Free Encyclopedia of Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, Repair

Ask a Question or Search InspectAPedia

• HOME
• AIR CONDITIONING
• ELECTRICAL
• EXTERIORS
• HEATING
• HOME INSPECTION
• INTERIORS
• PLUMBING
• ROOFING
• SEPTIC SYSTEMS
• STRUCTURE
• WATER SUPPLY

• ENERGY SAVINGS
• ENVIRONMENT
• INDOOR AIR IAQ
• INSULATION
• MOLD INSPECT TEST REMOVE
• NOISE
• ODORS
• SOLAR ENERGY
• VENTILATION
• EXPERTS DIRECTORY
• CONTACT US

How to Boost or Improve Poor City Water Pressure InspectAPedia®  -     How to increase municipal water pressure & flow at a building How to boost water pressure by adjusting the pressure regulator How to boost water pressure by installing larger diameter piping How to boost water pressure by installing a water pressure booster pump How to diagnose loss of water pressure or loss of water in a building - both municipal water supply and private well systems are addressed

This article describes how to boost or improve poor city water pressure or flow in a building by adjusting the pressure regulator, replacing small or clogged piping, or installing a water pressure booster pump. Readers whose buildings are served by municipal water supply systems that simply don't deliver good water pressure, or whose buildings are so tall that water pressure is poor on upper floors should also see WATER PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMP.

Our discussion of water pressure and flow diagnosis is divided into water pressure loss symptoms and diagnostic steps for MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS and separately, WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS - we give procedures for both municipal water supply problems and well water supply problems. The process of diagnosis and the costs of the repair when municipal water supply, quantity, or flow are poor are explained here. Separately we also provide a WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE in table format listing nearly every cause of water pressure loss or well pump problem identification, diagnosis, and repair. Our sketch at page top, courtesy of Carson Dunlop, shows the key components found where municipal water supply enters a building.

© Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website.

How to Boost or Increase Municipal Water Pressure & Flow

Before taking any costly steps to install a booster pump or dig up and replace piping, start at the beginning of this article series: WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR or at MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS to be sure that there is not something to fix in the building water supply piping, water service entry piping, or simply a leak or a valve that is partly shut.

Check and Adjust the Water Pressure Regulator

Before adjusting the water pressure regulator (center of our sketch at left- see WATER PRESSURE REDUCER / REGULATOR) changing building piping, or considering installing a water pressure booster pump (see WATER PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMP), it is essential to understand what the incoming water pressure is and exactly why the building water pressure is not satisfactory.

Sometimes, even when residential water supply equipment is working normally, building occupants want higher water pressure.

Don't confuse water quantity (how much before we run out), water flow (how many gallons per minute we can get at a faucet) and water pressure (what is the delivery pressure or the maximum pressure that the system can provide). Water pressure is measured most accurately with the water turned off, at a hose faucet or washer hookup, using a pressure gauge.

But in common language, people consider the strength of flow at the faucet as their "water pressure". Actually what is being observed is a water flow rate, determined by both the pressure from the water source and the diameter of the building piping, including the effects of any obstructions.

Definitions of Water Pressure, Water Flow Rate, & Water Quantity

Water quantity is the total amount of water that is available at a building. For most city water supply systems the water quantity at a home is not limited, though in some areas of limited municipal water quantity, water may be provided by the city water mains only during certain hours of the day, or city water pressure may vary during some times of the day such as during periods of heavy usage. For people whose buildings are served by a private well system, water quantity is a local and significant question. (See How Much Water is In the Well?).

Definition of Building Water Pressure - Static Water Pressure

The Home Reference Book points out that people like to have lots of water flow and pressure at faucets. Water flow (in gallons per minute) is a function of several things, including the size and shape of the faucet opening, and the pressure at the faucet. The pressure at the faucet is a function of the pressure available from the source, and the pressure lost moving the water through the pipe to the faucet. Typically, city water supplies are at 40 to 70 psi (static pressure).

Psi means Pounds per square inch, and is a common way of measuring water pressure. Pressure loss in the home is due to elevation (we lose pressure when we push water up from one story to the next) and friction as water flows through piping. Larger pipes lose less pressure due to friction.

Static pressure is exerted by the water against the pipe walls with no water flowing. Here’s a simplified (and not 100% accurate) way to look at it. A 100-foot long horizontal pipe connected to a 60 psi supply will have a pressure of 60 psi anywhere along the pipe, with no flow. As water begins to flow, the pressure drops. This is a result of friction loss along the pipe walls. If gauges were put on the pipe every ten feet, the gauge at the source would still read 60 psi, and (depending on the pipe diameter and the amount of water flowing), the gauge ten feet from the source might read 58 psi; the gauge twenty feet down would read 56 psi, the next gauge 54 psi, et cetera. At the faucet, the pressure might be 40 psi.

