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WATER PUMPS, TANKS, TESTS, WELLS, REPAIRS

FILTERS, WATER
GREYWATER SYSTEMS

WATER CONTAMINANT LEVELS
WATER FILTERS
WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE
WATER HEATERS
WATER ODORS, CAUSE CURE
WATER PUMP REPAIR GUIDE
WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR
WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING
WATER PURIFIERS
WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS
WATER TANK REPAIR PROCEDURES
WATER TANK: USES, TROUBLESHOOTING
WATER TESTS, CONTAMINANTS, TREATMENT
WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT CHOICES
WELLS CISTERNS & SPRINGS
WELL FLOW RATE
WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS
WELL YIELD IMPROVEMENT
WINTERIZE A BUILDING

More Information

Photograph of an open spring providing water to an old property. Use of Springs for Drinking Water
     

  • SPRINGS as WATER SUPPLY - Use of Springs and Seeps for Drinking Water
    • Is spring water safe to drink? How to make springwater potable. - What's Wrong Using a Spring to Supply Drinking Water to a Building?
    • What's the difference between a spring and a seep?
    • Sanitation Advice for Springs as a Drinking Water Source - Spring Water Contamination
  • Questions & Answers about using springwater for drinking water
  • References

Click to Show or Hide Related Topics

  • WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR - home
  • AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES
  • AIR VOLUME CONTROLS, WATER TANK
  • CHECK VALVES, WATER SUPPLY
  • FLOODED WELL REPAIR
  • FOOT VALVES, WELL PIPING
  • ODORS IN WATER
  • PIPING in BUILDINGS, CLOGS, LEAKS, TYPES - home
  • PLUMBING SYSTEM INSPECT DIAGNOSE REPAIR - home
  • RELIEF VALVES - Water Tanks
  • WATER CONTAMINANT LEVELS
  • WATER FILTERS
  • WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE & CURE
  • WATER PRESSURE & FLOW MEASUREMENT
  • WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS, PRIVATE WELL
  • WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR - home
  • WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE
  • WATER PRESSURE REDUCER / REGULATOR
  • WATER PUMPS, TANKS, TESTS, WELLS, REPAIRS - home
  • WATER PUMP CAPACITIES TYPES RATES GPM
  • WATER PUMP CONTROLS & SWITCHES
  • WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT
  • WATER PUMP PRIMING PROCEDURE
  • WATER PUMP REPAIR GUIDE - home
  • WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING
  • WATER PUMP WONT STOP RUNNING
  • WATER PURIFIERS
  • WATER QUALITY TESTS, CONTAMINANTS, TREATMENT
  • WATER QUANTITY TEST: WELL FLOW TEST
  • WATER QUANTITY IMPROVEMENT
  • WATER SHUTOFF VALVE LOCATION
  • WATER SUPPLY & DRAIN PIPING
  • WATER TANK: USES, TROUBLESHOOTING - home
  • WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT CHOICES - home
  • WELLS CISTERNS & SPRINGS - home
    • ARTESIAN WELLS, Well Spools
    • BASEMENT WELLS
    • CISTERNS
    • DRILLED WELLS, STEEL CASINGS
    • DRIVEN POINT WELLS
    • DUG WELLS, by HAND
    • WELL WATER CONTAMINATION: CAUSES, CURES - home
    • HOW MUCH WATER IS IN THE WELL?
      • STATIC HEAD
      • TOTAL WATER QUANTITY AVAILABLE
      • WELL YIELD
      • WELL YIELD IMPROVEMENT
    • JETTED WELLS
    • OLD WELL - RETURN TO SERVICE
    • SPRINGS as WATER SUPPLY
    • WASH WELLS
    • WATER HAMMER NOISE DIAGNOSE, CURE
  • WELL CASING LEAK REPAIRS
  • WELL CHLORINATION SHOCKING PROCEDURE
  • WELL CLEARANCE DISTANCES
  • WELL DEPTH, HOW TO MEASURE
  • WELL FLOW RATE
  • WELL FLOW TEST for WATER QUANTITY
  • WELL LIFE EXPECTANCY
  • WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS
  • WELL PIPING TAIL PIECE
  • WELL PITS
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.

