evaluation, Reporting; Future Trends, Legislation
OUTSIDE SEPTIC INSPECTION - - Simple Visual Site Inspection Gives Key Information About Septic System Condition
Septic Sludge & Scum Levels in Septic Tanks - Measuring the Level of Accumulated Solids, Sludge and Floating Scum in Treatment Tanks
Septic Tank Inspection Procedure - How to Inspect Septic Tanks and evaluate the septic tank condition, baffles, sludge levels, damage, evidence of septic failure, etc.
Septic Tank Location - How to Find the Septic Tank, how deep will the cover be, how to document its location
Dye Amounts, Water Volume: how much septic dye and how much water to use to perform a septic dye test
Dye Tests: how to perform a Septic Loading and Dye Test - the complete procedure for septic loading & dye testing, a septic function test
Failure Causes - Septic Systems Basic Septic Inspection Procedures: for septic tanks, septic drainfields, cesspools, drywells, distribution piping
Failure Causes - Septic Tanks - How to Inspect Septic Tanks and evaluate the septic tank condition, baffles, sludge levels, damage, evidence of septic failure, etc.
Media Filter Septic Systems types of alternative septic systems using sand, peat, textile, foam cube or other filter media, single pass vs. recirculating media filters, how to identify them.
Septic Sludge & Scum Levels in Septic Tanks - Measuring the Level of Accumulated Solids, Sludge and Floating Scum in Treatment Tanks
Septic Tank Inspection Procedure - How to Inspect Septic Tanks and evaluate the septic tank condition, baffles, sludge levels, damage, evidence of septic failure, etc.
Septic Tank Location - How to Find the Septic Tank, how deep will the cover be, how to document its location
SPOTTING SEPTIC BREAKOUTS - Spotting Dyed Septic Effluent Breakout Outside - Where Septic Dye is Likely to Show Up During a Septic Dye
Septic System References & Books
"International Private Sewage Disposal Code," 1995, BOCA-708-799-2300, ICBO-310-699-0541, SBCCI 205-591-1853, available from those code associations.
"Manual of Policy, Procedures, and Guidelines for Onsite Sewage Systems," Ontario Reg. 374/81, Part VII of the Environmental
Protection Act (Canada), ISBN 0-7743-7303-2, Ministry of the Environment,135 St. Clair Ave. West, Toronto Ontario M4V 1P5 Canada $24. CDN.
Manual of Septic Tank Practice, US Public Health Service's 1959
Septic Tank Capacity vs Usage in Daily Gallons of Wastewater Flow, calculating required septic tank size, calculating septic tank volume from size measurements
Septic Tank/Soil-Absorption Systems: How to Operate & Maintain [ copy on file as /septic/Septic_Operation_USDA.pdf ] - , Equipment Tips, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 8271 1302, 7100 Engineering, 2300 Recreation, September 1982, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfimage/82711302.pdf.
Pennsylvania State Fact Sheets relating to domestic wastewater treatment systems include:
Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-161, Septic System Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment
Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-162, The Soil Media and the Percolation Test
Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-l64, Mound Systems for Wastewater Treatment
Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-165, Septic Tank-Soil Absorption Systems
Document Sources used for this web page include but are not limited to: Agricultural Fact Sheet #SW-161 "Septic Tank Pumping," by Paul D. Robillard and
Kelli S. Martin. Penn State College of Agriculture - Cooperative Extension, edited and annotated by
Dan Friedman (Thanks: to Bob Mackey for proofreading the original source material.)
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies, Anish R. Jantrania, Mark A. Gross. Anish Jantrania, Ph.D., P.E., M.B.A., is a Consulting Engineer, in Mechanicsville VA, 804-550-0389
(2006), Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies.
Outstanding technical reference especially on alternative septic system design alternatives. Written for designers and engineers, this book is not at all easy going
for homeowners but is a text we recommend for professionals--DF.
