Free Encyclopedia of Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, Repair

Ask a Question or Search InspectAPedia

• HOME
• AIR CONDITIONING
• ELECTRICAL
• EXTERIORS
• HEATING
• HOME INSPECTION
• INTERIORS
• PLUMBING
• ROOFING
• SEPTIC SYSTEMS
• STRUCTURE
• WATER SUPPLY

• ENERGY SAVINGS
• ENVIRONMENT
• INDOOR AIR IAQ
• INSULATION
• MOLD INSPECT TEST REMOVE
• NOISE
• ODORS
• SOLAR ENERGY
• VENTILATION
• EXPERTS DIRECTORY
• CONTACT US

This article discusses methods to check a building for animal allergens (cat, dog, etc) using as an example, Cat Dander: how to inspect and test a building for past or current presence of cats, cat hair, cat dander, and cat allergens.

This website provides information and procedures for finding, testing, cleaning and preventing indoor mold, toxic black mold, green mold, testing building indoor air quality, and other sick house / sick building investigations. Here are research articles, inspection and testing procedures, and contact information for expert services.

At ALLERGENS in buildings, RECOGNIZING we discuss and provide photos of common indoor allergenic particles found in homes and in the work place. At ALLERGEN TESTS for buildings we discuss testing buildings for the presence of animal allergens or other allergens such as insect fragments or fecals. Also see  ANIMAL ODORS IN buildings for suggestions about removal of pet odors.

We give in-depth information about indoor air quality problems: causes of respiratory illness, asthma, or other symptoms such as neurological or psychological problems, air quality investigation methods, and remediation procedures such as mold cleanup, handling toxic mold contamination, and building or mechanical system repairs.

© Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website.

Why Test for Animal Allergens Indoors?

The following question from a reader about testing for cat allergens in a home prompted our advice on what to do about cats and cat allergens which follows the cat question itself.

I am wondering if you know of or could perform a test in our home to determine the level of cat dander present. We are renting our home to tenants until next summer, but we have been told that the tenants may be keeping/hiding an indoor-only cat for their daughter (although our lease does not allow any pets). Our daughter and I both have severe cat allergies and I do not know

(a) if we can prove that they have a cat and

(b) what if anything we could do after they move out to make the home safe for our daughter and me again. Do you have any suggestions?

How to Inspect for and Test for Previous or Current Animal Presence in a Building

There are several approaches I suggest to look for evidence of a cat (and cat allergens) in a building.

How to Test for Proof that a Cat is or has been in a Building

Here are several easy and inexpensive approaches to testing for the presence of cats in a building:

1. Visual evidence of cats in buildings: You see cats, cat litter box, cat bowls, or owners/occupants confirm that cats live or lived in the building. Even if no cats presently live in a building, there is often easy-to-spot visual evidence of prior cat occupants: a cat door (photo at left), fine and often deep cat scratches on furniture or trim, curtains, etc.
   
   
2. The olfactory or "smell" test for cats: is there a cat-box odor somewhere? Especially in the case you cite, of an "indoor only" cat, a litter box must have been used in the building.
   
   Only the most diligent and frequent cleaning of the litter box and the surfaces around it will prevent any trace of a cat urine odor in that area. If a male cat was present in the building and has urinated or "marked" any surfaces, the smell will be very strong.
   
   Cats are generally clean animals provided the cat is healthy. But their litter box is a common odor source as well as a possible source of pathogens, bacteria, and mites.
   
   
3. The animal hair test for cats: Most cats shed all the time. Somewhere in the building, in particular, where the cat likes to sleep or rest, there will be cat hair concentrated. (This is also a great place to sample for cat dander or cat "allergens"
   
   
4. Cat dander in dust samples: cat dander, skin flakes shed by cats and other mammals, includes proteins (from the cat's saliva) which are allergenic and can be strong irritants to people with cat allergies or perhaps asthma. You can test for cat dander easily using a particle collection and identification approach:
• Settled dust sample collection: collect one or more samples of settled house dust, particularly, in areas where a cat might have been spending a lot of time, or perhaps from an A/C or hot air furnace return register grille which is giving you a long term sample of house air.
  
  Use the adhesive tape sampling method at Six Easy Steps to Get and Mail a Mold Test Kit to a lab for 24-hour turnaround on sample analysis.
  
  Cat dander is visible on microscopic analysis provided the lab has a forensic analyst who is properly trained in animal dander identification. Photographs of cat dander are at our website too.
• Vacuumed dust sample collection: an alterative which you may not be able to do as easily (I use special vacuum sampling equipment), is the collection of a vacuum sample of upholstered or carpeted surfaces in the most-suspect areas.
  
