Ozone O₃ Exposure Standards, Chemical Effects of Air Cleaners on Indoor Ozone Concentration
InspectAPedia^® -

Ozone Gas O₃ Exposure Limits & Exposure Standards
Questions & Answers about exposure limits, Ozone PELS, Ozone TLVs & effects of exposure to Ozone gas
References

Click to Show or Hide Related Topics

InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.

Ozone gas exposure standards & exposure limits or PELs: this article describes allowable standards for exposure to ozone such as gases produced by ozone generators or ozone air purifiers and including the use of ozone gas generators for mold remediation. Ozone is widely promoted by ozone generating equipment companies and cleaning services for use in indoor building environments to deodorize, disinfect, "kill" mold, and for "general health". Ozone generators are also promoted for use to reduce the level of airborne particles, pollen, animal dander, and allergens, ostensibly to improve indoor air quality for asthmatics and people with allergies. While there are some important uses of ozone (such as for medical disinfection under controlled conditions), in general this is an idea which ranges from bad to dangerous in the home, and it is not recommended by the U.S. EPA nor other experts/agencies whose data we have reviewed.

Ozone O₃ Gas Exposure Limits & Exposure Standards

Ozone is a very strong oxidizer. As it oxidizes a substance ozone will literally destroy the substance’s molecule.[15]

General ozone exposure limits - PELs & TLVs

O₃ - NIOSH REL: C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3);
O₃ - OSHA PEL™: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3), as we reported at Gas Toxicity Levels.
O₃ - OSHA TLV: 0.1 ppm, American Conference of Government al Industrial Hygienists & Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA.

Table of Ozone Gas Exposure Effects, Risk Factors, & Standards & Limits

Ozone Gas Exposure Effects, Health Risk Factors, Limits & Standards
Health Effects of Ozone	Factors that Increase Health Risks from Ozone Exposure	Ozone Exposure Standards
Asthma aggravation or asthma attacks due to ozone exposure	Airborne ozone concentration increase means increased exposure indoors	US FDA Ozone Exposure Generation Limits: ozone output of indoor medical devices shall be no more than 0.05 ppm.
Chest pain due to Ozone exposure	Longer exposure times to ozone may increase some health effects	OSHA Ozone exposure limits (apply to workplace exposure to ozone): workers shall not be exposed to an average concentration of more than 0.10 ppm for 8 hours.
Loss of lung capacity or lung function due to ozone exposure	Higher rate of respiration - breathing faster - may increase the health effects of ozone exposure, such as exercising in an area of high ozone concentration, or people (such as infants and pets) who have a higher natural respiration rate.	NIOSH Ozone exposure limits: upper limit of 0.10 ppm, not to be exceeded at any time. (This is a recommendation).
Lung irritation / respiratory infection risk due to ozone exposure	Pre-existing conditions can increase the risk of health effects of ozone exposure such as people suffering from asthma or COPD.	U.S. EPA Air Quality Standard for Ozone: in the United States, the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is a maximum 8 hour average outdoor concentration of 0.08 ppm
Lung infection due to ozone exposure
Shortness of breath due to ozone exposure
Throat irritation & cough
Ozone TLV Threshold Limit Value Threshold concentration level for Ozone	At this level or below, injury is not expected in an industrial setting over an 8-hour work-day exposure This "threshold" ozone gas exposure level is accepted by the American Conference of Government al Industrial Hygienists (and is called the Threshold Limit Value by that organization) and by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA.	For ozone, that "threshold" concentration is 0.1 ppm. So long as concentrations are kept at or below that level, injury is not expected even in the most sensitive workers so long as their exposure durations coincide reasonably well with or are less than the 8 hr/day, 40 hr/wk regimen.

Notes: The columns in this table are separate subtopics and do not cross-correlate with one another. Sources: References [1] - [12] & [15] Ozone generator hazards, US EPA OZONE HAZARDS Ozone gas exposure hazards are further detailed at OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS and at Ozone Gas.

