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This article describes Meruliporia incrassata or "Poria" Meruliporia incrassata, previously named Poria incrassata which is better known among reporters and repairmen who like to see the public pale as the "house eating fungus. This is a severe wood-rot fungus (a basidiomycete) which is particularly onerous in buildings because, as some writers have claimed, it may to continue to find water for itself even after the original wet-building leaks appear to have been repaired.

To obtain its moisture, this fungus has been observed to extend long rhizomorphs through wood structural and non-structural members, both inside the wood and even on other surfaces. It is capable of extending its water supply pumping rhizomorphs over considerable distances to find a needed moisture source.

That's why the repair advice is to remove 24 inches or more of wood BEYOND any visible damage and rot. Otherwise you're not getting rid of all of the infected material, and the fungus may re-grow quickly. Not all mycologists agree with this characterization of Meruliporia incrassata, as I elaborate below. Also see MOLD ON DIRT FLOORS - where we have also identified this fungus.

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What Meruliporia incrassata fungus or "Poria" the "house eating fungus" looks like in a building

Here are some Meruliporia rhizomorphs suspended under wood flooring and some yellow fungus on wood wainscot which I suspected were more Meruliporia incrassata fruiting body material.

Why do Meruliporia or Serpula House-Eating Fungi Cause So Much Damage to Wood Structures?

Both Meruliporia incrassata and Serpula lacrimans [or lacrymans] are capable of causing very extensive damage to wood structures.

A particularly notorious wood-rotting species is Serpula lacrimans, which causes a condition commonly known as dry rot. During the days of wooden ships, this fungus was a major cause of serious and widespread decay of sailing vessels (see Findley, 1982). In this regard, one James Sowerby (1752-1822) is said to have been the first consulting mycologist, having been hired by the [British] Royal Navy to reduce losses to decay in British warships. Even today S. lacrimans is still important, primarily in Europe, where the dreaded dry rot causes tremendous damage to wooden structural elements and floors in houses and other buildings. The destructive effects are comparable to termite damage done to wooden structures in the United States. - Alexopolous et als. p6

In comprehending the ferocious ability of these wood-rotting fungi to attack buildings it is helpful to understand the powerful ability of these fungi to transport water rapidly and over distance. In fact the possibility of very long distances between their rhizomorphs and a distant mycelium front explains why when we find this fungus attacking a building we (and experts) recommend cutting back wood components six feet or more from any visible fungal infection.

We have already mentioned Serpula lacrimans and related wood species as dry rot fungi. The work of Thompson and her colleagues (1985) has shown that the velocity of water movement through rhizomorphs from the food source to the distant mycelium front may be as rapid as 475 cm per hour, depending upon external factors. It is furthermore interesting that in northern Europe the fungus is seldom collected outside of buildings. This is one species that appears to do well in the human-modified environment. - Alexopolous et als p588

At below left is shown some yellow fungus on wood wainscot which I suspected were more Meruliporia incrassata fruiting body material. But as our second field photograph shows (below right) this fungus can also appear as dark brown on in areas of severe water damage - in this case on pine paneling.

It was also a surprise to find Meruliporia among the brown crud showing at the base of this concrete block wall in another water-damaged building. I believe that the wood subfloor beneath that vinyl sheet flooring was the host material for this mold colonization.

What Meruliporia incrassata mold spores look like under the microscope

Here is what Meruliporia incrassata spores look like in our lab. The spores in these lab photographs of Meruliporia incrassata were collected from buildings I inspected, including a surface sample found in a crawl space where they appeared as a "yellow dust" on rotting wood.

Meruliporia incrassata, "Poria", Merulius lacrymans, and Serpula lacrymans - Getting the Fungal Names Right

What is the Difference Between Meruliporia incrassata and Serpula lacrymans?

Serpula lacrymans has been mistaken in some articles as a European "synonym" for Merilus lacrymans which I used to characterize as Meruliporia before Mr. Green was kind enough to set me straight by generously informing me (email in September 2006) that Serpula lacrymans and Meruliporia incrassata are completely different species of fungus.