AEROBIC SEPTIC SYSTEMS
Builder's Guide to Wells and Septic Systems, Woodson, R. Dodge: $ 24.95; MCGRAW HILL B; TP;
Quoting from Amazon's description: For the homebuilder, one mistake in estimating or installing wells and septic systems can cost thousands of dollars. This comprehensive guide filled with case studies can prevent that. Master plumber R. Dodge Woodson packs this reader-friendly guide with guidance and information, including details on new techniques and materials that can economize and expedite jobs and advice on how to avoid mistakes in both estimating and construction. Chapters cover virtually every aspect of wells and septic systems, including on-site evaluations; site limitations; bidding; soil studies, septic designs, and code-related issues; drilled and dug wells, gravel and pipe, chamber-type, and gravity septic systems; pump stations; common problems with well installation; and remedies for poor septic situations. Woodson also discusses ways to increase profits by avoiding cost overruns.
Country Plumbing: Living with a Septic System, Hartigan, Gerry: $ 9.95; ALAN C HOOD & TP;
Quoting an Amazon reviewer's comment, with which we agree--DF:This book is informative as far as it goes and might be most useful for someone with an older system. But it was written in the early 1980s. A lot has changed since then. In particular, the book doesn't cover any of the newer systems that are used more and more nowadays in some parts of the country -- sand mounds, aeration systems, lagoons, etc.
Composting Toilets - Books & References
Composting Toilet System Book: A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, David Del Porto, Carol Steinfeld. Quoting an Amazon review: Del Porto's book is the definitive composting toilet book at this time. There is nothing even close. His book covers all aspects of composting toilet systems and touches on graywater issues as well. He treats the composting toilet as part of the home system. If a person is seriously interested in installing/having a composting toilet, this book can save him/her all of the mistakes people usually make. He even (carefully) explodes some of the advertising myths that the purveyors of composting toilets would have us believe. The book covers ready-made systems as well as home built systems. As trite as this sounds, the book truly is a must for someone considering installing composting toilet.
The Humanure Handbook: A Guide to Composting Human Manure, 3rd Ed.,
Joseph C. Jenkins. Quoting part of an Amazon review: The Humanure Handbook provides a wealth of thoroughly researched, hands-on experience and scientific data that demonstrates that after a natural process called "thermophilic" bacterial digestion, which occurs in a compost bin and where all pathogens are killed, excreta is then converted to a valuable nutrient for agriculture and thereby completing a full-circle life cycle. Most importantly, effluent can then be kept out of our drinking water and not treated or referred to as an undesirable "waste product". The information is conveyed in a humorous, folksy, down-to-earth easy to understand style along with drawings, charts, tables, photos and a wealth of resource info for further research. Jenkins' website has a forum for sharing more info, experiences and to answer any and all questions in the process of humanuring and constructed wetland gray water treatment.
Thermal composting of fecal matter as treatment and possible disinfection method--laboratory-scale and pilot-scale studies,
B. Vinneras, A. Bjorklund, H. Jonsson. Quoting Amazon review: When using toilets where the urine and faeces are collected separately for reuse as nutrients in agriculture, the collected matter should be disinfected. One way to do this is by thermal composting. Composting of different material mixes was investigated in a laboratory-scale experiment. This showed that the best mixture for dry thermal composting was a mix of faeces, food waste and amendment. The urine was collected separately by use of urine-diverting toilets. A new method was developed to mathematically evaluate and estimate the safety margins of pathogen inactivation during thermal composting. The method is based upon a mathematical calculation of the number of times total inactivation (at least 12log"1"0 reduction) of the organisms is achieved. In a pilot-scale experiment, the disinfection of a faeces/food waste mix was performed with a calculated safety margin of more than 37 times the total die-off of Enteroviruses and some 550 times that of Ascaris. Thus, well functioning composting seems to be
effective for disinfection of faecal matter. To get a high temperature in all of the material, the reactor has to have sufficient insulation. A major disadvantage is the initial need for handling the raw un-disinfected material. The degradation of the organic matter in the compost was almost 75%, resulting in a small final volume that could safely be recycled.
Experiences with a composting toilet article from: Countryside & Small Stock Journal, available as HTML download.
Quoting Amazon review: This digital document is an article from Countryside & Small Stock Journal, published by Countryside Publications Ltd. on May 1, 1994. The length of the article is 1516 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
From the supplier: A composting toilet is a good alternative to propane burning toilets, but it also has many problems. The worst part is emptying the waste and compost every 4-6 weeks. Other problems are the fan that must be kept running constantly and bug infestation.