Drinking spring water? This article describes using springs for drinking water and explains issues with spring water sanitation. We provide advice about what to do when things go wrong with a drinking water spring, and we discuss the differences between a spring and a seep, spring and a dug well, and a spring and other types of water sources. .

Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.

Springs as a Water Supply

Photograph of an open spring providing water to an old property. Open water springs, and similar containers have been used for centuries to supply water to buildings.

If the water tank is located higher than the building it serves the water supply can be fed by gravity.

If the open water tank is in the building or below it the water may be moved to the point of use by a hand pump or an electrical pump.

In the page top photograph my client and we had found the water supply for his home: a spring-fed in-ground cistern located uphill from the house and fed to the house by gravity.

 

What's Wrong Using a Spring to Supply Drinking Water to a Building?

Spring water can be delicious and clean if it is in a protected location. But most residential springs serving homes are not so carefully designed.

Springs and cisterns that are open to groundwater runoff like these are unlikely to provide sanitary drinking water since they are easily contaminated by surface runoff. Where building security and personal security are a special concern, the water source needs to be protected from tampering; in these cases a spring could be deliberately contaminated or poisoned.

In the pictures of springs used as a home water supply shown above, the cover is unsafe or missing completely, and the springs remain vulnerable to surface contaminants such as animal waste, pesticides, fertilizers, or other surface chemicals. Even if a water spring passes a bacterial test we have these remaining concerns:

  • Other chemicals or contaminants may be present
  • The spring is so easily contaminated from surface water that we can't be sure that it will remain as a sanitary water source.

Sanitation Advice for Springs as a Drinking Water Source - Spring Water Contamination

OPINION: As we discussed Hand Dug Wells, at While 100 years ago or more surface water found in dug wells and springs was often of high quality and potable - at least in some areas of the world.

It is difficult to keep a ground water spring or seep sanitary - a typical residential water-source spring is open to both surface runoff and ground water runoff. When the author was a boy, our water was taken from a cool surface spring at our home in Dunnsville, Virginia.

Dad, helped by Ivory Washington, built a concrete enclosure to keep nearby surface runoff out of the spring. He also built a roof over the enclosure, to that to obtain water we had to dip it out of the springhouse. Later we added a small pump to send the springwater to our house.

The spring enclosure, combined with his observation that water was constantly rising to the surface of the spring from an underground source gave Dad confidence in the water quality - we doubt he ever had it tested. Water rose in the concrete enclosure, filling it to overflowing. We also kept our watermelons cool by tossing them into the springhouse.

But today it is very difficult to find sanitary drinking water where surface runoff and shallow subsurface water enter the water supply such as that provided by a residential spring or hand dug well. This is also true for other types shallow wells such as Driven Point Wells, and even drilled wells protected by a well casing in some cases.

Commercially sold bottled spring water is a different matter and is expected to be sanitary and thus safe to drink. Keep in mind that bottled water sold as "spring water" is typically not only taken from a protected source, but it is also constantly tested by the bottled water producer, and in at least some instances bottled spring water may also be sanitized or treated as well.

Shocking a spring water source (WELL CHLORINATION & SHOCKING) in an attempt to "fix" a bacteria problem in its drinking water is almost certainly unreliable.

You can shock the spring at its source - a momentary sanitizing step for spring water that is not durable, but if you are not going to drill a modern sanitary well (costly), in order to assure safe potable drinking water you will probably need to install water treatment equipment to sanitize the water - after testing to see what contaminants besides bacteria (Interpreting the Level of Bacteria) are present.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Springs for Drinking Water

What is the Difference Between a Spring and a Seep as a Water Source?

Question: how I can tell the difference between a spring and a seep?

I was wondering if you could tell me how I can tell the difference between a spring and a seep? What do I look for. I have what looks like the start of a small steam on my property. It is very small and moving slowly and there are a bunch of heavy rocks near by so I can't tell exactly where it is coming from. Someone had put a well on the property but apparently it is unusable according to the realtor. - J.S.

