Toxic Gas Exposure Standards Summary for Common Indoor Gases

Guide to indoor gas exposure: toxicity levels & exposure limits along with technical notes for exposure characteristics and various standards for various gases found in buildings
- Definition of "Gas Exposure" - General Information about Exposure, Standards, Definitions
- Gas Exposure Standards (workplace-based)
- Types of Gas Exposure Tests, Instruments
- General exposure limits, alphabetical list for specific gases tested indoors
- Gases in Air - typcial concentrations, separate article
Questions & Answers about indoor toxic gas exposure limits, standards, PELS, instruments, procedures
References

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Toxic gas exposure toxicity levels & exposure limits for indoor environments: this document outlines gas toxicity levels for a range of indoor gases which may be produced by heating systems, septic or sewer systems, building product outgassing, mold and MVOCs, heating systems, sewer lines, fire damage, or contamination from nearby industrial, beauty parlor, dry cleaning, or other activities which often produce noxious or toxic odors and gases.

Indoor Gas Exposure Limits, Gas Testing Limitations & Definitions

Readers of this document should see TOXIC GAS EXPOSURE HAZARDS LIBRARY, Toxic Gas Testing, and also see HEAT EXCHANGER LEAK TEST and GAS DETECTION INSTRUMENTS . For a more broad approach to indoor air pollutants and contaminants see AIR POLLUTANTS, COMMON INDOOR. And for curing indoor air quality problems start at Air Quality Improvement Strategies.

At Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs we discuss several chemicals and gases found indoors and offer advice for reducing indoor exposure. At BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS we discuss biological contaminants found in buildings. At Bisphenol-A, BPA we discuss contaminants associated with some plastics.

At ODORS, Smells, Gases in buildings-Diagnosis & Cure we discuss tracking down and curing the source of odors or smells in buildings.

Definition of "Gas Exposure" - General Information about Exposure, Standards, Definitions

"Exposure" as used here is the contact that a person (or animal) has to a substance whether or not protection is provided by respirators or other protective equipment. Exposure to a liquid or gas can occur through various means such as breathing (inhalation), eating or drinking (ingestion), skin contact, or skin absorption of the chemical into the body.

Human exposure to certain potentially harmful chemicals found in liquids, gases, or solids is regulated in most countries but regulations (as well as test procedures) may vary significantly depending on whether the exposure is being regulated for industrial exposure of workers (in the workplace where higher levels of exposure may be anticipated) or exposures of consumers or individuals (out of the workplace, such as by consumer goods).

Watch out: exposure levels and test methods to determine the level of exposure of individuals in the workplace may not translate readily to potential exposure levels in other environments such as the home. It is our OPINION that these two environments (home and workplace) are very different. For example, exposure to certain chemicals or particulates may be much higher in the workplace than in the home. And exposure to potential contaminants in the home may be complicated by the presence of multiple chemicals or particles, varying indoor conditions (air movement, temperature, etc) that mean that using an industrial standard or measurement method in the home would be quite inappropriate.

Gas Exposure Standards (workplace-based)

The purpose of general indoor gas exposure inspection and testing is to perform a general screen for the presence of specific problematic substances in response to specific concerns raised regarding the target property. Individual complaints about indoor air quality or smells can occur at extremely-low levels of certain gases or particles, in fact at levels considerably below typical allowable industrial permitted exposure levels (PEL's). Therefore we may select tests which screen for levels of gases considerably below permitted limits for industrial workplace exposure.

Important Gas Testing Safety Warning: because even small changes at a building can make an enormous difference in the presence or absence of a dangerous gas, consumers and investigators must keep in mind that any gas detection test represents conditions only at the instant that the test was performed. Simply turning on a fan, closing a door, or turning on or off a piece of heating equipment can change from safe to very dangerous conditions in a building. For this reason, gas testing alone, without a careful building visual inspection and history-taking, is unreliable as a safety indicator, particularly when the test does not detect the presence of a gas being sought.

Important Gas Toxicity & Exposure Limit Note: in most cases the toxic gas exposure limits available are for workplace settings. Conditions in the home, including assumptions about the health, age, and level of physical activity of occupants in a non-industrial setting are likely to mean that industrial exposure standards, while useful, are not a completely satisfactory safety guideline for other settings.

Types of Gas Exposure Tests, Instruments

Gas Tests: Gas exposure or gas leak test equipment is checked for proper operation and calibration before and after the investigation; gas detection tests are conducted under operating conditions meeting the manufacturer's requirements; these tests are applicable only to the place, time, and date of measurement; the tests are not technically exhaustive.

Several gas detection instruments & methods are used, depending on whether we are screening for presence/absence of combustible gases, checking general indoor air quality, or testing and making quantitative measurements of specific gases in an environment. Some instruments are particularly helpful in tracking odors or leaks to their source.

Draeger Sampling Pump: We use the Draeger accuro™ Pump and Draeger-Tubes for gaseous substance sampling for both detecting the presence/absence of specific gases and for quantitative measurements of gas levels.

The Sensidyne™ Gastec piston pump and Gastec™ tubes for test for presence/absence of and level of certain gaseous substances.

Both of these toxic gas testing pumps are factory calibrated at 100 cc, and are leak-tested before and after each investigation. The adsorption tubes used for substance screening/identification are factory-calibrated. Other tests for specific substances: over 200 tests for over 500 different gases are available by using specific detector tubes. I can provide these when there is risk of a specific substance in a building. Unless there is a reason given for a narrow specific gas test in a building such tests are not economical and are simply "shooting in the dark."