Ozone O₃ Bactericidal & Sterilization Levels & Effects

Examples of Sterilization Effects Achieved by Ozone Processes & Exposures¹
O₃ Ozone Concentration Level in liquid solution	O₃ Ozone Exposure Time	Bacteria / Pathogen	% Sterilization Effect
10 mg /M³	20 minutes	Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HbsAg)	99.99 %
8 mg /M³	10 minutes	Mycoplasma, Chlamydia	99.85%
0.5 ppm /L	5 minutes	Influenza A virus	99%
4 mg /L	3 minutes	HIV	100%
0.25 mg /L	1 minute	Ape rotavirus SA-H & Human rotavirus type 2	99.6%
0.13 mg /l	30 seconds	PVI	100%
40 ug /L	20 seconds	Salva bacteria E coli ms2	98%
0.6 ppm	10 minutes	S. salivarius	98% Elford et al. (1942) [15]
0.6 ppm	240 seconds	S. epidermis	Heindel et al. (1993) 99.4% [15]
0.4 ppm		pX174 (virus)	99.9% De Mik (1977)
			[15]
Notes to the table: 1. Original source: adapted & expanded from Trump Electronics [14] Trump Electronics produces integrated ozone & water recovery systems including clothes washing machines that make use of dissolved (in water) ozone. 2. [15] Laurence Franken, M.S., "The Application of Ozone Technology for Public Health and Industry", Nov. 2005, Food Safety & Security at Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Website: http://fss.k-state.edu, web search 10/12/12, original source: http://www.emo3.com/files/Laurence%20Franken,%20Kansas%20State%20University.pdf Note: This paper is sponsored by EcoQuest International [Copy on file as Ozone_Applications_Franken_KSU.pdf] Excerpt: Studies conducted by Midwest Research Institute (Huebner, 2003), using 0.05 ppm also showed reductions in five different pathogens. Reductions is Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Penicillium chrysogenum populations were between 30% and 70%, following 6 to 24 hour exposure. Reductions of Candida albicans were even greater at 90%.

Common Applications of Ozone

Notes:

Laurence Franken, M.S., "The Application of Ozone Technology for Public Health and Industry", Nov. 2005, Food Safety & Security at Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Website: http://fss.k-state.edu, web search 10/12/12, original source: http://www.emo3.com/files/Laurence%20Franken,%20Kansas%20State%20University.pdf [Copy on file as Ozone_Applications_Franken_KSU.pdf] - Note: This paper is sponsored by EcoQuest International Excerpting:

Ozone has been used for many years by professional cleaning and disaster restoration companies. These professionals utilize ozone to disinfect sick houses, destroy mold, mildew, fungi, or smoke from fire damage. Research has found that ozone levels of less then 9 ppm are necessary for sick buildings or profession disinfection (Khurana, 2003). These low level ozone applications have been found to be effective at reducing populations of bacteria, fungus, and viruses.

A study by Boeniger (1995), found that ozone air cleaners are a potential health risk if used at high levels indoors. Current ozone technology manufacturers seem well aware of this health risk and have worked to improve the science to make ozone safer for use indoors. For example, a photo-hydro-ionization (PHI) cell developed by RGF Environmental Group, Inc has been designed to not exceed the recommended Federal safety limits for ozone (0.04 ppm) in an occupied room.

Ozone has been found to be an excellent disinfect and deodorizer, especially for treatment of water (Chiang et al., 2003)
O3Ozone Allergy Purifiers LLC - vendor of ozone generating equipment and air purifiers - http://o3ozone.com/q&a_informed/ozone_applications.htm Caveat: OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Ozone Exposure Standards & Ozone Generation Applications

Question: I work with ozone generators - how can I see if I have injured myself

After reading this I got very nervous since I work with ozone generators a lot. How can I see if I have already caused myself too much damage to have bad long term affects? Is there a way to get tested? - Josh 11/30/11

Reply: 3 Steps to Assessing Possible Harm from Exposure to Ozone Gas O₃

Josh, by no means do we advocate panic about ozone, but rather we caution about the importance of distinguishing between long and well-established valid Ozone O₃ applications whose effectiveness is accepted and well documented and other O₃ applications whose effectiveness is questioned or perhaps completely refuted by experts. And we note a third category of ozone issues arising from over-dosing or over-exposing environments or people. Details are at OZONE TOXICITY.