Serpula lacrymans and Meruliporia incrassata belong to different families (I use bold italics to indicate the official current names in these lists:

Meruliporia incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill, Mycologia 34(5): 596 (Murrill 1942) http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names /SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=288330 where some synonyms are listed going back to 1849: Merulius incrassatus Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Hooker's J. Bot. 1: 234 (1849) Poria incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Burt, Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn 4: 360 (1917) Serpula incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, 3 S™rie 17(4): 474 (1948) Sesia incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 870 (1891) Our photo (left) illustrtates Meruliporia found in an air sample collected during remeditation of a mold and rot-damaged building.

while

Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) J. Schr™t., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 11: 21 (1885) - http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=102458
has a still longer list of synonyms:
Boletus lacrymans Wulfen, in Jacquin, Misc. Austriaca 2: 111 (1781)
Boletus obliquus Bolton, Hist. fung. Halifax: tab. 74 (1788)
Gyrophana lacrymans (Wulfen) Pat., Essai Tax. Hym™nomyc. 39(2): 108 (1900)
Merulius destruens Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (G™ttingen): 496 (1801)
Merulius domesticus H.G. Falk, Hausschwammforsch. 6: 53 (1912)
Merulius giganteus Saut., Hedwigia 16: 72 (1877)
Merulius guillemotii Boud. [as 'guillemoti'], Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 10(1): 63 (1894)
Merulius lacrymans (Wulfen) Schumach., Enum. pl. (Kjbenhavn) 1: 371 (1801)
Merulius lacrymans var. guillemotii (Boud.) Boud., Icon. mycol., S™r. 1 4: 84 (1905)
Merulius lacrymans var. terrestris Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. state Mus. 49: 45 (1897)
Merulius terrestris (Peck) Burt, Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn 4: 346 (1917)
Merulius vastator Tode, Abh. naturforsch. Ges. Halle 1: 351 (1783)
Serpula destruens (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 637 (1821)
Serpula domestica (Falck) Bondartsev, Priroda: 41 (1948)
Serpula terrestris (Burt) S. Ahmad, Monogr. Biol. Soc. Pakistan 6: 29 (1972)
Sesia gigantea (Saut.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 870 (1891)
Sistotrema cellare Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (G™ttingen): 554 (1801)

Serpula (Pers) Gray (1821), Coniophoracae. 2, widesperad. S. lacrymans (syn. Merulius lacrymans), the dry rot or "house" fungus. See Cooke (1957: 201; key), Anon (Leafl. For.Prod. Res. Lab. 6, rev 1964), Harmsen (Friesia 6: 233, 1960; taxonomy, culture), Wood-attacking fungi. - Kirk et als.

Family Coniophoraceae. Members of Coniophoraceae are resupinate to pileate with a smooth or toothed hymenium. The hyphal construction of the context is usually mono or dimitic. Clamps may be present or not. However it is the basidiospores that are distinctive for the group.

The usually yellow to brown spores have smooth, doublewalls that take up cotton blue readily, the cyanophilous condition. In some species with large basidiospores it can be seen that only the inner wall is cyanophilous. Spores of some species also may be dextrinoid with Melzers reagent.

Another distinctive character is the brown rot produced by members of the family (Hallenberg, 1985). Based primarily on the basidiospore characters, this group long has been suggested as a relative of the boletes, and Ginns and Lefebvre (1993) placed the family in Boletales. - Alexopolous et als.

In sum, Merulius lacrymans (Boerhaave, 1720) is just one of many previous names or alternate names for what is now Serpula lacrymans (Accum,1827). Serpula lacrymans is the current name for that fungus. Note the spelling difference too.

Indeed this is part of the fun of mycology. When mycologists take a break from the field and lab to get together, each time they do the result is a whole lot of shifting around, reclassifying of fungi, and changing of some of them to better or newer names. This process is bound to accelerate as more sophisticated methods for classifying fungi are put to use, such as DNA analysis.

The traditional visual bases for taxonomic decisions about what to call things and what families to put them into is being upset and we've discovered that just because two organisms share a lot of features one cannot assume they are close relatives or members of the same family. It was easier in the old days when Talbot's Fungal Taxonomy explained family membership based almost entirely on physical appearance and attributes. But then, he didn't have the tool of DNA analysis.