The TIF 8850 combustible gas detector is a broad-spectrum gas screening instrument which is also useful to track and pinpoint the source of odors or leaks.

A partial list of gases detected by the TIF 8850 and its detection limits includes: [Note: these are instrument detection limits, NOT gas exposure limits which we in fact do provide just below at Gas Exposure Limits.]

Acetone gas exposure limit - 50ppm,
Acetylene gas exposure limit - 50ppm,
Alcohols gas exposure limit -
Ammonia gas exposure limit - (R717) 20ppm,
Benzene gas exposure limit - ,
Iso-Butane (R600a) gas exposure limit - 500ppm,
Chlorine gas exposure limit - 1ppm,
Ethane (R170) gas exposure limit - 500ppm,
Ethylene gas exposure limit - 500ppm,
Gasoline gas exposure limit - 1ppm,
Hydrogen gas exposure limit - 500ppm,
Hydrogen Sulfide gas exposure limit - 5ppm,
Lacquer Thinners gas exposure limit - ,
Methane (Natural Gas) gas exposure limit - 500ppm - see SEPTIC METHANE GAS for a discussion of methane toxicity and explosion hazards
Methyl Chloride gas exposure limit - 5ppm,
Methanol gas exposure limit - 50ppm
Methyl Ether gas exposure limit - 500ppm,
N-Butane gas exposure limit - ,
Naphtha gas exposure limit - ,
Propane ("bottled gas" R290) gas exposure limit - 500ppm,
Toluene gas exposure limit - ,
Vinyl chloride gas exposure limit - 5ppm. MDL are generally 1-500 ppm.

The TIF 8800 device is essentially the same as the TIF8850 and uses a TIF 8801 sensing tip.

We provide detailed suggestions for using theTIF8800 combustible gas detector at Using the TIF 8800 Gas Detector and we discuss alternative gas measurement tools at GAS MEASUREMENT TOOLS

General exposure limits reference list for specific gases tested indoors

Some general notes for specific gases, their toxicity, exposure hazards, and exposure limits follow in an alphabetized list. Also see Gas Exposure Hazard Levels: for Toxic Gas Exposure to Ammonia, Arsine, Arsenic, Bromine, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Hydride, Ozone - allowable exposure levels and hazard levels. And see the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (this document is available online). Other comments in this section are from "Health Hazards of some Gases" Jack E. Peterson, P.E., CIH, Ph.D., May, 1987.

Ammonia Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Simple Ammonia Gas Exposure Measurements

Ammonia "The current gas exposure limit TLV for ammonia is 25 ppm with a short-term exposure limit of 35 ppm. Both were designed to be low enough to cause no irritation in unhardened people. The OSHA PEL for ammonia is 50 ppm, as is the NIOSH Recommended Standard."[14], [15]

Ammonia exposure limits: NIOSH REL: gas exposure limit TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 50 ppm (35 mg/m3)

We provide more details about ammonia gas exposure hazards at Ammonia Gas

Arsine Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Arsine : gas exposure limit "The effects of arsine are completely avoided if 8-hr exposures are kept at or below 200 ug/cu. m, (0.05 ppm), the TLV and PEL." (Op. cit.).[16]

Arsine gas exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca C 0.002 mg/m3 [15-minute];OSHA PEL: TWA 0.05 ppm (0.2 mg/m3)

We provide more details about arsine gas exposure hazards at Arsine Gas

Benzene Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Benzene: 0.5/a: gas exposure limit for this test we select a sampling tube which is not Benzene specific (Draeger Benzene 0.5/a) in order to also screen for other aromatic hydrocarbons including toluene, xylene (more likely to be in carpet out gassing than benzene) and ethel benzene.

Benzene gas exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.1 ppm ST 1 ppm; OSHA PEL: [1910.1028] TWA 1 ppm ST 5 ppm. [17]

Bromine Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Bromine: "Bromine causes eye irritation and lacrimation (tearing) in concentrations below 1 ppm but above the TLV (and PEL) of 0.1 ppm. Concentrations irritating to the eyes should not be tolerated for more than 15 minutes." (Op. cit.) [18].

Bromine gas exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3); OSHA PEL™: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3)

We provide more details about exposure to bromine gas at Bromine Gas.

Carbon Monoxide Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Carbon monoxide gas: in general, no carbon monoxide (CO) should be found indoors in living or working spaces when performing an instantaneous check.

But CO monitors may be expected to sound an alarm when a time-weighted exposure level reaches 500 ppm, as that threshold is intended to protect lives while avoiding sounding false alarms that may occur, for example, when there is a brief, low-level CO release when a gas-fired appliance is first ignited. NIOSH recommends a conservative PEL of 35 ppm, referring to an exposure of 8 hours/day, 40 hours/week, for a working lifetime " a workplace exposure limit. [19].