To answer your question more specifically, that is, have you been injured by ozone exposure, a topic on which I am NOT expert, I can but suggest:

Consult with your personal physician about your concerns and any complaints that s/he might think are O₃ related; if that consult leads to a concern, your doctor will refer you to an appropriate specialist for interview, and examination. Ozone itself is highly volatile and while it has been detected in urine of people that's only for immediately-recent exposure; otherwise, the ozone itself is likely not to be detected but if there has been an injury, that may be diagnosed.
Obtain data about your workplace (or other) exposure to O₃ (ozone) including the frequency, duration, and concentration of ozone to which you were exposed, and provide that information to your physician.
Compare exposure to the Ozone TLV: Take a look at our first table above, where you can read about the TLV or "Threshold Limit Value" for ozone exposure. For ozone, the TLV concentration is 0.1 ppm (0.1 parts per million of ozone in air). It is reasonable to conclude that as long as the ozone concentration to which you have been exposed has been maintained at or below that level, injury is not expected as long as your exposure durations coincided reasonably well with or were less than the 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week regimen.

Question: we have been running our ozone air purifier at a high rate and are experiencing symptoms

We have a new air purifier with an ozone cycle option. We didn't know any better and have been using the cycle at a pretty high rate in our home and at our office for a week. Experiencing symptoms. Have we done permanent damage? - Jerry 2/9/12

Reply:

Jerry, you don't say what ozone symptoms you have been experiencing nor how we can conclude a sure relationship between ozone exposure and those complaints; but a thoughtful answer to how to decide if you've been injured by ozone exposure is in our notes to Josh found just above.

Beyond personal ozone exposure questions, remains the question of whether or not you are or have been overdosing your home with high levels of ozone sufficient to cause secondary oxidation, damage, or odor problems involving the building surfaces, materials, and furnishings. If you don't smell obnoxious odors the answer is probably not. Details about the ozone oxidation problem are at OZONE MOLD / ODOR TREATMENT WARNINGS.

To reassess your expectations from your ozone air purifier, you might also want to read Ozone Generators for Indoor Air Pollution? and then take a look at OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS.

...

Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia

Questions & answers or comments about about exposure limits, PELS, & effects of exposure to Ozone gas.

Ask a Question or Enter Search Terms in the InspectApedia search box just below.

Technical Reviewers & References

Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.

U.S. Clean Air Act - large PDF - epw.senate.gov/envlaws/cleanair.pdf
"Ozone-Generating Air Cleaners and Indoor Air Chemistry" , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, original document is available at: epa.gov/appcdwww/iemb/ozone.htm
"Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, original document is available at: epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html "EPA reviewed a wide assortment of this literature, including information provided by a leading manufacturer of ozone generating devices. In keeping with EPA's policy of insuring that the information it provides is based on sound science, only peer reviewed, scientifically supported findings and conclusions were relied upon in developing this document."
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) 1111 19th Street, NW, Suite 402, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 872-5955 www.aham.org provides information on air cleaners on their AHAM-certified Clean Air Delivery Rate site at www.cadr.org AHAM conducts four certification programs for each category - room air cleaners, room air conditioners, dehumidifiers and refrigerator/freezers. The air cleaner certification program is known as AC-1.
The American Lung Association has an Air Cleaning Device fact sheet www.lungusa.org/air/air00_aircleaners.html

[1] Ozone exposure limits: NIOSH REL: C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m³); OSHA PEL: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