Perhaps Serpula is more commonly identified in Europe and Meruliporia more commonly identified in the U.S. - I'm no longer sure that they don't both occur in both locales.

As mycologist John Haines says, "all mold is everywhere, all the time." Readers who want to see building-damage-related articles which are often less scientifically rigorous may look up Meruliporia incrassata's reputation under "poria the house eating fungus" or "Meruliporia ..." where they will be deluged with scary articles from the real estate world (and from some home inspectors), wood preservation research, and some more scholarly articles from mycologists.

We prefer to use the Meruliporia incrassata name for this U.S. occurring brown-rot fungus. Just do a search on both names and you'll see what I mean.

More-accurate details about how Meruliporia incrassata causes rot and grows in buildings

This is actually a pretty common basidiomycete in older houses which have been exposed to leaks. I have found Meruliporia spores indoors in surface dust samples and (rarely) airborne (when there has been demolition or mold remediation ongoing). When I find these spores in a building I suspect a hidden but serious rot problem.

In a New York home I found Meruliporia spores in settled dust under a kitchen sink. Later investigation discovered a long-standing leak into the building wall and extensive decay that had not been obvious from a simple visual inspection.

Matt Green, who didn't identify himself but sounds like a mycologist who knows Meruliporia incrassata has suggested some more carefully worded facts about this fungus which I quote or paraphrase here from email received in 2006.

Meruliporia's fungal transport of water

Fungal rhizomporphal strands do not convey water in exactly in the manner I described in the introduction, though I didn't make that version up myself. Green points out that the extended rhizomorphs sent out by Meruliporia incrassata reduce the exposed surface area of the hyphae, which in turn reduces water evaporation.

This saves water, it doesn't move it. Sarah Watkinson goes into more detail in a forthcoming book Fungi in the Environment, Edited by Geoff Gadd, Sarah Watkinson and Paul Dyer, Series: BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY SYMPOSIA 25 364 pages, 42 line diags, 48 half-tones, 10 tabs., Cambridge University Press which you will eventually be able to order at http://www.nhbs.com/title.php?tefno=147466

What to do about fungus-infected structural wood in buildings

Green added that as long as the timber is dry, no further decay is going to occur. You might get shrinkage once the timber dries, but that's not indicative of active decay. "Current thinking is that removing the source of water, allowing the building to dry and removing decayed timber is a more sustainable approach."

He cites Timber Decay in Buildings: The Conservation Approach to Treatment, by Brian Ridout, John Fidler, Ingval Maxwell, ISBN: 0419188207, Spon Press, 1999, and available at http://www.buildingconservation.com/books/a46.htm if you're in the UK or from Amazon.com (US $80 but available used for less). This is a good book which includes advice on obtaining wood rot resistance with less reliance on environmentally harmful chemicals.

The tricky part is "as long as the timber is dry" as Green penned in his note. Our field experience suggests that over the 20-year life of a wood-frame building, basements and crawl spaces rarely stay dry except in arid climates where this wood rotting fungus won't be much of a problem in the first place. Indeed no amount of fungal excising is going to be sufficient to protect a building from rot down the road if wet conditions are recurrent.

Readers might want to take a look at the articles we provide on how to prevent mold in buildings.

And to prevent building water entry or to fix a wet basement or crawl space, see our article series beginning at WATER ENTRY in BUILDINGS.