Carbon monoxide exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) C 200 ppm (229 mg/m3); OSHA PEL™: TWA 50 ppm (55 mg/m3). Readers should also review our more detailed review of CO hazards at Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide Gas Exposure, Carbon Monoxide CO Poisoning Symptoms, Carbon Monoxide Exposure Limits, and Links to Toxic Gas Testing Procedures

We provide extensive information about CO exposure at CARBON MONOXIDE - CO, and we provide more detail about CO exposure limits at Carbon Monoxide Gas

Carbon Dioxide Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Carbon Dioxide gas exposure limit "The highest TLV (and PEL) assigned to any material is assigned to carbon dioxide, namely 5000 ppm (NIOSH has recommended a Standard of 1.0% or 10 000 ppm for a 10-hr work shift with a ceiling of 3.0% or 30 000 ppm for any 10-min period). Furthermore, these concentrations are far more an expression of good practice than a line between "safe" and "dangerous." [20]

Actually, the concentration of carbon dioxide must be over about 2% (20 000 ppm) before most people are aware of its presence unless the odor of an associated material (auto exhaust or fermenting yeast, for instance) is present at lower concentrations.

Above 2%, carbon dioxide may cause a feeling of heaviness in the chest and/or more frequent and deeper respirations. If exposure continues at that level for several hours, minimal "acidosis" (an acid condition of the blood) may occur but more frequently is absent." (Op. cit.)

Details about carbon dioxide gas toxicity or CO2 exposure hazards are provided in a separate article at Toxicity of Carbon Dioxide Gas Exposure, CO2 Poisoning Symptoms, Carbon Dioxide Exposure Limits, and Links to Toxic Gas Testing Procedures

More information about gas hazards, gas toxicity, or other environmental hazards is available from public and professional agencies and associations such as the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) www.aiha.org, OSHA www.osha.gov, and the Mine Safety & Health Administration www.msha.gov. Also see Industrial Hygiene News.

Carbon dioxide gas exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3) ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3) OSHA PEL: TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)

We provide extensive information about Carbon Dioxide gas exposure at CARBON DIOXIDE - CO₂ and still more details about exposure to carbon dioxide gas exposure limits at Carbon Dioxide Gas

Formaldehyde Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Formaldehyde is an organic chemical with formula HCHO, CAS No. 50-00-0 that is very widely used in industry as well as in a plethora of consumer products from cosmetics and clothing to furnishings and construction materials as well as in disinfectants and preservatives. Formaldehyde is an intermediate chemical used in the production of resins (e.g. glues in fiberboard and OSB, and in wrinkle-resistant clothing), industrial chemicals, preservatives (including in some cosmetics and skin creams), and in shampoos and glues.

Formaldehyde: (Formalin) gas exposure limits - As an additional example using Formaldehyde, in a screen I may test for very low levels in a building (.05 ppm), but the range of human response (also widely variable individually) may be summed as follows:

> 3.0 ppm = respiratory impairment and damage

> 1.0 ppm = possible nasopharyngeal cancer

> 0.5 ppm = irritation to eyes & mucous membranes

> .01 ppm = mild irritation or allergic sensitization in some people.
[21].

Formaldehyde MSDS sheets: This Formaldehyde MSDS example from Mallinckrodt Chemicals notes that typical composition of formaldehyde in industrial use is comprised of 37% formaldehyde, 10-15% methyl alcohol, and the remainder water. Synonyms for formaldehyde exposure are Formaldehyde 37%, Formalin, Morbicid Acid, Methylene Oxide, Methyl aldehyde, all bearing the CAS No.: 50-00-0 and expressed by the chemical formula HCHO and CH3OH in water.

Formaldehyde exposure limits: U.S. Federal and State Level

NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.016 ppm C 0.1 ppm [15-minute];
OSHA PEL: TWA 0.75 ppm ST 2 ppm.
OSHA Standard Number 1910.1048: Formaldehyde Exposure Limits
U.S. State Labor Department example of Formaldehyde Regulations: Formaldehyde, Basic Rules, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, retrieved 12/13/2010, original source: http://www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/rules/formaldehyde/html/296-856-200.htm

Formaldehyde Outgassing from Clothing & Softgoods: Exposure Limits

According to the New York Times, the most stringent (but voluntary) industry standards for exposure to formaldehyde were established in Japan, as follows:

20 ppm or less (down to "undetectable") for products that touch the skin of children under three years of age
75 ppm for products that touch the skin of people other than children under 3 year old
300 ppm for products that do not touch the skin (such as outerwear)
Formaldehyde in Textiles, U.S. G.A.O. report to Congress. While [formaldehyde] levels in clothing generally appear to be low, allergic contact dermatitis is a health issue for some people, GAO-10-875, August 2010, retrieved 12/13/2010, original source: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10875.pdf

OPINION - DF: We liked this report as exemplary in thoroughness, clarity, and impartiality on the subject of formaldehyde exposure from textiles. According to the NY Times article cited above, some critics complained that the U.S. government study should have included a wider arrange of textiles such as draperies and upholstery, and we agree, but add that upholstered furniture may in some products outgas more formaldehyde from foam used in the product than from its covering fabric. Similarly, carpeting could have been considered. But the focus of the study was textiles that are likely to be in prolonged (rather than incidental) contact with human skin. Under the aegis of contact with human skin and recognizing the very low limit set in Japan for fabrics in contact with the skin of children under three, one can but wonder about the possibility of concerns for skin contact of infants and small children placed on carpeting.
Details about formaldehyde hazards in buildings are found at FORMALDEHYDE HAZARDS.