US EPA Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual [online copy, free] Top Reference: US EPA's Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, 1980, available from the US EPA, the US GPO Superintendent of Documents (Pueblo CO), and from the National Small Flows Clearinghouse. Original source http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008.htm Onsite wastewater treatment and disposal systems,
Richard J Otis, published by the US EPA. Although it's more than 20 years old, this book remains a useful reference for septic system designers.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Program Operations; Office of Research and Development, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory; (1980)
"International Private Sewage Disposal Code," 1995, BOCA-708-799-2300, ICBO-310-699-0541, SBCCI 205-591-1853, available from those code associations.
"Manual of Policy, Procedures, and Guidelines for Onsite Sewage Systems," Ontario Reg. 374/81, Part VII of the Environmental
Protection Act (Canada), ISBN 0-7743-7303-2, Ministry of the Environment,135 St. Clair Ave. West, Toronto Ontario M4V 1P5 Canada $24. CDN.
Manual of Septic Tank Practice, US Public Health Service's 1959.
Greywater System Books
The New Create an Oasis With Greywater, Art Ludwig; Buy New: $14.25. Ludwig is one of the most thoughtful, prolific, and sometimes controversial writers on gray water systems and alternative designs. We recommend his book as clear, easy-to-understand writing aimed at property owners who want or need to consider a graywater installation to conserve water, recycle water, reduce water use, or to reduce the load on their septic system. This is the latest edition of this Art Ludwig's greywater design book classic.
Builder's Greywater Guide, Art Ludwig; Buy New: $10.17. Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling; A Supplement to the Book "Create an Oasis With Greywater" (Paperback).
Quoting a review from Amazon: I recommend that you get the 3 companion books on greywater treatment "Create an Oasis", "Branched Drain Greywater Systems" and "Builder's Greywater Guide". The information in these volumes will keep most of us far more informed than most of the regulators, the system builders, and the experts-in-theory. These volumes are real-world gems. Art Ludwig has cut to the core of wastewater issues. He's obviously done all of his homework, mulled-over the variables, and come up with a common sense, economically reasonable, environmentally responsible approach to wastewater. I expect to save money that I would have spent on a post-septic tank, aerobic unit that would seemingly have been ecologically responsible; but because of the technological overkill, ultimately that system would have defeated my altruistic environmental concerns.
... These books talk the talk and walk the walk better than anything else that I've seen. Buy a set for yourself, a set for your neighbors, and a set for the regulators.
Branched Drain Greywater Systems [superseded by "The New Create an Oasis with Greywater"], Art Ludwig. If you already have this book but are in the process of installing new gray water systems you should take a look at the newer
edition listed first above in this section of our Greywater book recommendations.
You may prefer the newest edition, but there is great information in this older version, perhaps all you need, and these copies are
sold at very low prices - an aid to people of limited means.
Rainwater Catchment Systems for Domestic Supply: Design, Construction and Implementation,
Erik Nissen-Petersen, John Gould. (Mr. Ludwig, while much appreciated, is not the only author providing really useful design guides for graywater systems--DF)
Quoting from an Amazon review: This book reviews the art of roof and ground catchment systems for rainwater. The water collected can be used for household or other purposes. The designs are aimed for individuals with limited access to electricity and/or civic water utilities. The text includes drawings, photographs and step-by-step instructions.
One might say the book is really written for the 'aid worker' since it also considers ethnic and gender issues that would be 'obvious' to the future owners of the the systems.
Guidelines on rainwater catchment systems for Hawaii, (CTAHR resource management publication)
Patricia S. H Macomber. This more technical document may be especially helpful for rainwater collection and recycling systems for climates
where there is heavy rainfall such as demonstrated for Hawaii.
Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse, Heather Kinkade-Levario. Quoting from Amazon's review: Design for Water is an accessible and clearly written guide to alternate water collection, with a focus on rainwater harvesting in the urban environment. The book: Outlines the process of water collection from multiple sources-landscape, residential, commercial, industrial, school, park, and municipal systems
Provides numerous case studies, Details the assembly and actual application of equipment, Includes specific details, schematics, and references.
All aspects of rainwater harvesting are outlined, including passive and active system setup, storage, storm water reuse, distribution, purification, analysis, and filtration. There is even a section on rainwater harvesting for wildlife. In addition to rainwater, there are several affordable and accessible alternate sources, including cooling tower bleed-off water, air conditioning condensate, gray water, and fog collection. Design for Water is geared to providing those making development decisions and guidelines with the information they need to set up passive harvesting techniques. The book will especially appeal to engineers, landscape architects, municipal decision-makers, developers, and landowners.