  A do-it-yourself dust vacuum approach has been used to sample dust on carpets and furniture, by using the open end of a vacuum cleaner tube covered by a special filter "sock" which can be purchased for that purpose.
  
  Some of our clients made their own particle collection sock using a square of fine linen (which loses some of the very small particles) or a coffee filter (which worked rather well provided the sample was not overloaded).
  
  
5. Protein assay for cat allergens: There are also chemical assay procedures for animal allergen detection but in our opinion the particle identification approach is faster, less costly, at least as reliable if not more, and permits forming an opinion about the relative level of allergens by noting the dominant particles in the sample. A specific assay for a specific protein or chemical is not going to provide that contextual interpretative data.
6. Use of a "black light" or UV lighting to check for animals in buildings can be a useful tool if you are screening for pet urine. We discuss this too further at   ANIMAL ODORS IN buildings

Forensic Laboratory Approach to Identification of Cats in buildings

• Cat Dander in Lab Samples: Some cat dander might be found in almost any building as people bring it in on clothing from other locations. Cat dander can generally be identified in dust samples by its physical characteristics such as size and shape.
  
  Having inspected and performed the lab analysis for many buildings, I'd have an opinion (as would another experienced microscopist), when examining a microscope slide prepared from the dust samples discussed above. With some field and lab experience, the analyst can discuss the probability that the level of cat dander in a sample slide was high enough to suggest that a cat is or was in a building.

Cat Hair and Other Animal hair in Lab Samples: similarly, cat hair (as well as dog, rabbit, and other animals, can generally be identified by microscopic procedures. An experienced analyst can express an opinion regarding the frequency of appearance of cat hair in a building dust or debris sample. Of course cat hair may have been visible and thick in a building. Here we are discussing the presence of hair fragments in a sample where perhaps cat hair was not visually obvious at the building site.

What to Do About High Levels of Cat Dander, Cat Hair, Cat Allergens in a Building

If we find that there is evidence of a high level of cat dander or other problem allergens in the building dust, we could design a cleaning regimen that can substantially reduce those levels, ranging from discard of materials to HEPA vacuuming to washing certain surfaces. As this can get costly I wouldn't do so unless needed.

We might also suggest some special measures for more ordinary house cleaning such as buying a HEPA-rated house vacuum cleaner, reduction or elimination of wall to wall carpeting, and a regular cleaning schedule.

If there appear to be building related health or allergy complaints after cleaning we can suggest additional measures to reduce the allergen level indoors, and perhaps, (let's hope it's not needed) recommend a more thorough building investigation for other problem sources.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Cat Dander Detection, Testing, & Cleanup in buildings

Question: Is it Possible to Clean & Isolate Cat Dander in buildings Enough to Avoid Cat Allergy Trouble?

I have a quick question I would really appreciate your opinion/best guess. I have a home that I created a basement apartment in a home with gas forced air heating. A potential tenant has 2 cats. My daughter who visits for as much as a week every couple months is allergic to cats she has lived in her in-laws home with cats for long weekends. The result being a stuffy/plugged up nose. In your opinion, with

1. a central vacuum system (exhausts to the outside),
2. with a powered good electrostatic air cleaner (I created an excellent seal between the filter and the ductwork at the furnace),
3. very good seal and good filter changing technique, and
4. the cats always contained to the downstairs area.

Do you feel this is enough isolation to prevent significant problems for my daughter?

Thanks so much for your help. - B.A.

Reply: You can Reduce but Not Eliminate Cat Dander Allergy Problems in a Home Where Cats are Present

By email, with no specific building inspection nor test data, and not being an allergist, one cannot reliably assure that your cat-allergic daughter won't have complaints when in this home. The sensitivity of individuals and of course their exposure to allergens just varies too widely. But it is possible to give reasonable general advice about lowering or minimizing the exposure to cat allergens in a building.

Presuming that by "downstairs" area you refer to a basement apartment that is isolated from the rest of the home, all of the steps you suggested [above] are in our OPINION, all good ones, but in our experience it is just about impossible to eliminate cat dander from non-cat areas of a building.

Cat Dander (and animal dander in general) is Widespread

What do you "get" if you vacuum a cat? Most cats will not volunteer to be vacuumed, though we've met a few who didn't mind. What you get, according to our field and lab tests, if you vacuum a (willing) cat includes: cat hair, cat dander, and typically some pollen, a few dust mite fecals, and common house dust particles.