Formic Acid Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Formic acid: this gas screen addresses acid gases which can be expected to be produced by fire, heat, or oxidation (such as from ozone treatment) in commercial and residential properties. Formic acid is readily metabolized and eliminated by the body. Nonetheless, some chronic effects have been documented. Excessive inhalation is a respiratory tract irritant.

Repeated exposure to formic acid gases (at higher levels) can result in an allergic reaction. It is a suspected mutagen, may cause long-term liver and kidney damage. More about formic acid and its exposure effects can be read at http://encyclopedia.lockergnome.com/s/b/Formic_acid and at Cornell University's MSDS files: http://msds.ehs.cornell.edu/msds/siri/files/ckb/ckbjy.html - [22].

Formic acid exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3)

Formic acid gas exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3)

Methane Gas Hazards, Methane Gas Toxicity vs. Methane Explosion & Asphyxiation Risks, How to Measure Methane Gas Levels

Methane Gas Hazards are primarily of explosion or asphyxiation

We commented at Septic System Safety that methane gas which maybe encountered in septic system is both explosive and an asphyxiant. A thoughtful reader, George Fielder, previously a salesperson for GfG Instrumentation, pointed out that these are the hazards. (We had inaccurately stated that methane gas was "toxic".)

In its pure form, methane gas is odorless and colorless. However where it occurs in or at buildings, methane may be mixed with other products that do provide an odor, such as in septic or sewer gases. The point is that one should not assume that there is no explosion or methane gas risk simply because no gas odor is noticed in a building.

Methane Gas Exposure Limits

The ACGIH TLV (Threshold Limit Value) described for Methane Gas is: Simple Asphyxiant. It is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity.

Reference: OSHA describes methane, and its synonyms methyl hydride, marsh gas, and fire damp, at http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemical sampling/data/CH_250700.html where OSHA assigns IMIS Code Number 1640 to Methane gas.

Measurement Instruments for Levels of Methane Gas

Mr. Fielder added that additionally, toxic and combustible gases like methane and H2S that would be found in a septic tank can be readily measured by a portable, handheld gas monitor that can be rented from almost any safety equipment supply company or trench equipment rental company like United Rentals. They are easy to use and understand direct reading instruments that if nothing else might satisfy the curiosity of the do-it-yourselfer who likes to stick his nose in it.

True the user will need to know and understand the measurement scale and exposure levels for the particular gases being measured but this also can be easily explained when renting said instrument and reviewing an MSDS sheet. Most portable handheld monitors on the market today are less complex than a volt-ohm meter and can readily be understood with a brief explanation.

Consult Your Local Safety Equipment Distributor about Measuring Methane Gas or Entering Confined Spaces where Methane Gas is a Risk

Readers who have the need to measure methane gas levels or who have questions about the hazards of entering confined spaces such as septic tanks should contact their local safety equipment distributor for further advice. In addition, local fire & emergency service officials as well as gas distribution companies as well as some home inspectors or environmental testing firms may have expertise and gas testing or measurement equipment on hand.

More information about methane and other gas hazards, toxicity, or other environmental hazards is available from public and professional agencies and associations such as the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) www.aiha.org, OSHA www.osha.gov, and the Mine Safety & Health Administration www.msha.gov. Also see Industrial Hygiene News.

Watch out: Stay out of Septic Tanks

We emphasize that in ordinary procedures used in the care, repair, or maintenance of septic systems, the safety warnings we've listed above should be followed with care, and in general, quantitative measurements of the level of methane or other gases are not needed during a septic system repair.

Readers who own, service, or live on a property which includes a private septic system should review SEPTIC METHANE GAS hazards and warnings, and should also review the extensive safety article at SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY.

Nitric Oxide Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

"Nitric oxide is colorless and may have little or no odor. Nitrogen dioxide (and/or its dimer, nitrogen tetraoxide) is rust red and has a "typical" odor quite noticeable at 5 ppm and causes eye and nose irritation at 10 to 20 ppm. Currently (1987), the TLV is 3.0 ppm with an STEL of 5.0 ppm; the PEL is 5.0 ppm. NIOSH has recommended 1.0 ppm for a Standard." (Op. cit.) [23].

See Nitrogen Oxides Gas for more exposure limit data.

Ozone Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Ozone Gas: "Ozone is a highly toxic gas but even highly toxic substances can be encountered safely. The main concern with this material is that concentrations to which people are exposed do not average more than 0.1 ppm over an 8-hr day, and do not exceed that value by more than a factor of 2 or 3 during the exposure." (Op. cit.) [24].

Details about Ozone Gas hazards and the use of ozone generators or using ozone as a mold remedy are provided in depth at the following articles:

The Use of Ozone Generators Indoors for Control of Odors and Mold Removal in buildings: A Summary of Hazards and False Claims
The Hazards of Ozone & Ozone Gas Generators Ozone Gas Exposure Hazards - A Summary of Ozone Hazards Indoors
OZONE EXPOSURE STANDARDS includes a discussion of the generation of excessive levels of indoor ozone where some models of air purifiers or air deodorizers are used
How, When, and Why to Test for Ozone in buildings
Ozone Toxicity & Ozone Gas Exposure Hazards
Our complete list of articles about ozone can be found at these links:
OZONE as a "CURE" for TOXIC INDOOR MOLD
WHAT IS OZONE- O₃
OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS
OXYGEN - O₂
OZONE HAZARDS
OZONE EXPOSURE STANDARDS
OZONE TESTS
OZONE MSDS
OZONE TOXICITY
OZONE ODORS, MOLD, REFS

Ozone gas exposure limits: NIOSH REL: C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3); OSHA PEL™: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3)

Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene): - drycleaning solvent: [OSHA comments from the January 19, 1989 Final Rule on Air Contaminants Project extracted from 54FR2332 et. seq. This rule was remanded by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and the limits are not currently in force.] OSHA's former permissible exposure limits for perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) were 100 ppm as an 8-hour TWA, 200 ppm as a STEL not to be exceeded for more than five minutes in any three-hour period, and 300 ppm as a ceiling.