As the water flow increases, the pressure drops more at each point along the pipe. The water pressure at the source (city water main) will remain at 60 psi. The amount of pressure lost due to friction as water flows depends on the pipe diameter and the amount of water flowing. With several faucets open, the flow at each faucet may be weak and there may not be enough pressure for a shower, for example.

Install Larger Diameter Water Supply Piping

A common "fix" for poor building water "pressure" (really flow) where the piping is blamed, is to install larger diameter water supply piping wherever the piping is readily accessible, such as in a basement or crawl area. As the sketch at left, courtesy of Carson Dunlop shows, installing larger diameter water supply piping helps regardless of where in the piping sequence it is installed - so you don't have to rip out all of the building water piping to make this water flow rate improvement. As more plumbing fixtures flow, the pressure and flow drops more at each fixture. If we replace any ten-foot section of pipe with a larger pipe, the pressure drop across that section will be reduced. Replacing any section of pipe improves pressure (and flow) throughout the system.

Add a Water Pressure Booster Pump

Adding a local municipal water pressure booster pump and a larger water pressure tank in a building with poor municipal water supply pressure will improve local water pressure in the building give a longer water draw-down time between booster pump "on" cycles, which means if your pressure normally ranges between 30 and 50, it will fall from 50 down to 30 more slowly. It won't boost system pressure beyond the control setting. If you set the control too high the pump will not reach cutoff temp and will burn up, or if you put in a more powerful pump and boost much over 70 psi you risk plumbing leaks. Adding a booster pump can improve building water pressure where incoming municipal pressure is low (MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS), where the private pump and well system can't get enough pressure or quantity (WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS) or where the building height impacts water pressure on its upper floors. See WATER PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMP for details.

Questions & Answers regarding this article

.

Share this Article      

...

Technical Reviewers & References

• InspectAPedia.com^® - Daniel Friedman - Publisher & Editor.
• InspectAPedia Bookstore lists recommended books, organized by topic & available for purchase. Most of our articles also include a list of recommended books for the specific article topic as well as other references, and information sources.
• Critique, contributions wanted: Contact Us to suggest corrections or additions to articles at this website, and if you wish, to receive online listing and credit as a contributor. Particular thanks are due to the many experts and also consumers who read and critique technical articles at InspectAPedia.com.
• Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.

Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

PLUMBING SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR

AGE of PLUMBING MATERIALS & FIXTURES
AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES
BLOCKED DRAIN REPAIR METHODS
CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR
CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPING
CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS
CROSS CONNECTIONS, PLUMBING
DRINKING WATER - EMERGENCY PURIFICATION
DRINKING WATER - EMERGENCY SOURCES
FREEZE-PROOF A BUILDING
GALVANIC SCALE & METAL CORROSION
GREYWATER SYSTEMS

HARD WATER - SOFTENERS
HOT WATER HEATERS
LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE
MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE IMPROVEMENTS
NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE
NOISE, AIR CONDITIONER COMPRESSOR
NOISE, DUCT VIBRATION DAMPENERS
NOISE CONTROL for HEATING SYSTEMS
NOISE CONTROL for FLOORS
NOISE CONTROL for PLUMBING
NOISE CONTROL for ROOFS
NOISES COMING FROM WATER HEATER