[2] Ozone and other contaminants discussed, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dardata/airmon/parametertextpage1.htm
[3] Indoor air, http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/indoor/indoor.htm New York State Department of Health
[4]Environmental Toxins, Yale New Haven Health, http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/library/healthguide/en-us/illnessconditions/topic.asp?hwid=support/zp3217
[5] Development of a Method for Measuring Single-Pass Bioaerosol Removal Efficiencies of a Room Air Cleaner, page 223 Karin K. Foarde, James T. Hanley, David S. Ensor, and Peter Roessler http://www.aaar.org/ast_abst/v30n0212.htm
Methodology to Perform Clean Air Delivery Rate Type Determinations with Microbiological Aerosols, page 235 Karin K. Foarde, Eric A. Myers, James T. Hanley, David S. Ensor, and Peter F. Roessler
[6]Ozone is not a substitute for mold removal and its reaction with building materials, but applied by an expert may help deodorize, a cleaning article by Jim Holland - http://www.icsmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,3035,118663,00.html
[7] Ozone as an oxidant, a few references from the Canadian Government
- http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/air_quality/publications/ground_level_ozone/part3/ch7_references.htm
- Bogaty, H., Campbell K. S., and Appel, W. D. (1952). The oxidation of cellulose by ozone in small concentrations. Text. Res. J. 22: 81-83.
- Bradley, C. E., and Haagen-Smit, A. J. (1951). The application of rubber in the quantitative determination of ozone. Rubber Chem. Technol. 24: 750-755.
- Cass, G. R., Nazaroff, W. W., Tiller, C., and Whitmore, P. M. (1991). Protection of works of art from damage due to atmospheric ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 25A( 2): 441-451.
- Druzik, J. R. (1985). Ozone: The Intractable Problem. We stern Association for Art Conservation newsletter. Http://sul-server-2.stanford.edu/waac/wn/wn07/wn07-3/wn07-302.html (vol.7, no. 3)
[8] "Health Hazards of some Gases" Jack E. Peterson, P.E., CIH, Ph.D., May, 1987
[9] Ozone Gas Hazards Description in our article "Effects of Toxic Gas Exposure to Ammonia, Arsine Arsenic Bromine Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Hydride Ozone & others"
[10] "Laundry Ozone FAQ", Water Energy Laundry Consulting, 9741 Tappenbeck, Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77055 Tel: (713) 464-2580; web search 12/17/11, original source laundryconsulting.com/solution/
benefits-of-ozone-laundry/ozone-laundry-faq/
[11] "Ozone acting on human blood yields a hormetic dose-response relationship", Velio A Bocci, Iacopo Zanardi,& Valter Travagli, J Transl Med. 2011; 9: 66. Published online 2011 May 17. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-66 - Quoting the article abstract:
The aim of this paper is to analyze why ozone can be medically useful when it dissolves in blood or in other biological fluids. In reviewing a number of clinical studies performed in Peripheral Arterial Diseases (PAD) during the last decades, it has been possible to confirm the long-held view that the inverted U-shaped curve, typical of the hormesis concept, is suitable to represent the therapeutic activity exerted by the so-called ozonated autohemotherapy. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of human blood ozonation have been also critically reviewed in regard to the biological, therapeutic and safety of ozone. It is hoped that this gas, although toxic for the pulmonary system during prolonged inhalation, will be soon recognized as a useful agent in oxidative-stress related diseases, joining other medical gases recently thought to be of therapeutic importance. Finally, the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of ozone as well as the obtained results in PAD may encourage clinical scientists to evaluate ozone therapy in vascular diseases in comparison to the current therapies.
[12] Petras T, Siems W, Grune T. 4-Hydroxynonenal is degraded to mercapturic acid conjugate in rat kidney. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;19(5):685–688. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00060-B