On the basis of the chemical's narcotic effects in humans, the Agency proposed a revised PEL of 50 ppm TWA and a 15-minute STEL of 200 ppm for perchloroethylene; these are the limits recommended by the ACGIH (ACGIH 1986/Ex. 1-3, p. 464). NIOSH (Ex. 8-47, Table N6B) did not concur with the proposed limits and recommended that exposures be maintained at the lowest feasible limit and that this chemical be classified as a potential occupational carcinogen. OSHA has evaluated the health evidence for this substance and has determined that a further reduction in the PEL to 25 ppm as a TWA is warranted, and the Agency is establishing this limit in the final rule. Perchloroethylene is a clear, colorless, nonflammable liquid with an etheral odor.

Perchloroethylene is widely used as a solvent in the dry cleaning industry and in industrial degreasing operations. The narcotic effects associated with exposure to high levels of this chemical are well documented. A worker exposed to an estimated concentration of 1470 ppm perchloroethylene and Stoddard solvent for 3.5 hours lost consciousness (Stewart, Erley, Schaffer, and Gay 1961/Ex. 1-807).

The most comprehensive studies of the effects of prolonged exposure to perchloroethylene vapors on human volunteers were conducted by Stewart and colleagues (Stewart, Hake, LeBrun et al. 1974/Ex. 1-970; Stewart, Hake, Wu et al. 1977/Ex. 1-971); these investigators concluded that prolonged exposure to 200 ppm results in early signs of CNS depression, while no response was elicited in men or women exposed repeatedly to 100 ppm for seven hours/day, except that performance on the Flanagan coordination test was significantly decreased in some exposed subjects (Stewart, Hake, Wu et al. 1977/Ex. 1-971, p. 28).
-- Excerpt from PERCHLOROETHYLENE (TETRACHLOROETHYLENE) - OSHA -- DJ Friedman.
Also see TETRACHLOROETHYLENE TRICHLOROETHYLENE - OSHA.
Also see Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) - U.S. EPA

Propylene Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Propylene: "Propylene is a simple asphyxiant (that is, it acts by dilution of oxygen) and a rather poor anesthetic. Extremely high concentrations are required to produce any effect at all. No TLV or PEL has ever been established for this material and NIOSH has not recommended a Standard. Its lower explosive limit is 2% in air (the upper is 11.1%) and a reasonable value for a maximum permissible concentration (suggested by Gerarde in Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, vol 2, p. 1204, Interscience, New York, 1963) is 1/5 of the LEL or 4000 ppm. (Op. cit.) [25].

More details about exposure to propylene gas are at Propylene Gas.

Sulfur Dioxide Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Sulfur Dioxide: "For sulfur dioxide, the TLV had been 5.0 ppm for many, many years, but in 1978 ACGIH announced its intention to reduce that TLV to 2.0 ppm; that was done in 1980. The reason for this was recent information indicating that chronic (long term, repeated) exposure to sulfur dioxide concentrations near 5.0 ppm was found to have some minimal effects on working populations. [26].

Sulfur dioxide is an upper respiratory tract irritant and acute (single or short-term) exposures cause nothing but irritation of the nose and throat. Long term exposures to sulfur dioxide concentrations in excess of 2.0 ppm can be expected in some cases to cause minor lung changes." (Op. cit.)

Sulfur dioxide exposure limits:

Watch out: NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 100 ppm

NIOSH REL: TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 5 ppm (13 mg/m3); OSHA PEL™: TWA 5 ppm (13 mg/m3)

More details about exposure to sulfur dioxide gas can be found at Sulfur Dioxide Gas.

Summarizing Sulphur dioxide gas exposure limits from OSHA,

General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-1 Table -- 5 ppm, 13 mg/m3 TWA

Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 5 ppm, 13 mg/m3 TWA

Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 5 ppm, 13 mg/m3 TWA

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.25 ppm, 0.65 mg/m3 STEL; Appendix A4 - Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 2 ppm, 5 mg/m3 TWA; 5 ppm, 13 mg/m3 STEL

Sulfur Oxides Toxicity and Exposure Limits References:

Sulfur dioxide & other Oxides: Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides, Vol. III, US EPA, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, Dec. 1982, EPA-600/8/2-029c. Web search 08/26/2010, original source: http://nepis.epa.gov [large PDF]

Toluene gas exposure limits

NIOSH REL: TWA 100 ppm (375 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (560 mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm C 300 ppm 500 ppm (10-minute maximum peak)

Toluene gas 5/b: gases which can be expected to be produced by fire, heat, or oxidation in commercial and residential properties. Toluol is a common contaminant produced by oxidized or burning carpets. [27].