Questions & Answers regarding this article

Questions & answers about house eating fungus: Meruliporia or Serpula molds in buildings

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• Alexopolous, C.J., C.W. Mims, M. Blackwell. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 869pp.
• Kirk, Cannon, David, and Stalpers, "Dictionary of the Fungi," 9^th Ed.
• Meruliporia incrassata references: web search 4/24/11, Wikipedia and other sources:
  • Index Fungorum entry for Meruliporia incrassata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill 1942, (also see Species Fungorum: Meruliporia incrassata); Coniophoraceae - http://www.indexfungorum.org/
• Serpula lacrymans references: web search 4/24/11 Wikipedia and other sources
  • Index Fungorum entry for Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) J. Schröt., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 11: 21 (1885) http://www.indexfungorum.org/
  • Neil Grieve. "Dry rot/Wet rot". The Conservation Glossary. University of Dundee.
  • J.W. Palfreyman, The Domestic Dry Rot Fungus, Serpula lacrymans, its natural origins and biological control. Ariadne workshop 2001.
  • Bagchee K. (1954) Merulius lacrymans (Wulf.) Fr. in India. Sydowia 8: 80–85
  • White NA, Dehal-Prabhjyot K, Duncan JM. (2001) Molecular analysis of intraspecific variation between building and 'wild' isolates of Serpula lacrymans and their relatedness to S. himantioides. Mycological Research 105: 447–452.
  • Cooke WB. (1955). Fungi of Mount Shasta (1936–51). Sydowia 9: 94–215.
  • Harmsen L. (1960). Taxonomic and cultural studies on brown-spored species of the genus. Friesia 6: 233–277.
  • Kotlaba F. (1992). Nalezy drevomorky domaci — Serpula lacrymans v prirode. Ceska Mykologie 46: 143–147.
  • Kauserud H, Högberg N, Knudsen H, Elborne SA, Schumacher T. (2004). Molecular phylogenetics suggest a North American link between the anthropogenic dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans and its wild relative S. himantioides. Molecular Ecology 13: 3137–3146.
  • Kauserud H, Svegården IB, Saetre GP, Knudsen H, Stensrud Ø, Schmidt O, Doi S, Sugiyama T, Högberg N (August 2007). "Asian origin and rapid global spread of the destructive dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans". Mol. Ecol. 16 (16): 3350–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03387.x. PMID 17688538.
  • Serpula Lacrymans Fundamental Biology and Control Strategies, edited by D.H. Jennings and A.F. Bravery, Wiley, West Sussex, 1991, ISBN 9780471930587. Quotes are from page 9 of the introduction in the book.
  • Olaf Schmidt (2006). Wood and Tree Fungi: Biology, Damage, Protection, and Use. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-32138-1.
• http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/carll99a.pdf Decay of Wood and Wood-Based Products Above Ground in Buildings, Charles G. Carll and Terry L. Highley
• http://cecontracosta.ucdavis.edu/Wood_Durability/What_Causes_Gaps_Between_Boards-.htm U. California - Davis on wood rot
• http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=6360 US Forest Products Research Lab
• http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/research-areas/rwu/rwu4723/preservation_faqs/publications.html US Forest Products Research Lab Yang and Illman's research on fungicidal tolerance of Meruliporia
• http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/forestry/extra.html U Cal Center for Forestry
• http://www.psms.org/sporepr/sp351.html
• http://botanika.bf.jcu.cz/mykologie/polypores/list_iton.html Czechoslovakian pix - you won't see it in a house looking like this however
• http://www.pruverani.com/sellersnews.asp?ID=1204 - a typical collapsing house case
• http://www.human.cornell.edu/units/dea/extension/docs/fal96/fungi.htm Cornell University resource on wood destroying fungi
• http://www.germology.com/rot.htm soft rot, white rot, brown rot distinguished
• http://alcor.concordia.ca/~raojw/crd/essay/essay000077.html

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• Adkins and Adkins Dictionary of Roman Religion discusses Robigus, the Roman god of crop protection and the legendary progenitor of wheat rust fungus.
• Kansas State University, department of plant pathology, extension plant pathology web page on wheat rust fungus: see http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/path-ext/factSheets/Wheat/Wheat%20Leaf%20Rust.asp
• "A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency US EPA - includes basic advice for building owners, occupants, and mold cleanup operations. See http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.htm