We have found by field and lab testing that cat dander is present (albeit at low levels) even in buildings where no cats live. The allergenic component of cat dander is Feline D-1 or Fel-D1, a glycoprotein that combines with cat dander (cat skin flakes). When a cat grooms her/himself and when cat saliva (from grooming, and which contains Fel-D1) combines with additional Fel-D1 produced by cats' sebaceous glands. Fel-D1 is also written Fel d-1 and Fel D 1).

But put more simply, a glycoprotein found on cat skin flakes or cat dander, is a bothersome allergen to some people.

These cat dander particles, which is basically cat skin flakes, are often "hooked" or sharply irregular in shape, helping these particles to travel from building to building on people and their possessions, from cat-areas to non-cat areas.

While reducing the level of cat dander in the space to be occupied by the cat-allergic person (your daughter) will be helpful, it's tough to predict how she'll react in the home.

We have encountered individuals who were sensitive to very low levels of specific particles in buildings, including animal dander as well as mold and other allergens.

Steps to Reduce the Level of Cat Dander Indoors

So unless no one (humans too, not just cats) will ever pass from the basement apartment into the upstairs of the building, it is likely that at least some cat dander will enter the home by that route. Here are some suggestions that should help reduce the allergenicity of your home if cats are living in the basement:

• Venting the central vac to outdoors is a good idea not only because it vents cat dander and other particles outside, but because during housecleaning you are avoiding stirring up indoor dust from the vacuum exhaust. Is your central vac a HEPA-rated unit?
• Your electrostatic air cleaner will reduce the particle level in conditioned air in the building. You might improve indoor air quality by other improved filtration steps. You can be sure that with a single common HVAC system heating (and perhaps air conditioning) the home using conditioned air, particles (including cat dander) from a basement apartment will certainly be continuously entering the air handler and ductwork.
  
  The most effective method of reducing the level of indoor airborne particles we have found involved use of cascaded air filters (How to Cascade Air Filters) and operation of the blower fan or air handler continuously so that air is continuously being filtered by the central air system. See INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GUIDE and in particular AIR FILTERS for HVAC SYSTEMS and AIR FILTERS, OPTIMUM INDOOR.
• Fresh air or balanced ventilation could improve the indoor air quality in the building still further (than the cascaded and improved air filtration) and might be worth considering - see VENTILATION, BALANCED
• Clean the building non-cat areas: if you have not already done so, you should clean thoroughly by HEPA vacuuming and wiping the entire upstairs area after the cat-isolation methods have been taken.
• Clean the HVAC system? if you have never done so, it's probably worth having the existing duct system and air handler professionally cleaned - provided that your duct work is metal and can be cleaned.
• Get rid of carpeting?: in our OPINION, it is just about impossible to prevent high levels of indoor dust particles, including allergens, if your home contains wall-to-wall carpeting. Vacuuming carpets makes the level of airborne particles worse if the vacuum itself is leaky or not HEPA rated.
• Create a "clean zone" where your daughter will spend the most time - typically her bedroom. Remove carpeting, use blinds rather than curtains, keep the door shut, and clean this room with care.
• Some cats produce considerably less allergens in their saliva and sebaceous glands than others, including (we have read), Abyssinian cats and better still, Siberian cats. You might ask what breed of cats will be living in the apartment below.

Watch out: it may be a mistake to focus attention only on cat dander if a building occupant suffers from allergies. Check with your daughter's allergist or pulmonologist to discuss what other allergens, particles or chemicals, should be avoided. Otherwise you may address the cat dander question and find that your daughter still suffers in the home - but for other reasons.

More information: see BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS.

[Disclosure: I (DF) like cats and have often been owned-by or lived in homes where cats were present, even though I suffered terribly from cat allergies as a child. This advice comes from both a cat fancier and a cat-allergic person.]

Question: Cat dander test kits? My downstairs neighbor's cat is driving me crazy. Could the cat dander travel up and in my unit like smells and odors? If

My new neighbor directly downstairs from me has a cat and I am afraid that it is making me sick. I live in a modern cement building however smells really travel between units through the windows due to airflow patterns. So... Can cat dander travel up through one neighbors window and into another neighbors unit - even with screens on? I have not had allergy issues like ever and I am having severe allergic symptoms now and I have lived here for some time. Thanks - [Anon]

Reply: Cat dander particles are much larger than the smallest mold spores and more likely move through a building by mechanical means. Suggestions for reducing the level of cat dander in your apartment

A competent onsite inspection by an expert usually finds additional clues that help accurately diagnose a problem with indoor air quality and building-related health complaints such as evidence of animal allergens or other problem particles, odors, or gases. Advice on how to decide whether or not you need a professional inspection and perhaps building testing for indoor air quality problems, their cause and cure, see MOLD EXPERT, WHEN TO HIRE

That said, here are some things to consider:

It is unlikely that a meaningful level of cat dander nor other similarly-sized particles would travel from a neighbor's window into another nearby apartment.