Trichloroethylene Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Trichloroethylene: NIOSH REL: 2 ppm 60minute CEILING during usage as an anesthetic agent and 25 ppm TWA during all other exposures; NIOSH considers trichloroethylene to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990].
Current OSHA PEL: 100 ppm TWA, 200 ppm CEILING,
300 ppm 5minute MAXIMUM PEAK IN ANY 2 HOURS.

"Trichloroethylene is believed to have been discovered in 1864 and was first commercially produced in Germany in the early 1900s. It has been commonly used for cleaning of metals and other parts since the introduction of the vapor degreasing process in the early 1930s and continues to be the standard by which other cleaning processes are compared. Today, its primary uses are as an intermediate in the production of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and as a cleaning agent.

"The health effects of trichloroethylene have been studied extensively. The most significant findings to come out of the many long-term animal studies of the chemical are that it has caused liver and lung tumors in mice.

The significance of these tumors to human health is unclear due to species differences in both trichloroethylene metabolism and reaction to the metabolites. This is supported by epidemiological studies of workers exposed to trichloroethylene that generally indicate no overall increase in cancer risk.

Although recent studies of a small population of exposed workers in Germany appear to show an increase in kidney cancer, these studies suffer from major design flaws and are inconsistent with the results of larger, better conducted studies.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) currently considers trichloroethylene to be "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A), based on its conclusions that there is "limited" evidence of carcinogenicity in humans.

The epidemiological data base for trichloroethylene is considered by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), however, to support classification in Group A5 (Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen) "since the substance has been demonstrated by well controlled epidemiological studies not to be associated with any increased risk of cancer in exposed humans."

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency currently is conducting a reassessment of the carcinogenic potential of trichloroethylene.
-- quoted from White Paper on Trichloroethylene

See Trichloroethylene - IDLH Documentation U.S. CDC NIOSH
See OSHA comments from the January 19, 1989 Final Rule on Air Contaminants Project extracted from 54FR2332 et. seq. This rule was remanded by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and the limits are not currently in force.
See OSHA's website of PELs - Permissible Exposure Limits

Vinyl Chloride Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Vinyl chloride gas exposure limits - may be a hazard in some building where vinyl products are present and exposed to heat, fire, or oxidation. [27].

Vinyl chloride: NIOSH REL: Ca; OSHA PEL: [1910.1017] TWA 1 ppm C 5 ppm [15-minute]

Also see:
VINYL CHLORIDE HEALTH INFO
VINYL Siding or PLASTIC Window ODORS

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's) and Mold-related VOC's, MVOC's:

VOC's gas exposure limits - are an outgas product of many substances such as paints, solvents, and in some cases, organic growths such as mold colonies. MVOC's refers to mold-generated volatile organic compounds.

There may be aesthetic or health-related complaints where VOC's or MVOC's are present. The absence of VOC's or MVOC's does not assure that problem molds are absent from a building, as the production of MVOC's by molds varies by genera/species and specific growth and environmental conditions such as changes in moisture or RH. Unless our report specifically states otherwise, our inspection and testing excluded these substances.

See our Guide to VOCs at Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs

Xylene Gas Characteristics, Toxicity, Gas Exposure Limits

Xylene gas gas exposure limits -

Here is some of the Xylene information on sources, environmental persistence, and toxicity from http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/html/xylenes.html .

Quoted material from the above web page is italicized below. We have edited for brevity and inserted a few comments. See the web link if you want to see all of the data in that report. The US EPA site info on this chemical is - http://www.epa.gov/oppt/library/pubs/archive/solvents/finlchr4.htm

Emissions of mixed xylenes have been detected from petroleum refining, motor vehicles, residential wood-burning stoves and fireplaces. Mixed xylenes are used as chemical intermediates, as solvents, in aviation fuel, and in household products such as aerosol paints and lacquers (Howard, 1990).

Xylene is registered as an insecticide. Only one product containing xylene is still registered, although use of this product has been suspended since 1993. It was registered for use on fruit, vegetable and grain crops, on ornamental lawns, gardens and plants. It may be applied to dogs, and animal dwellings as well as around houses and farm buildings (DPR, 1996).

The primary stationary sources [of Xylene] that have reported emissions of m-, o-, and p-xylene in California are manufacturers of motor vehicles and equipment, manufacturers of metal cans and shipping containers, and petroleum refining (ARB, 1997b). [Unless you're near a similar facility, we agree that looking at whatever common environment has been share by the two women you cite - not just in the home]

NATURAL SOURCES of Xylene

m- and p-Xylene occur naturally in petroleum. o-Xylene is found in coal tar, petroleum, forest fires and plant volatiles (Howard, 1990).

INDOOR SOURCES AND CONCENTRATIONS of Xylene

m-, o-, and p-Xylene are widely used as solvents and are present in numerous consumer products. Consumer products with the highest median emissions of xylenes include pens/inks and coatings. Xylenes are also emitted from building materials such as carpet adhesives, vinyl cove adhesive, latex caulk, latex paint, and various moldings. Environmental tobacco smoke is also a common indoor source of xylenes (Hodgson and Wooley, 1991).

ATMOSPHERIC PERSISTENCE of Xylene

The atmospheric lifetime of m-xylene is 14 to 15 hours. The atmospheric lifetime of o-xylene is 25 to 26 hours. The atmospheric lifetime of p-xylene is 24 to 25 hours (Kao, 1994).