[14] "Ozone Applied in the Washing Machine, Part II", Trump Electronics, (Shanghai office) Tel:+86-21-64120330 Fax:+86-21-64141090 M: 15901628456 Email: info@trumpxp.com, personal email to editor 10/12/2012
[15] Laurence Franken, M.S., "The Application of Ozone Technology for Public Health and Industry", Nov. 2005, Food Safety & Security at Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Website: http://fss.k-state.edu, web search 10/12/12, original source: http://www.emo3.com/files/Laurence%20Franken,%20Kansas%20State%20University.pdf Note: This paper is sponsored by EcoQuest International [Copy on file as Ozone_Applications_Franken_KSU.pdf] Provides the following additional citations:
- Boeniger, M. F. (1995). Use of ozone generating devices to improve indoor air quality. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 56(6), 590-598.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). Foodborne outbreak surveillance system. Retrieved July 11, 2005 from http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/a_z.htm
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002). Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with norovirus on cruise ships. MMWR, 51(49), 1112-1115.
- Chiang, C., Tasi, C., Lin, S., Huo, C., & Lo, K. V. (2003). Disinfection of hospital wastewater by continuous ozonization. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 38, 2895-2908.
- Chotani, R. A., Roghmann, M., & Perl, T. M. (2004). Nosocomial infections. In N.M.H.Graham, C. Masters, &. K.E.Nelson, (Eds.). Infectious disease epidemiology: Theory and practice. (pp655-673). London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
- Cunningham, H. M. & Lawrence, G. A. (1977). Effect of exposure of meat and poultry to chlorinated water on the retention of chlorinated compounds and water. Journal of Food Science, 42(6), 1504-1505, 1509.
- DeAngelo, A. B., George, M. H., Kilburn, S.R., Moore, T.M., & Wolf, D. C. (1998). Carcinogenicity of potassium bromate administered in the drinking water to male B6C3F mice and F344/N rats. Toxicol Pathology, 26, 587-594. 1
- De Boer, H. (2005). Kennel Cough. Retrieved July 27, 2005 from http://www.workingdogs.com/deboerken_cough.htm
- Delfino, R. J., Coate, B. D., Zeiger, R. S., Seltzer, J. M., Street, D. H., & Koutrakis, P. (1996). Daily asthma severity in relation to personal ozone exposure and outdoor fungal spores. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 154(3), 633-641.
- Edwards, H. B. (n.d.). Indoor Air Quality: A Different Approach, there is both good and bad ozone
  Elford, W., & Eude, J. (1942). An investigation of the merits of ozone as an aerial disinfectant. Journal of Hygiene, 42, 240-265.
- Fink, R. (1998). Cleaning the air 101. Engineered Systems. 15(7), 48-51.
  Fink, R. (1994, April). The science of cleaning: Ozone, nature’s oxidizer and deodorizer. Cleaning Management, ER-4.
- Gudlaugsson et al. (2003). Attributed mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, 1172-1177.
- Haavind, R. (2001). Let’s demand healthy air in airplanes and hospital. Solid State Technology, 44(2), 12.
- Hagstrom, J. (2001). One more thing to worry about. National Journal, 42, 52.
- Havelaar, A. H. et al. (2000). Balancing the risks and benefits of drinking water disinfection: Disability adjusted life-years on the scale. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(4), 315-321.
- Hazards of ozone generating air-cleaning devices. (1998). Consumers’ Research Magazine. 81(7), 23-25.
- Hill, J. D., Burnuth, R. D., & Josh, N. P. (2002). Monitoring and regulating of ozone systems in livestock production facilities. The Society of Engineering in Agriculture, food, and biological systems. Paper 024055
- Huebner, R. C. (2003). Third party evaluation of the ability of 0.05 ppm ozone to inactivate common bacteria and fungi. Midwest Research Institute, Project no. 310413.1.001.