Heather Kinkade-Levario is a land-use planner in Arizona and the author of the award-winning Forgotten Rain. She is president of Forgotten Rain L.L.C., a rainwater harvesting and stormwater reuse company.
The Toilet Papers: Designs to Recycle Human Waste and Water : Dry Toilets, Greywater Systems and Urban Sewage (Paperback) Sim Van Der Ryn, Wendell Berry; Quoting from an Amazon review: With a title like "Toilet Papers" and from a distinguished eco-architect like Sim Van der Ryn, I needed no intro or review to buy a copy of this little, but well researched historical over-view of effluent mitigation and current eco-friendly toilet design. This book is filled with good line drawings and photographs to depict everything from the historical perspective to the current dry toilets and their construction..
Quality issues in harvested rainwater in arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau of northern China,
K. Zhu, L. Zhang, W. Hart, M. Liu, H. Chen (out of print, find by search and deferred order).
Amazon's description may be helpful: Loess soils cover vast areas in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. Due to the lack of reliable surface water and ground-water, rainwater harvesting has played a prominent role in farmers' domestic usage and agricultural irrigation. An economical and valid type of water storage cistern with optimum design of components has been introduced to rural areas in the Loess Plateau. Different collection alternatives showed apparent variations in rainwater quality. By using different catchments, such as mortar roofs and cement-paved courtyards, compacted land or road surfaces, rainwater can be effectively collected for storage in cisterns. This study focused mainly on the quality of rainwater harvested from the different catchment systems and stored for different periods of time. By analysis of the water samples stored in these cisterns, it was evident that rainwater quality could be improved significantly by self-purification during the storage. With emphasis on rainwater quality affected by the
different catchment systems, it was found that the measured inorganic compounds in the rainwater harvested from roof-yard catchment systems generally matched the WHO standards for drinking water, while the concentrations of some inorganic compounds in the rainwater collected from land and road surfaces appeared to be higher than the guideline values for drinking water, but generally not beyond the maximum permissible concentrations. However, Fecal Coliform, which is an important bacteriological parameter for the three catchment systems, exceeded the limits of drinking water to a greater extend. Trace amounts of 55 organic pollutants were identified, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds and phthalate esters, etc. The analytical results indicated that roof-yard catchments that included the ''first flush'' usually provided safe drinking water with low organic contents, even for rainwater collected immediately after rainfall. In contrast, rainwater harvested from road surfaces had poor quality
with respect to the organic constituents, regardless of stored time.
City eying home water-recycling technology; uses bath and washer water for irrigation., (ReWater Systems' equipment for greywater irrigation):
This is an article from: San Diego Business Journal [HTML] (Digital) available online in digital format. I have not (yet) reviewed it -- DF
Onsite Wastewater Disposal Books
Onsite Wastewater Disposal, R. J. Perkins;
Quoting from Amazon: This practical book, co-published with the National Environmental Health Association,
describes the step-by-step procedures needed to avoid common pitfalls in septic system technology.
Valuable in matching the septic system to the site-specific conditions, this useful book will help you install a reliable system in
both suitable and difficult environments. Septic tank installers, planners, state and local regulators, civil and sanitary engineers,
consulting engineers, architects, homeowners, academics, and land developers will find this publication valuable.
Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems, Bennette D. Burks, Mary Margaret Minnis, Hogarth House 1994 - one of the best septic system books around, suffering a bit from small fonts and a weak index. (DF volunteers to serve as indexer if Burks/Minnis re-publish this very useful volume.)While it contains some material more technical than needed by homeowners, Burks/Minnis book on onsite wastewater treatment systems a very useful reference
for both property owners and septic system designers. We refer to it often.