HEALTH EFFECTS of XyleneL

Probable routes of human exposure to xylenes are inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact (U.S. EPA, 1994a).

Non-Cancer: Exposure to xylene vapors may cause eye, nose, throat, and respiratory tract irritation. Xylene is a central nervous system depressant. Acute exposure may cause gastrointestinal effects such as nausea, vomiting, and gastric irritation. By analogy to toluene and benzene, xylene is predicted to cause cardiac arrythmias. Exposure may injure the kidneys.

In mice, rats, and rabbits, inhalation of mixed xylene or one of o-, m-, or p-xylene has resulted in increased post-implantation loss, reduced fetal weight, and other indications of retarded development. Oral exposure at high levels in mice has produced cleft palate and reduced fetal weight (ATSDR, 1993i; IARC, 1989c; HSDB, 1995).

Cancer: No information is available on the carcinogenic effects of mixed xylenes in humans. The U.S. EPA has classified xylene (isomers and mixtures) in Group D: Not classifiable as a carcinogen (U.S. EPA, 1994a). The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified xylene (isomers and mixtures) in Group 3: Not classifiable as to carcinogenicity (IARC, 1987a).

Notice: the author a consulting professional member of the American Industrial Hygiene Association - AIHA but not a certified industrial hygienist. Residential building investigations are not intended to certify any building as meeting government / industrial standards for workplace environments. Similarly, the investigation and exposure level testing techniques specified by industrial and workplace standards may often be unsuitable for residential building environment and indoor air quality investigations. Readers should be sure that the expertise and methodology used in building and contamination investigations are properly selected for the building type, occupancy, and likely hazards, and that adequate visual and technical inspections accompany actual tests for contaminants.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Indoor Gas Exposure Limits & Tests

Question: is it safe to stay in my building?

Great site. Woudl liek to do a test to see if it safe to stay here or whether I shodul move my family to a hotel while further tests are done. It is raining and our house smells strange and our noses are burning - Rosie 9/29/12

Reply:

Rosie,

To answer your question about the safety of remaining in a building where you susepect harmful gas exposures requires the help of a professional - provided there is some reason to believe that there is a hazard or risk and thus that it is cost-appropriate to hire someone.

A professional will perform a visual inspection of the building, conduct occupant interviews, may perform some general screening and IAQ tests, and depending on what is known about the building and its mechanical system, s/he may test for specific gases as well.

Watch out: If you believe that your building is unsafe for any reason, you should let the building owner/manager know immediately in writing and orally, and if there is an apparent immediate hazard: smoke, strong odors, fire, etc. it makes sense to evacuate first and call emergency services to check the building's safety.

Watch out: depending on the cause, a harmful gas may be present at inconsistent levels in a building. Also watch out for more basic hazards - like unsafe steps and rails, or biological or explosion or other safety hazards that can be present in any building.

...

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Questions & answers or comments about indoor toxic gas exposure limits, standards, PELS, instruments, procedures.

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Technical Reviewers & References

Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.

[1] "Residential Electric Water Heater Installation Instructions and Use & Care Guide", American Water Heater Co., October 2001, American Water Heater Co., Johnson City, TN, [manufacturer of residential & commercial water heaters, also manufacturer of Polaris/Commercial water heaters], Tel: 800-999-9515, web search 1/12/2012, original source: americanwaterheater.com/support/manuals/res-elect.pdf [copy on file]
[2] More information about gas hazards, gas toxicity, or other environmental hazards is available from public and professional agencies and associations such as the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) www.aiha.org, OSHA www.osha.gov, and the Mine Safety & Health Administration www.msha.gov. Also see Industrial Hygiene News.
Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides:
- Commercial Building Inspection Courses - protocol ASTM Standard E 2018-08 for Property Condition Assessments
- Home Inspection Education Courses including home study & live classes at eleven colleges & universities.
- Home Inspection Education Home Study Courses - ASHI@Home Training 10-course program.
  Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on these courses: Enter INSPECTAHITP in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference Book, a reference & inspection report product for building owners & inspectors.
  Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference eBook, an electronic version for PCs, the iPad, iPhone, & Android smart phones.
  Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter inspectaehrb in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
- The Illustrated Home illustrates construction details and building components, a reference for owners & inspectors.
  Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Illustrated Home purchased as a single order Enter INSPECTAILL in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
- The Horizon Software System manages business operations,scheduling, & inspection report writing using Carson Dunlop's knowledge base & color images. The Horizon system runs on always-available cloud-based software for office computers, laptops, tablets, iPad, Android, & other smartphones.
"When Wrinkle-Free Clothing Also Means Formaldehyde Fumes", Tara Siegel Bernard, The New York Times, 11 December 2010, pp. B1, B5.
Formaldehyde MSDS, Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc., 222 Red School Lane, Phillipsburg, NJ 08865, Mallinckrodt Chemicals and J.T. Baker, Tel: 800-582-2537 (U.S.) or 908-859-2151 (outside the U.S.) retrieved 12/13/2010, original source: http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/f5522.htm Note that the company's website "about us" link brings readers to Avantor Performance Materials, formerly Mallinckrodt Baker. Quoting:
Avantor™ Performance Materials (formerly Mallinckrodt Baker) is a global manufacturer of high-purity performance chemistries and materials sold under the J.T.Baker® and Mallinckrodt® brands. Our products are used in laboratory, pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and microelectronic industries worldwide.
...