- Hugonnet, S. Sax, H., Eggimann, P., & Chevrolet, J-C. (2004). Nosocomial bloodstream infection and clinical sepsis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10, 76-81.
- Isakbaeva, E. T. et al. (2005). Norovirus transmission on cruise ships. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(1), 156.
- Kaufman P. R., Handy, C. R., McLaughlin, E. W., Park, K., & Green, G. M.. (2000). Understanding the dynamics of produce markets: consumption and consolidation grow. USDA, Economic Research Service. Retrieved July 15, 2005 from <http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib758/aib758.pd
- Khurana, A., Chynoweth, D. P., & Teixeira (2003). Ozone treatment for prevention of microbial growth in air conditioning systems. Masters theses, University of Florida.
- Kim, J. G., Yousef, A. E., & Chrism, G. W. (1999). Use of ozone to inactivate microorganisms on lettuce. Journal of Food Safety, 19, 17-33.
- Kohn, L., Corrigan, J., & Donaldson, M. (1999). To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, retrieved may 20, 2005 from http://www.nap.edu/books/0309068371/html/
  Kowalski, W. J., Bahnfleth, W. P. & Whittam T. S. (1998). Bactericidal effects of high airborne ozone concentrations on Escherichia coli and Staphyloccus aureus. Ozone Science and Engineering 20, 205-221
- Lancelot, C. (2005, January). Opinion: Taking action before disaster hits. General Practitioner, 29-31.
  Leoni, E., Legnani, M. T., & Pirani, R. (1999). Prevalence of mycobacteria in a swimming pool environment. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 683-688.
- Mac Kenzie, W. R., Hoxie, N. J., Proctor, M. E., Gradus, M. S., Blair, K. A., Peterson, D. E., Kazmierczak, J. J., et al. (1994). A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 161-167.
- Marinas, B. J., Rennecker, J. L., Teefy, S., & Rice, E. W. (1999). Assessing ozone disinfection with non biological surrogates. Journal of American Water Works, 91, 79-89.
- Meyerson, L. A. & Reaser, J. K. (2002). Biosecurity: Moving toward a comprehensive approach. Bioscience, 52, 593-600.
  Miller, J. M., et al. (2000). Cruise ships: High-risk passengers and the global spread of new influenza viruses. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 31, 433-438.
- Mork, D. D. (1993). Removing sulfide with ozone. Water Contamination & Purification. 34-37.
- Nelson, K. E. (2004). Emerging and new infectious diseases. In N.M.H.Graham, C. Masters, &. K.E.Nelson, (Eds.). Infectious disease epidemiology: Theory and practice. (pp301-356). London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers
  Nicolle, L. E. (2001). Preventing Infections in Non-Hospital Settings: Long-Term Care. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(2), 205-207.
- Orent, W. (2005, February). Worrying about killer flu. Discover, 26(2), 44-49
- Pope, D. H., Eichler, L. W., Coates, T.F., Kramer, J. F., Soracco, R. J. (1984). The effect of ozone on Legionella pneumophila and other bacterial populations in cooling towers. Current Microbiology, 10(2), 89-94.
- Potera, C. (2002, August). What’s that smell? Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(8), A 454.
- Purofirst (2000). Ozone. 411 Information Please: Technical data for fire, smoke, and water damage restoration & reconstruction, 8.
- Rice, R. G., (2002). Ozone and anthrax: Knowns and unknowns. Ozone Science & Engineering, 24, 151-158.
- Ruane, P. H., Edrich, R. G & , D., Keil, S. D., Leonard, R. L., & Goodrich, R. P. (2004). Photochemical inactivation of selected viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrations using riboflavin and light. Transfusion, 44(6), 877-885.
  Saldivar, R. J. (n.d.). Do we really know how to clean and disinfect animal facilities? Texas A&M University. Retrieved July 12, 2005 from www.josephwebb.com/reports/DO%20WE%20KNOW%20HOW%20TO%20CLEAN%20ANIMAL%20FACILITIES.pdf
  November
- Sherwood, J. (2005, July) Agro-terrorism preparedness. FDCH Congressional Testimony, U.S. Senate Agriculture Committee.
- Talley, C. R. (2003). Sterile compounding in hospital pharmacies. American Journal of Health-Systems Pharmacy, 60, 2563.