ODORS & SMELLS DIAGNOSIS & CURE

PIPING IN BUILDINGS, Clogs Leaks Types
  AGE OF PIPING
  AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES
  BRASS WATER PIPES
  CAST IRON DRAIN PIPING
  CAST IRON DRAIN LEAK, ODOR, REPAIR
  CHECK VALVES
  CHINESE DRYWALL HAZARDS
  COMPRESSION FITTINGS
  COPPER PIPING in BUILDINGS
  CLOGGED DRAIN DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR
  CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, DIAGNOSIS
  CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, REPAIR
  CLOGGED SUPPLY PIPES, HOT WATER
  CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS
  CROSS CONNECTIONS, PLUMBING
  DEBRIS in WATER SUPPLY, Water Heater
  DIAELECTRIC PIPE FITTINGS
  DRAIN & SEWER PIPING
  DRAIN NOISES
  FLARE FITTINGS
  FLOOR DRAIN / TRAP ODORS
  FREEZE-PROOF PIPES
  GAS PIPING, VALVES, CONTROLS
  GALVANIZED STEEL WATER PIPING
  LEAD PIPES in BUILDINGS
  LEAD IN DRINKING WATER, HOW to REDUCE
  LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE
  LEAD WATER PIPING HAZARDS & REMEDIES
  LEAK TYPES, Water Supply/Drain Pipe
  OIL TANK PIPING & PIPING DEFECTS
  PLASTIC PIPING
    ABS Plastic Pipes
    Polybutylene Plumbing Plastic Pipes
    Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe
    Polybutylene (PB) Pipes
    CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe
    PB Polybutylene Pipe Failure Claims
  PLASTIC PIPE LEAK CAUSES
  PLUMBING DRAIN CLEANOUTS
  PLUMBING DRAIN VENTS
  PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE DIAGNOSIS
  PLUMBING DRAIN NOISE REPAIR
  PLUMBING VENT DEFINITIONS & TYPES
  PLUMBING VENT DEFECTS & NOISES
  REPAIR BURST LEAKY PIPES
  SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION
  SEWER GAS ODORS
  SOUND CONTROL for PLUMBING
  SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES
  TRAPS on DRAINS
  VALVES, PLUMBING
     Water pipe clog diagnosis
  Water pipe clog repair guide
  WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS
  WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE
  WATER PRESSURE LOSS
AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES
PLUMBING FIXTURE TRAPS
FAUCETS & CONTROLS, KITCHEN & BATH
SCALD PROTECTION
SHOWERS, TUBS
SINKS, FIXTURES
SPAS, WHIRLPOOLS, SOAK/JETTED TUBS
SPAS, WHIRLPOOLS, INSTALLATION
TOILET ALTERNATIVES
TOILET FLUSHOMETER VALVES
TOILET INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
TOILET OVERFLOW EMERGENCY
TOILET PLUGS, SEWER BACKUP
TOILET REPAIR GUIDE
TRAPS on PLUMBING FIXTURES
TUBS & TUB REPLACEMENTS or RELINERS
PUMPS & WELLS
RANGE BOILERS
RELIEF VALVES - TP Valves on Boilers
RELIEF VALVES - Water Tanks
SEWAGE PATHOGENS in SEPTIC SLUDGE
SEWAGE & SEPTIC CONTAMINANTS
SEWAGE CONTAMINATION in BUILDINGS
SEWER BACKUP PREVENTION
SEWER GAS ODORS
SEWER LINE REPLACEMENT
SHUTOFF VALVE LOCATION, USE
SUMP PUMPS GUIDE
SWEATING (CONDENSATION) on PIPES, TANKS
TANK TYPES: WATER, OIL, EXPANSION, ALL
TANKLESS COILS
TANKLESS WATER HEATERS
TOILET FLUSHOMETER VALVES
TOILET INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
TOILET OVERFLOW EMERGENCY
TOILET PLUGS, SEWER BACKUP
TOILET REPAIR GUIDE
TRAPS on PLUMBING FIXTURES
WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE
WATER HEATERS
WATER FILTERS

WATER PRESSURE & FLOW MEASUREMENT
  WATER PRESSURE VARIATION CAUSES
  WATER PRESSURE TOO HIGH: DANGERS
  Definition of Static Water Pressure
  Definition of Dynamic Water Pressure
  Measure Municipal Water Pressure
  Measure Pump & Well Water Pressure
  WATER FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT
  HOT WATER PRESSURE EXPANSION RATE

WATER PRESSURE GAUGES
WATER PRESSURE GAUGE ACCURACY
WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR
  MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS
  MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE IMPROVEMENTS
  WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS
  WATER PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMP
  WATER PRESSURE REDUCER / REGULATOR
  WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT
  Water Tank & Pump Costs
WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE
  AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES
  MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS
  WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS
  Water Pressure Intermittent
  No Water Pressure
  Well Tank relation to Water Pressure
  Shaking the Water Tank?
  Water Pressure Bad at Some Fixtures
  Water Pressure Falls Slowly, Erratic Pumping
  Water Pressure Intermittent
  Water Pressure Tank Problems
  Water Pressure Tank Diagnosis
  Water pressure Later Returns "on its own"
  Water pipe clog diagnosis
  Water pipe clog repair guide
  WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS
  Making the "right" repair
  WATER PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMP
WATER PRESSURE REDUCER / REGULATOR
  What's a Water Pressure Regulator?
  WATER PRESSURE VARIATION CAUSES
  Diagnose Poor Municipal Water Pressure
  WATER PRESSURE REGULATOR ADJUSTMENT

WATER PRESSURE REPAIR GUIDE - WELLS

WATER PUMPS, TANKS, TESTS, WELLS, REPAIRS
WATER PUMPS & WELLS
WATER SHUTOFF VALVE LOCATION, USE
WATER SHUTOFF VALVE, WELL PUMP

WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS
WATER SOURCE ALTERNATIVES
WATER SUPPLY & DRAIN PIPING
WATER TANK TYPES: WATER, OIL, EXPANSION, ALL
WATER TANK AIR, HOW TO ADD
WATER TANK REPAIRS
WATER TESTING
WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT CHOICES
WATER USAGE TABLE

WELLS CISTERNS & SPRINGS

WINTERIZE A BUILDING

• Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission to use illustrations from their publication, The Illustrated Home which illustrates construction details and building components. Carson Dunlop provides home inspection education including the ASHI-adopted Home Inspection Training Program (home study course), publications such as the Home Reference Book, report writing materials including the Horizon report writer, and home inspection services. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
• Thanks to Jeneral Sewer Service - George - 845-297-2285, a New York Hudson Valley drain and sewer cleaning and de-clogging expert for technical details and consulting on drain clog diagnosis and repair, including proper use of the Kinetic Water Ram for drain clearing - 3/14/2009
• Thanks to our reader, Carole Cimitile, 2/17/2009, for reminding us that small problems like faucet o-rings, clogged faucet strainers and similar local plumbing fixture defects can have a big impact on hot water flow, cold water flow, or both hot and cold water flow and pressure problems.
• Thanks to reader EK Woodard, Boise State University, Boise ID, for assistance in diagnosing poor water pressure following an electrical power loss. 3/14/2010
• Thanks to reader Regina Craig for discussing water pressure loss diagnosed as due to water filter clogging 6/25/2009
• Thanks to reader Carole Cimitile, for pointing out that bad water pressure and flow can occur at multiple fixtures at once when multiple fixture repairs are needed - it's not necessarily a clogged pipe or other water system problem. Feb 2009.

Water Supply & Drain Piping, Wells, Pumps, Water Supply Equipment

• Access Water Energy, PO Box 2061, Moorabbin, VIC 3189, Australia, Tel: 1300 797 758, email: sales@accesswater.com.au Moorabbin Office: Kingston Trade Centre, 100 Cochranes Rd, Moorabbin, VIC 3189
  Australian supplier of: Greywater systems, Solar power to grid packages, Edwards solar systems, Vulcan compact solar systems, water & solar system pumps & controls, and a wide rage of above ground & under ground water storage tanks: concrete, steel, plastic, modular, and bladder storage tanks.
• Cheating on water tests: Testing Water for Real Estate Transactions - make sure your water test is valid
• Diagnosing Clogged Drains: Is it a blocked drain or the septic system? - A First Step for Homeowners
• Drinking Water Contaminant Levels - Maximum Allowed
• Drinking Water Supply, Contamination Levels, Water Testing Procedures
• Drinking Water Testing Advice for home buyers home owners home inspectors
• Interpreting Drinking Water Test Results and Correcting Unsatisfactory Water
• Lead Contamination in Drinking Water: Testing & Correction - Advice (This Article)
• Lead Testing & Correcting Contamination from Lead Water Supply Lines/Entry Mains - Lead Pipe Problems/Advice
• Life Expectancy of Water Pumps - Well Pumps: how long should a water pump last? What affects pump life?
• Life Expectancy of Wells & Water Tanks how long should a water well and its components last?
• Plumbing Diagnosis & Repair: Water supply, drainage, septic systems, water testing, water contamination, defective plumbing materials & products.
• Shock or Chlorinate a Well, How to - Procedure for Shocking a Well to (temporarily or maybe longer) "Correct" Bacterial Contamination
• Smart Tank, Installation Instructions [ copy on file as /water/Smart_Tank_Flexcon.pdf ] - , Flexcon Industries, 300 Pond St., Randolph MA 02368, www.flexconind.com, Tel: 800-527-0030 - web search 07/24/2010, original source: http://www.flexconind.com/pdf/st_install.pdf
• Typical Shallow Well One Line Jet Pump Installation [ copy on file as /water/Jet_Pump_Grove_Elect_Jet_Pumps_1.pdf ] - , Grove Electric, G&G Electric & Plumbing, 1900 NE 78th St., Suite 101, Vancouver WA 98665 www.grovelectric.com - web search -7/15/2010 original source: http://www.groverelectric.com/howto/38_Typical%20Jet%20Pump%20Installation.pdf
• Typical Deep Well Two Line Jet Pump Installation [ copy on file as /water/Jet_Pump_Grove_Elect.pdf ] - , Grove Electric, G&G Electric & Plumbing, 1900 NE 78th St., Suite 101, Vancouver WA 98665 www.grovelectric.com - web search -7/15/2010 original source: http://www.groverelectric.com/howto/38_Typical%20Jet%20Pump%20Installation.pdf
• Water Fact Sheet #3, Using Low-Yielding Wells [ copy on file as /water/Low_Yield_Wells_Penn_State.pdf ] - , Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, Cooperative Extension, School of Forest Resources, web search 07/24/2010, original source: http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/XH0002.pdf
• Water pressure tanks - how to diagnose the need for air, how to add air, stop water pump short cycling to avoid damage - water storage water pressure tank safety.
• Water pump and pressure tank repair diagnosis & cost an specific case offers an example of diagnosis of loss of water pressure, loss of water, and analyzes the actual repair cost
• Water pressure tank failures & water pump short cycling diagnosis and repair
• Water Supply & Drain Piping, water and drain pipe types, inspection, diagnosis, repairs, problem materials, clogging, etc.
• Water Tests & Fees this water test fee schedule applies when testing is combined with other onsite building inspection services
• Water Testing: background comments on classes of water contaminants, & links to home buyer advice about water testing, drinking water, water supply
• Water Requirements, Home & Outdoor Living