Mold Contamination Testing, Cleanup, Prevention: references & products

• The Mold Information Center: What to Do About Mold in Buildings, When and How to Inspect for Mold, Clean Up Mold, or Avoid Mold Problems
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• Atlas of Mold Related Illness: Index of Symptoms and health, physical, neurological, psychological, and other complaint which people suspect may be mold or building-related.
• Atlas of Indoor Mold, Online Clinical Mold Atlas, Toxins, Pathogens, Allergens and Other Indoor Particles - Medical Health Effects of Mold (separate online document)
• Black Mold that is Harmless Photos of recognizable, usually harmless black mold on wood, bluestain, ceratocystis, ophistoma
• Building Floods: quick steps after a building flood or plumbing leak can prevent costly mold contamination
• Classes of Mold: what types of cosmetic, allergenic, or toxic mold are a problem? Can mold be cleaned-up successfully?
• Clinical Mold References - Detailed bibliography of mold reference texts
• "A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency US EPA - includes basic advice for building owners, occupants, and mold cleanup operations. See http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.htm
• "Disease Prevention Program for Certain Vegetable Crops," David B. Langston, Jr., Extension Plant Pathologist - Vegetables, University of Georgia (PDF document) original source: www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/209797.html
• "Disease Prevention in Home Vegetable Gardens," Patricia Donald, Department of Plant Microbiology and Pathology, Lewis Jett
  Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri Extension - extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G6202
• "Management of Powdery Mildew, Leveillula taurica, in Greenhouse Peppers," Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, British Columbia - Original source: www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/peppermildew.htm
• Environmental Health & Investigation Bibliography - our own technical library on indoor air quality inspection, testing, laboratory procedures, forensic microscopy, etc.
• Fiberglass: Mold in Fiberglass Insulation© 2005 comments about a field study in process, & more about health hazards from fiberglass insulation - DJF
• Fifth Kingdom, Bryce Kendrick, ISBN13: 9781585100224, is available from the InspectAPedia online bookstore - we recommend the CD-ROM version of this book. This 3rd/edition is a compact but comprehensive encyclopedia of all things mycological. Every aspect of the fungi, from aflatoxin to zppspores, with an accessible blend of verve and wit. The 24 chapters are filled with up-to-date information of classification, yeast, lichens, spore dispersal, allergies, ecology, genetics, plant pathology, predatory fungi, biological control, mutualistic symbioses with animals and plants, fungi as food, food spoilage and mycotoxins.
• Fungi, Identifying Filamentous, A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, Guy St-Germain, Richard Summerbell, Star Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-89863-177-7 (English) (buy at Amazon)
• Looking for Mold Procedure: what mold is often found where in buildings - simple technical presentation
• Meruliporia: the house eating fungus or "poria"
• Mold Action Guide: Step-by-Step Instructions, What to do about mold, mildew, and other indoor allergens
• MOLD APPEARANCE - WHAT MOLD LOOKS LIKE Photos of what mold looks like in buildings
• MOLD APPEARANCE - STUFF THAT IS NOT MOLD Photos of NOT-mold material that is sometimes mistaken for mold
• MOLD ATLAS & PARTICLES INDEX, Pathogens, Allergens and Other Indoor Particles - Medical Health Effects of Mold (separate online document)
• MOLD BY MICROSCOPE Mold under the microscope - photo identification of the most common indoor molds found in buildings
• Mold FAQs Answers to Most Questions about Indoor Mold, Mold Related Illness, Mold Cleanup, Mold Prevention
• US EPA: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Building US EPA
• Mold spores in the Home - a Photo ID Library for detection and identification of mold allergens
• Mold Test Kits - How to Collect and Send Your Own Mold Sample to our mold testing lab or to any mold lab you wish
• Most Common Indoor Molds Found in Buildings, A Table of
• Mycology, Fundamentals of Diagnostic, Fran Fisher, Norma B. Cook, W.B. Saunders Co. 1998, ISBN 0-7216-5006-6 (buy this book at Amazon)
• Ozone Warnings - Use of Ozone as a "mold" remedy is ineffective and may be dangerous.
• Rot concerns in buildings-some building mold such as Meruliporia incrassata "Poria" risks serious rot and hidden structural damage
• US EPA: Una Breva Guia a Moho - Hongo - en Espanol
• US EPA - Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Building US EPA
• US EPA - Una Breva Guia a Moho - Hongo - en Espanol
• ...