- Tenenbaum, D. J. (2003). The cleanroom: How clean? Environmental Health Perspectives. 111(5), 282-283.
- Tilton, D. (2003). Nosocomial infections: diseases from within our doors. Retrieved May 15, 2005 from http://www.nursingceu.com/NCEU/courses/nosocomial/
- Thompson, B. (1999, June 18). Travel: The dish on hotel air. The Wall Street Journal, W14.
- Thu, K. M. (2002). Public health concerns for neighbors of large scale swine production operations. Journal of Agriculture Safety and Health. 8(2), 175-184
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1990). Residential air cleaning devices: a summary of available information. Retrieved June 22, 2005 from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/residair.html#What%20Pollutants%20are%20of%20Concern
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1999). Ozone generators that are sold as air cleaners: An assessment of effectiveness and health consequences. Retrieved July 12, 2005 from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1993). Targeting indoor air pollution: EPA's approach and progress. Retrieved July 20, 2005 from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/targetng.html
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA] (2004). Recommendations to processors of apple juice or cider on the use of ozone for pathogen reduction purposes. Retrieved July 27, 2005 from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/juicgu13.html.
- Vugia, D. J., Jang, Y., Zizek, C., Ely, J., Winthrop, K. L., & Desmond, E. (2005). Mycobacteria in nail salon whirlpool footbaths, California. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(4), 616-618.
- Watkins, B. D., Hengemuehle, S. M., Person, H. L., Yokoyama, M. T., & Masten, S. J. (1997). Ozonation of swine manure wastes to control odors and reduce the concentrations of pathogens and toxic fermentation metabolites. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 19(5), 425-437.
- Weber, C. J. (2004). Infectious disease: Update on bioterrorism preparedness. Urologic Nursing, 24(5), 417-419.
- Weinberg, H, S. & Glaze, W.H. (1996). An overview of ozonation disinfection by-products. In R. A. Minear & G. L. Amy (eds). Disinfection By-Products in Water Treatment: The Chemistry of Their Formation and Control, (pp165-188), Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
- Weinstein, R. (1998). Nosocomial infection update. Emerging infectious diseases, retrieved May 14, 2005 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/.
- Wheelis, M., Casagrande, R., & Madden, L. V. (2002). Biological Attack on Agriculture: Low-Tech, High-Impact Bioterrorism. Bioscience, 52, 366-378.
- World Health Organization [WHO](1996). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. (2nd ed.). In Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information, Geneva, 2.
- Yalcin, A. N. (2003). Socioeconomic burden of nosocomial infections. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 57, 450-456.
- Zdrojewski, E. (2001). Ozone/UV water treatment: An alternative to chlorine treatment of tempering water. Milling Journal, 40-42.
Sampling for gases in air such as VOC's, MVOC's, toxic chemicals, and combustion products.
Unfortunately no single test or tool can detect all possible building contaminants. We use methods and equipment which can test for common contaminants. If the identity of a specific contaminant is known in advance we can also test for a very large number of specific contaminant gases in buildings.
We use gas sampling equipment provided by the two most reliable companies in the world, Draeger-Safety's detector-tubes and Drager accuro bellows pump, the Gastec cylinder pump and detector-tube system produced by Gastec or Sensidyne, and we also use Sensidyne's Gilian air pump. For broad screening for combustibles and a number of other toxic gases and for leak tracing we also use Amprobe's Tif8850. All of these instruments, their applications, and sensitivities (minimum detectable limits) for specific gases are described in our Gas Sampling Plan online document.