While Minnis says the best place to buy this book is at Amazon (our link at left), you can also see this book at Minnis' website at http://web page .pace.edu/MMinnisbook
Septic Tank/Soil-Absorption Systems: How to Operate & Maintain [ copy on file as /septic/Septic_Operation_USDA.pdf ] - , Equipment Tips, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 8271 1302, 7100 Engineering, 2300 Recreation, September 1982, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfimage/82711302.pdf
Planting Over Septic System Component", Daniel Friedman (author/editor, InspectAPedia.com), The Innovator, Winter/Spring 2008, BCOSSA, British Columbia OnSite Sewage Association, 201-3542 Blansard St., Victoria BC V8X 1W3 Canada
Septic System Owner's Manual, Lloyd Kahn, Blair Allen, Julie Jones, Shelter Publications, 2000 $14.95 U.S. - easy to understand, well illustrated, one of the best practical references around on septic design basics including some advanced systems; a little short on safety and maintenance. Both new and used (low priced copies are available, and we think the authors are working on an updated edition--DF.
Quoting from one of several Amazon reviews: The basics of septic systems, from underground systems and failures to what the owner can do to promote and maintain a healthy system, is revealed in an excellent guide essential for any who reside on a septic system. Rural residents receive a primer on not only the basics; but how to conduct period inspections and what to do when things go wrong. History also figures into the fine coverage.
Test Pit Preparation for Onsite Sewage Evaluations, State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland OR, 800 452-4011. PDF document. We recommend this excellent document that offers detail about soil perc tests, deep hole tests, safety, and septic design. Readers should also see Soil Percolation Tests and for testing an existing septic system, also see Dye Tests
Grass is Always Greener Over the Septic Tank, Bombeck, Erma: $ 5.99; FAWCETT; MM;
This septic system classic whose title helps avoid intimidating readers new to septic systems, is available new or used at very low prices.
It's more entertainment than a serious "how to" book on septic systems design, maintenance, or repair. Not recommended -- DF.
US EPA Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual Top Reference: US EPA's Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, 1980, available from the US EPA, the US GPO Superintendent of Documents (Pueblo CO), and from the National Small Flows Clearinghouse. Original source http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008.htm
Water Wells and Septic Systems Handbook, R. Dodge Woodson. This book is in the upper price range, but is worth the cost for serious septic installers and designers.
Quoting Amazon: Each year, thousands upon thousands of Americans install water wells and septic systems on their properties. But with a maze of codes governing their use along with a host of design requirements that ensure their functionality where can someone turn for comprehensive, one-stop guidance? Enter the Water Wells and Septic Systems Handbook from McGraw-Hill. Written in language any property owner can understand yet detailed enough for professionals and technical students this easy-to-use volume delivers the latest techniques and code requirements for designing, building, rehabilitating, and maintaining private water wells and septic systems. Bolstered by a wealth of informative charts, tables, and illustrations, this book delivers: * Current construction, maintenance, and repair methods
* New International Private Sewage Disposal Code
* Up-to-date standards from the American Water Works Association
Wells and Septic Systems, Alth, Max and Charlet, Rev. by S. Blackwell Duncan, $ 18.95; Tab Books 1992. We have found this text very useful for conventional well and septic systems design and maintenance --DF.
Quoting an Amazon description:Here's all the information you need to build a well or septic system yourself - and save a lot of time, money, and frustration. S. Blackwell Duncan has thoroughly revised and updated this second edition of Wells and Septic Systems to conform to current codes and requirements. He also has expanded this national bestseller to include new material on well and septic installation, water storage and distribution, water treatment, ecological considerations, and septic systems for problem building sites.
The NSFC Products List has an excellent list of design manuals/modules available from their website or by telephone 800-624-8301
Submissions welcome. send us a suggested document link or request an exchange of website links
Mobile View
Older properties used systems such as cesspools,
or tanks connected to DRYWELL DESIGN & USES or seepage pits which worked but often have more limited capacity and/or life. Special land forms may require
special systems. In areas where there is limited space, rocky soil, or other limitations, mound systems (bring in fill for rocky sites), dosing systems
(pumps to overcome elevation restrictions) , sand filter beds (alternative treatment) , and other special systems such as recirculating
sand filters and even systems that inject chlorine into effluent for discharge into waterways may be installed. We discuss special systems if we
have reason to believe that one is installed at the property being inspected. Different test procedures may be required! See 
However there can also be treatment failures.
Effluent may not back up or appear on the surface, but if insufficiently
treated effluent reaches a private well or any stream or waterway, the
environment is being contaminated -- an unacceptable condition. Historically
many people have just worried about disposal. As the quality of drinking water
deteriorates in many areas and as population grows in many previously
thinly-populated areas, proper treatment has become the real concern for
everyone's health.