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How to Identify, Evaluate & Repair Shrinkage Cracks in Poured Concrete InspectAPedia®  -

• What is concrete shrinkage cracking, how and where does it occur?
• Are concrete floor cracks a structural problem?
• How to recognize and evaluate shrinkage cracks in poured concrete slabs or floors
• Do shrinkage cracks in poured concrete always need repair?

This document explains how to recognize shrinkage, evaluate, and repair cracks in poured concrete walls or floors, and discusses a few (minor) possible problems from shrinkage cracking such as water or radon leaks.

This forms part of our longer concrete cracking article which describes the types of cracks that occur in poured concrete slabs or floors and explains the risks associated with each, thus assisting in deciding what types of repair may be needed. This website describes how to recognize and diagnose various types of foundation failure or damage, such as foundation cracks, masonry foundation crack patterns, and moving, leaning, bulging, or bowing building foundation walls.

Types of foundation cracks, crack patterns, differences in the meaning of cracks in different foundation materials, site conditions, building history, and other evidence of building movement and damage are described to assist in recognizing foundation defects and to help the inspector separate cosmetic or low-risk conditions from those likely to be important and potentially costly to repair.

© Copyright 2009 Daniel Friedman, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use links at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

Shrinkage Cracks in Poured Concrete Slabs

Shrinkage cracks in poured concrete are easily recognizable and can be distinguished from other types of cracks that occur later in the life of a foundation wall or floor slab. The photograph of cracks above were taken of shrinkage cracks in a concrete slab floor in a home built in 2006. The cracks in this case ranged in width (measured across the crack) from "hairline" (less than 1/16") to about 3/32" in the basement floor slab of this particular home. They may appear larger. What is unique about shrinkage cracks in concrete is that they usually appear to be discontinuous, as shown in this photo. The crack will meander along in the concrete, taper to a stop, and then continue beginning in a parallel line to the first crack, meandering again through the concrete. This is characteristic of concrete (or mud) shrinking while giving up its moisture. You can see the shrinkage of even a perfect concrete floor slab with no visible cracks in the field of its surface if the floor was poured inside of an existing foundation. Look for the gap between the edges of the slab and the foundation wall? Look also for the stains or concrete debris on the wall at the slab level? These confirm that at the time the slab was poured it was touching the wall.

Causes of variation in width of shrinkage cracks in poured concrete

Why do concrete shrinkage cracks vary in width across a wall or floor? Probably because concrete shrinkage cracks are meandering or "wandering" in their path, and are usually intermittent or interrupted in their course, as you can see in the photograph above.

As the path of cracking caused by concrete shrinkage wanders and stops and starts across an area of wall or floor, you will often see overlapping or roughly parallel nearby cracks that represent the end of one crack line and the beginning of another. The total width of the two close-by cracks is probably about the same as the total crack width where a crack wanders in solitary along the concrete. The stresses producing the crack have simply shifted slightly in the wall or floor as it cured.

Why cracks appear to originate in poured concrete walls at windows or at outside corners in concrete floor slabs

Why do concrete shrinkage cracks often begin near the corner of a window, or in a floor near a corner in the foundation footprint?

If you think of the entire reinforced concrete wall or floor as a rather uniform membrane, any discontinuity in the membrane, such as an opening for a window or the placement of a corner projecting into the room in the case of a floor, creates a variation in the distribution of (shrinkage during curing) forces in the wall or floor.

Shrinkage cracks may have their origin at these points of discontinuity.

What is the significance of differences in concrete height on opposite sides of a crack?

Why are some "shrinkage cracks" at different heights on either side of the crack?

The floor on one side of this 3/16" wide crack was about 3/32" higher than on the other. This may be due to settlement of the broken slab section on poorly-compacted fill in the building's basement.

Multiple forces and movements may be present as a poured concrete foundation cures, such as a combination of shrinkage and settlement, or shrinkage and outside pressures on a wall from backfill. (It's best to let any masonry wall cure before backfilling, though that's most critical with masonry block (CMU) walls where early backfill before the first floor has been framed in place has been known to lead to a total collapse of the foundation.)

In a poured concrete wall or floor if the surface of the concrete on opposite sides of a crack are also at different elevations, that is if the concrete on one side of a crack is higher than the other, additional forces have been at work and the crack is not a simple shrinkage crack.

Repair cracks that make trip hazards: If the height difference across a floor crack is 1/8" or more it forms a tripping hazard and it should be repaired.

Do we need to repair shrinkage cracks in foundation walls or slabs?