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

• Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.

The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 2010, $69.00 U.S., is available from Carson Dunlop, and from the InspectAPedia bookstore. The 2010 edition of the Home Reference Book is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. InspectAPedia.com ® author/editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.

• Crystal Clear Supply provides portable ceramic water filter purifiers and portable reverse osmosis water treatment equipment - see http://www.crystalclearsupply.com/category_s/7.htm
• Handbook of Disinfectants and Antiseptics, Joseph M. Ascenzi (Editor), CRC, 1995, ISBN-10: 0824795245 ISBN-13: 978-0824795245 "The evaluation of chemical germicides predates the golden age of microbiology..." -
  This well-focused, up-to-date reference details the current medical uses of antiseptics and disinfectants -- particularly in the control of hospital-acquired infections -- presenting methods for evaluating products to obtain regulatory approval and examining chemical, physical, and microbiological properties as well as the toxicology of the most widely used commercial chemicals.
• Potable Aqua® emergency drinking water germicidal tablets are produced by the Wisconsin Pharmacal Co., Jackson WI 53037. 800-558-6614 pharmacalway.com
• Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization (Hardcover)
  by A. D. Russell (Editor), W. B. Hugo (Editor), G. A. J. Ayliffe (Editor), Blackwell Science, 2004. ISBN-10: 1405101997, ISBN-13: 978-1405101998.
  "This superb book is the best of its kind available and one that will undoubtedly be useful, if not essential, to workers in a variety of industries. Thirty-one distinguished specialists deal comprehensively with the subject matter indicated by the title ... The book is produced with care, is very readable with useful selected references at the end of each chapter and an excellent index. It is an essential source book for everyone interested in this field. For pharmacy undergraduates, it will complement the excellent text on pharmaceutical microbiology by two of the present editors."
  The Pharmaceutical Journal: "This is an excellent book. It deals comprehensively and authoritatively with its subject with contributions from 31 distinguished specialists. There is a great deal to interest all those involved in hospital infection ... This book is exceptionally well laid out. There are well chosen references for each chapter and an excellent index. It is highly recommended." The Journal of Hospital Infection.: "The editors and authors must be congratulated for this excellent treatise on nonantibiotic antimicrobial measures in hospitals and industry ... The publication is highly recommended to hospital and research personnel, especially to clinical microbiologists, infection-control and environmental-safety specialists, pharmacists, and dieticians."
  New England Journal of Medicine: City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. Covers the many methods of the elimination or prevention of microbial growth. Provides an historical overview, descriptions of the types of antimicrobial agents, factors affecting efficacy, evaluation methods, and types of resistance. Features sterilization methods, and more. Previous edition: c1999. DNLM: Sterilization--methods.
• U.S. Army Field Manual 21-10, Field Hygiene and Sanitation, 1988, web search 07/02/2010, original source: http://www.enlisted.info/field-manuals/fm-21-10-field-hygiene-and-sanitation.shtml
  The purpose of this manual is to assist individual soldiers, unit commanders, leaders and field sanitation teams in preventing disease and environmental injuries. The manual provides information on preventive medicine measures (PMM) to the individual soldier as well as essential information for the unit commander, unit leaders, and the unit field sanitation team on applying unit level PMM.
• When Technology Fails, Matthew Stein, Chelsea Green Publisher, 2008,493 pages. ISBN-10: 1933392452 ISBN-13: 978-1933392455, "... how to find and sterilize water in the face of utility failure, as well as practical information for dealing with water-quality issues even when the public tap water is still flowing". Mr. Stein's website is www.whentechfails.com/
• ...