Certainly odors and gases from a nearby building or apartment might indeed be more noticeable, including perfume, cooking odors, MVOCs from a nearby mold contamination, and even odors from animals or animal urine if the problem reservor is large and nearby and if the wind and air movement directions happen to move as needed.

Details about particle size and particle movement within individual buildings

Indeed there are some particles such as very small mold spores (as small as 1-2 microns) produced by Aspergillus sp. or Penicillium sp. that are so tiny that they can move through a building like a gas, riding thermal air currents (warm air usually rises through buildings), and even passing from areas such as a moldy crawl space or basement up into the living area through very tiny openings, cracks, etc.

But larger, heavier airborne particles such as many pollen grains and animal dander do not move like gases through the building. Cat dander, in particular, is a particle that we find ubiquitous in homes and even in many office buildings, even when cats are not themselves present in the building. In my experience and based on both field and lab examinations of indoor particles from several thousand buildings, it is apparent that these particles are very widespread where both humans and cats are present in a community.

If you examine cat dander under the microscope (red arrow in our photograph just above) you'll see that cat dander particles are compartively large, in some cases in width about the same as a cat hair, and certainly these particles are 10-50 times larger than the smallest (1-3 micron) mold spores.

You'll also see in our cat dander photograph that cat dander particles are curved or hooked (unlike dog dander). I speculate that the size and shape of these particles mean that they are readily attached to clothing and other objects and thus are readily transported not only from one room in a building to another, but even between buildings.

For example when inspecting and testing the administrative offices of a medical building where IAQ complaints were present, we found significant levels of cat dander on the fabric-covered chair, clothing, and even the desk of one worker who lived in a home with several cats. There were no cats occupying the building where these tests were performed, and the level of cat dander was much less or close to zero at the desks of other workers in the same area.

What these cat dander findings mean, in a practical sense, is that in a home where one or more occupants has a cat allergy, you may reduce the level of cat dander in the allergic-person's bedroom, say, by keeping cats out of the room, but by no means will cat dander be eliminated from that space, since those particles seem to be readily tracked or carried into the room from other areas in the home.

Giving a second example, we inspected and tested the bedroom and other areas in a home where a child had severe cat allergies. The parents did not allow the family cat out of the basement. Yet we found significant levels of cat dander in the rooms on upper floors in the home.

In conclusion, while we have not found that cat dander travels as an airborne or aerobiological particle riding warm air currents as might gases or very small (1-3 micron) mold spores, cat dander does travel widely through a building from areas of a concentrated source, apparently by mechanical means such as becoming attached to clothing or other objects that are moved between building rooms.

Even if you tested your apartment for the presence of cat dander or other allergens the result can't be assured to cause your neighbor to abandon her cats - at least some of whom are sure to be, for her, members of her family.

Besides, even if all of the downstairs neighbor's cats moved out tomorrow, that space would continue to be a reservoir of cat dander unless it were very extensively cleaned. All is not lost, however. You should be able to improve the comfort level in your own home by reducing the level of irritating particles by minimizing the level of house dust in your own home, and in particular, by regularly using a HEPA-rated vacuum cleaner to dust and clean the surfaces in your space, and perhaps, by limiting visits with your catty neighbor to visits outside your own apartment.

The question of whether or not you can or should ask your neighbor not to have cats in her own home is one that you and she will have to work out between yourselves.

Details about methods to reduce the level of cat dander in buildings are found at this companion article: CAT DANDER CLEANUP, PREVENTION

Questions & Answers regarding this article

Questions & answers about cat dander and cat allergies: procedures for testing, cleaning, removing animal allergens from buildings.

Recommend / Share this Article            

...

Technical Reviewers & References

• InspectAPedia.com^® - Daniel Friedman - Publisher & Editor.
• InspectAPedia Bookstore lists recommended books, organized by topic & available for purchase. Most of our articles also include a list of recommended books for the specific article topic as well as other references, and information sources.
• Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest corrections or additions to articles at this website, and if you wish, to receive online listing and credit as a contributor. Particular thanks are due to the many experts and also consumers who read and critique technical articles at InspectAPedia.com.
• Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.

Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

ALLERGEN TESTS for buildings
ALLERGENS in buildings, RECOGNIZING
ALLERGY TESTS for PEOPLE
ALLERGY TEST ACCURACY
ANIMAL ALLERGENS / PET DANDER
ANIMAL ENTRY POINTS in buildings

ALLERGEN DANDER STUDY
PETS AS FAMILY MEMBERS
REDUCING PET ALLERGENS
CAT DANDER
PET ALLERGEN REMEDIES

BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS

• Pet Allergens, Asthma, and IAQ: Dog Dander, Cat Dander, and Other Animal Dander - Information for Asthmatics and Indoor Air Quality, provides details about reducing the level of indoor animal allergens.

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

• Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
• Environmental Health & Investigation Bibliography - our technical library on indoor air quality inspection, testing, laboratory procedures, forensic microscopy, etc.
• Adkins and Adkins Dictionary of Roman Religion discusses Robigus, the Roman god of crop protection and the legendary progenitor of wheat rust fungus.
• Kansas State University, department of plant pathology, extension plant pathology web page on wheat rust fungus: see http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/path-ext/factSheets/Wheat/Wheat%20Leaf%20Rust.asp
• "A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency US EPA - includes basic advice for building owners, occupants, and mold cleanup operations. See http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.htm
• US EPA - Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Building US EPA
• US EPA - Una Breva Guia a Moho - Hongo - en Espanol

Allergies, Allergens, Allergy Testing in buildings - References & Products

• Air Conditioning System Blower Fans & Filters Cascading for Optimum Indoor Air Quality
• Allergen Tests in buildings advice about how to test, what to look for, in evaluating the level of dog, cat, or other animal allergens in a building
• "IgG Food Allergy Testing by ELISA/EIA, What do they really tell us?" Sheryl B. Miller, MT (ASCP), PhD, Clinical Laboratory Director, Bastyr University Natural Health Clinic - ELISA testing accuracy: Here is an example of Miller's critique of ELISA http://www.betterhealthusa.com/public/282.cfm - Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients
  The critique included in that article raises compelling questions about IgG testing assays, which prompts our interest in actually screening for the presence of high levels of particles that could carry allergens - dog dander or cat dander in the case at hand.
  http://www.tldp.com/issue/174/IgG%20Food%20Allergy.html contains similar criticism in another venue but interestingly by the same author, Sheryl Miller. Sheryl Miller, MT (ASCP), PhD, is an Immunologist and Associate Professor of Basic and Medical Sciences at Bastyr University in Bothell, Washington. She is also the Laboratory Director of the Bastyr Natural Health Clinic Laboratory.
• Allergens: Testing for the level of exposure to animal allergens is discussed at http://www.animalhealthchannel.com/animalallergy/diagnosis.shtml (lab animal exposure study is interesting because it involves a higher exposure level in some cases
• Allergens: WebMD discusses allergy tests for humans at webmd.com/allergies/allergy-tests
• Animal Allergens: Dog, Cat, and Other Animal Dander - Cleanup & Prevention Information for Asthmatics and regarding Indoor Air Quality.
• Atlas of Mold Related Illness Symptoms & Complaints - long list of both documented, studied mold related illness, and complaints ascribed to mold contamination or allergens in buildings
• Cat Dander: how to inspect and test a building for past or current presence of cats, cat hair, cat dander, and cat allergens
• Clinical Atlas of Mold Toxicity - An Online Description of Toxic, Pathogenic, Allergenic Fungi, Fungal Diseases
• Fiberglass Insulation Contains Mold© 2005 comments about a field study in process, & more about health hazards from fiberglass insulation
• Humidity: What indoor humidity should we maintain in order to avoid a mold problem?
• Mold Action Guide detailed guide on finding, removing, and preventing indoor mold contamination
• Odors, Odor Detection, Smells, & Gases how to find and identify sources of noxious or toxic odors and gases
• Other environmental risks, Our much longer list: Asbestos, carbon monoxide, electromagnetic fields, etc.
• Ozone: The Use of Ozone Indoors for Control of Odors and Mold Removal in buildings: A Summary of Hazards and False Claims.
• Pollen Allergens: identification, plant pollen and indoor air quality
• Products to Reduce Mold & Allergy Problems to reduce indoor mold or allergen levels: air cleaners, air purifiers, dust mite covers, vacuum cleaners, crawl space vents
• Recognizing Allergens: What various indoor allergens look like - identification photos to help identify pollen, dust mites, animal dander, toxic or allergenic mold - Common Mold and other Allergens, Irritants, Remedies & Advice
• Rodent control issues, including dander, fecal, and urine contamination of buildings and Building insulation are discussed at our
• Sewage and Septic backup contamination in buildings: inspection, testing, remediation, & references to expert sources
• Action Guide: What to do about mold, mildew, and other indoor allergens
• ...