FOOTNOTES on Gas Toxicity, Gas Exposure Level Testing, and Gas Exposure Standards

[1] Gas detection tubes are one of the classical measurement techniques of gas analysis (Ref. Drager Tubes - CMS Handbook).

The first detector tube was used in the U.S. in 1919 (for CO). Modern tubes offer quantitative results with a high degree of accuracy and selectivity. Basically, a "tube" is a glass tube which contains one or more chemical reagents which react with the measured substance by changing color, hence the name "colorimetric gas detector tubes".

In most tubes, the length of stain, combined with the volume of pumped test-air and with other environmental variables such as RH and temperature provide a quantitative measure of the level of target substance present at the instant of sample collection. Other methods are available for long-term sampling where that approach is needed.

[2] These tests intended for use during and immediately after fires to protect firefighters and investigators.

[3]Draeger Simultaneous Sets I and II measure inorganic combustion gases. Set III is for the measurement of organic vapors, most of which are not pertinent to this fire. The specific substances tested and the test results for each are listed in our Lab Report.

[4] Draeger Sampling Pump: I use the Draeger accuro 100 ml multi-stroke bellows Pump and Draeger-Tubes for gaseous substance sampling, or the Sensidyne Gastec 100 ml multi-stroke piston pump and Gastec tubes for certain gaseous substances. Both pumps are factory calibrated at 100 cc, and are leak-tested before and after each investigation. The adsorption tubes used for substance screening/identification are factory-calibrated.

[5] The 11^th substance (phosphine) is related to fertilizer fires and is unlikely at a residential property fire.

[6] IDLH "Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health; TLV" Threshold Limit Value.

[7] Benzene exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.1 ppm ST 1 ppm; OSHA PEL: [1910.1028] TWA 1 ppm ST 5 ppm

[8] Carbon dioxide exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m³) ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m³) OSHA PEL: TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m³)

[9] Carbon monoxide exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 35 ppm (40 mg/m³) C 200 ppm (229 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 50 ppm (55 mg/m³)>

[10] Formaldehyde exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.016 ppm C 0.1 ppm [15-minute]; OSHA PEL: [1910.1048] TWA 0.75 ppm ST 2 ppm

[11] Formic acid exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m³)

[12] Ozone exposure limits: NIOSH REL: C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

[13] Toluene exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 100 ppm (375 mg/m³) ST 150 ppm (560 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm C 300 ppm 500 ppm (10-minute maximum peak)

[14] Ammonia exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m³) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 50 ppm (35 mg/m³)

[15] "Health Hazards of some Gases" Jack E. Peterson, P.E., CIH, Ph.D., May, 1987. This data is from CompuServe's SAFETYNET forum 1989 and from the following articles:

[73766,1245] GASES.TOX 08-May-87 17240 ; 53

Title: Toxicity & hazards discussion of various gases

Keywords: Discussion of the toxicity and hazards of various gases, ammonia, arsine, bromine, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, propylene, and sulfur dioxide.

[74756,40] CO 20-Dec-86 7050 40

Title : Carbon Monoxide discussion by Jack Peterson

Keywords: CO CARBON MONOXIDE JACK PETERSON DISCUSSION THREAD

This is a discussion of carbon monoxide from lift trucks, by Jack Peterson, in response to a query on the message board. Excellent nformation from one of the leading experts on the topic.

74756,40. [76701,115] COALAR.TXT 19-Aug-88 12814 17

Message thread on Carbon Monoxide Alarms

Keywords: CO CARBON MONOXIDE ALARM ALARMS MONITOR MONITORING TESTING

This file is a message board discussion on Carbon Monoxide alarms, featuring comments by one of the leading authorities on CO, Jack Peterson.

[16] Arsine exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca C 0.002 mg/m³ [15-minute];OSHA PEL: TWA 0.05 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

[17] Benzene exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.1 ppm ST 1 ppm; OSHA PEL: [1910.1028] TWA 1 ppm ST 5 ppm

[18] Bromine exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m³) ST 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m³)

[19] Carbon monoxide exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 35 ppm (40 mg/m³) C 200 ppm (229 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 50 ppm (55 mg/m³)

[20] Benzene exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.1 ppm ST 1 ppm; OSHA PEL: [1910.1028] TWA 1 ppm ST 5 ppm

[21] Formaldehyde exposure limits: NIOSH REL: Ca TWA 0.016 ppm C 0.1 ppm [15-minute]; OSHA PEL: [1910.1048] TWA 0.75 ppm ST 2 ppm

[22] Formic acid exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m³)

Methane gas exposure limits: Methane is discussed at Methane Hazards. Also see SEPTIC METHANE GAS for a discussion of methane toxicity and explosion

[23] Nitric oxide exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 25 ppm (30 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 25 ppm (30 mg/m³)

[24] Ozone exposure limits: NIOSH REL: C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

[25] Propylene exposure limits: ?

[26] Sulfur dioxide exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m³) ST 5 ppm (13 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)

[27] Toluene exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 100 ppm (375 mg/m³) ST 150 ppm (560 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm C 300 ppm 500 ppm (10-minute maximum peak)

[28] Vinyl chloride: NIOSH REL: Ca; OSHA PEL: [1910.1017] TWA 1 ppm C 5 ppm [15-minute]

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

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