[16] U.S. Army Field Manual FM-8-285-Noxious_Chemicals discusses Ammonia, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Hazards caused by fire
Kansas State University, department of plant pathology, extension plant pathology web page on wheat rust fungus: see http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/path-ext/factSheets/Wheat/Wheat%20Leaf%20Rust.asp
"A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency US EPA - includes basic advice for building owners, occupants, and mold cleanup operations. See http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.htm
US EPA - Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Building [Copy on file at /sickhouse/EPA_Mold_Remediation_in_Schools.pdf ] - US EPA
US EPA - Una Breva Guia a Moho - Hongo [Copy on file as /sickhouse/EPA_Moho_Guia_sp.pdf - en Espanol

"IgG Food Allergy Testing by ELISA/EIA, What do they really tell us?" Sheryl B. Miller, MT (ASCP), PhD, Clinical Laboratory Director, Bastyr University Natural Health Clinic - ELISA testing accuracy: Here is an example of Miller's critique of ELISA http://www.betterhealthusa.com/public/282.cfm - Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients
The critique included in that article raises compelling questions about IgG testing assays, which prompts our interest in actually screening for the presence of high levels of particles that could carry allergens - dog dander or cat dander in the case at hand.
http://www.tldp.com/issue/174/IgG%20Food%20Allergy.html contains similar criticism in another venue but interestingly by the same author, Sheryl Miller. Sheryl Miller, MT (ASCP), PhD, is an Immunologist and Associate Professor of Basic and Medical Sciences at Bastyr University in Bothell, Washington. She is also the Laboratory Director of the Bastyr Natural Health Clinic Laboratory.
Allergens: Testing for the level of exposure to animal allergens is discussed at http://www.animalhealthchannel.com/animalallergy/diagnosis.shtml (lab animal exposure study is interesting because it involves a higher exposure level in some cases
Allergens: WebMD discusses allergy tests for humans at webmd.com/allergies/allergy-tests
Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd Ed., GS deHoog, J Guarro, J Gene, & MJ Figueras, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 2000, ISBN 90-70351-43-9 (you can buy this book at Amazon) - The Atlas of Clinical Fungi is also available on CD ROM
Atlas of Mold Related Illness: Index of Symptoms and health, physical, neurological, psychological, and other complaint which people suspect may be mold or building-related.
Atlas of Indoor Mold, Online Clinical Mold Atlas, Toxins, Pathogens, Allergens and Other Indoor Particles - Medical Health Effects of Mold (separate online document)
"A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency US EPA - includes basic advice for building owners, occupants, and mold cleanup operations. See http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.htm
"Disease Prevention Program for Certain Vegetable Crops," David B. Langston, Jr., Extension Plant Pathologist - Vegetables, University of Georgia (PDF document) original source: www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/209797.html
"Disease Prevention in Home Vegetable Gardens," Patricia Donald, Department of Plant Microbiology and Pathology, Lewis Jett
Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri Extension - extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G6202
"Management of Powdery Mildew, Leveillula taurica, in Greenhouse Peppers," Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, British Columbia - Original source: www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/peppermildew.htm
Fifth Kingdom, Bryce Kendrick, ISBN13: 9781585100224, is available from the InspectAPedia online bookstore - we recommend the CD-ROM version of this book. This 3rd/edition is a compact but comprehensive encyclopedia of all things mycological. Every aspect of the fungi, from aflatoxin to zppspores, with an accessible blend of verve and wit. The 24 chapters are filled with up-to-date information of classification, yeast, lichens, spore dispersal, allergies, ecology, genetics, plant pathology, predatory fungi, biological control, mutualistic symbioses with animals and plants, fungi as food, food spoilage and mycotoxins.
Fungi, Identifying Filamentous, A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, Guy St-Germain, Richard Summerbell, Star Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-89863-177-7 (English) (buy at Amazon)
Mycology, Fundamentals of Diagnostic, Fran Fisher, Norma B. Cook, W.B. Saunders Co. 1998, ISBN 0-7216-5006-6 (buy this book at Amazon)
...

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.

The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.

Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.

Building inspection education & report writing systems from Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd

Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto, have provided us with (and we recommend) Carson Dunlop Weldon & Associates' Technical Reference Guide to manufacturer's model and serial number information for heating and cooling equipment
Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Technical Reference Guide purchased as a single order. Just enter INSPECTATRG in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
...


	InspectAPedia^®	InspectAPedia
	Free Encyclopedia of Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, Repair	Ask a Question or Search InspectAPedia

Free Encyclopedia of Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, Repair

Ask a Question or Search InspectAPedia

Ozone O3 Gas Exposure Limits & Exposure Standards