Small shrinkage cracks that are above ground level in a foundation wall, such as the cracks in the inside corner of this poured concrete foundation are unlikely to be much of a problem except for a few less common cases where water running down the wall is leaking in at the shrinkage crack. [Do you think that the crack shown here is an initial footing or foundation settlement crack? Maybe so.]

Shrinkage cracks in concrete walls or floor slabs that are leaking into the building interior such as the one shown in this photograph, should be sealed. However a careful inspection in this particular case revealed that the window flashing and exterior siding had been installed so as to direct wind-blown rain into a concentrated runoff pattern that [unfortunately] passed over and then through this crack in the foundation wall. Some flashing and siding adjustments outside cured this problem. Concrete cracks often occur at natural stress points where the uniformity of a poured concrete wall or floor has been interrupted by placement of a window (in walls of course) or inside corners (in floors). You may often find shrinkage cracks that trace across the concrete to these stress points.

Shrinkage cracks in a concrete slab or floor might need to be repaired to avoid water leakage from below or to stop radon gas entering the building. In the photograph shown here the floor was badly cracked from a combination of concrete shrinkage, settlement, and frost heaves (the building had been left un-heated in a freezing climate). You can see that lots of water was leaking into the basement up through the floor. In this case, while repairs to the basement floor, or perhaps better, a new basement floor slab, were in order, the root cause of high water levels under the basement floor needed to be addressed first.

How are concrete wall, foundation, or floor slab shrinkage cracks avoided or repaired

While shrinkage in poured concrete walls or floor slabs is a normal property of curing concrete, shrinkage cracks can be controlled, or where they have occurred, in some cases repairs are needed. In addition to reading about repairing concrete shrinkage cracks (if crack repair is needed at all) at Shrinkage Crack Repairs also see how we prevent shrinkage cracks in poured concrete floors and walls by reading Cracks at Control Joints in Concrete.

For detailed information about foundation repair methods, including repairs to various kinds of cracks in concrete, see:

• Shrinkage Crack Repairs
• Polyurethane Foam Injection for details of the procedure for using polyurethane foam to seal foundation cracks.
• Cracks at Control Joints in Concrete how we prevent shrinkage cracks in poured concrete floors and walls
• How to Seal Cracks in Concrete
• FOUNDATION REPAIR METHODS our complete catalog of foundation repair methods - examples of foundation repairs for various types of foundation materials, types of foundation cracks, foundation leaks, foundation settlement, foundation movement, or other failures
• SHRINKAGE vs EXPANSION vs SETTLEMENT how to tell the difference and why we care

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Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

• FOUNDATION CRACKS & DAMAGE GUIDE
• INTRODUCTION
• FOUNDATION INSPECTION METHODS
• SITE FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATIONS
• FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION TYPES
• FAILURES by FOUNDATION TYPE & MATERIAL
• FOUNDATION DEFECTS OF OMISSION
• FOUNDATION CRACK EVALUATION
• SLAB CRACK EVALUATION
    Shrinkage Cracks in Slabs
    Shrinkage Cracks Along Foundation Walls
    Cracks at Control Joints in Concrete
    Settlement Cracks in Slabs
    Freezing & Water Damage
    Frost Heave/Expansive Soil Cracks in Slabs
    Settlement Cracks vs. Frost Heaves
    Settlement Cracks vs. Shrinkage Cracks
    How to Seal Cracks in Concrete
    Polyurethane Foam Injection
    Standards for Repair of Cracks in Floors
• FAILURES by FOUNDATION MOVEMENT TYPE
• FOUNDATION BULGE or LEAN MEASUREMENTS
• FOUNDATION MOVEMENT ACTIVE vs. STATIC
• FOUNDATION DAMAGE SEVERITY
• FOUNDATION DAMAGE SEVERITY TERMS
• FOUNDATION DAMAGE REPORTS
• FOUNDATION REPAIR METHODS
• ADDITIONAL READING
• FOUNDATION INSPECTION STANDARDS

• "Concrete Slab Finishes and the Use of the F-number System", Matthew Stuart, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE, online course at www.pdhonline.org/courses/s130/s130.htm
• "Best Practices for Concrete Sidewalk Construction," Balvant rajani, Canadian National Research Council
• "Design Considerations for Perlite Roof Slabs," a chapter in "Perlite Concrete Grade for Lightweight Concrete Construction", United Perlite Corporation
• "Quality Standards for the Professional Remodeling Industry", National Association of Home Builders Remodelers Council, NAHB Research Foundation, 1987. See our books at "Structure" at the InspectAPedia Bookstore

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