Reply:

A competent onsite inspection by an expert usually finds additional clues that help accurately diagnose a problem with your water supply. That said, here are some things to consider: a "seep" is essentially the same thing as a spring - both are sources of water at or near ground surface.

People use the word "seep" when the flow rate is small, and more importantly, to imply that the water arriving at the point where it is collected has passed through a length of soil near the ground surface, or perhaps even on the surface such as under leaves and moss. Neither source is reliably sanitary for drinking water in most U.S. locations.

To make use of seep water for watering grass or something similar:

  • You will want to do some exploring to see if you can follow the water course back on the ground surface to a source such as a rock face or rockfield.
  • The closer you can construct a water collecting cistern to the seep water source the less unsanitary surface materials will affect the water supply.
  • Keep your cost down by keeping things simple: if the property has enough slope from seep and cistern location to point of use you may use a gravity piping system. See our warnings just below.

If you are planning to make use of seep water for more than watering the grass,

you'll almost certainly need to install a water treatment / purification system before it could be safe to drink. Before choosing a water treatment system for your seep water here are some things to consider:

  • If the total flow rate of the seep is quite low - as is usually the case - the water supply quantity may not justify purchasing and installing collection cistern, pump, piping, and water treatment equipment that would be necessary.
  • Seep water supplies are often seasonal - you may have no water in the seep during dry weather.

What's the difference between a spring and a dug well and a drilled well?

Question: I am looking at a home that has its water supply in the basement floor. How do I know if its a cistern or a well?

Hand dug well (C) Daniel Friedman

I have a question, I am looking at a home that has its water supply in the basement floor.

How do I know if its a cistern or a well? I mean...

The water is in the basement of an old house , I'm thinking mid 1800s , the hole is covered with a metal plate.

When we lifted it up the water was moving.

There is a tank used for wells and the pump is also mounted by the tank. Is it possible it is the original water supply way back, and a well was added later? - R.H.

Reply: Photos comparing a cistern, dug well, and drilled well, all sometimes found under or close to buildings

Our photo (above, by your question) is what you see when looking down into a hand dug well that was constructed of stone walls, later sealed with mortar. A dug well can vary enormously in width depending on the number of people who are to depend on it and thus the amount of water people want it to hold in reserve. But in North America, typically a dug well is less than 10 feet in diameter. Depths of hand dug wells vary, deeper being scarier and more dangerous to dig. Hand dug wells are described in detail at Hand Dug Wells

Cistern in a basement (C) D FriedmanCisterns: At left is a typical cistern that was constructed in the basement of a re-1900 home in the Northeastern U.S. A cistern is basically just a water holding tank. So you would see something sending water into it. Like roof downspouts.

Historically cisterns were dug outside of structures, covered and sealed against unsanitary surface runoff, and were or still are today filled by directing rainwater from building roofs into the cistern. A cistern might also be supplied with springwater routed through pipes or an aquaduct.

Typically a cistern will be more shallow than a hand dug well, and larger in cross sectional dimensions so that it can hold a large reservoir of water from another source. For details see CISTERNS.

Wells in basements: We discuss basement wells in more detail at Basement Wells. In contrast with cisterns (tanks that hold water from another source), a well well gets its water from the earth, typically by water seeping through soils (shallow wells) or rock fissures (deeper wells) into either a dug opening in the earth or one that has been drilled.

Depending on the well diameter and depth, it may also store a useful volume of water (a large static head) or it may store very little volume of water, relying instead on a fast flow-rate of water into the well when water is being taken out of it. In a basement most likely a well is hand dug - as you'd not normally be able to get a well drilling rig to drill down through the house itself.

Just below are photographs of different well water sources that are sometimes found inside of a building: From left to right,

Left: my clients opening a cover over a dug well in a basement floor. That well was not in use but was a hazard. Center: an antique well pump mounted right on top of a steel well casing for a shallow well that was originally immediately outside the building wall in a well pit, later enclosed as an exension poking out from the basement wall and thus "under the house". Right: a drilled well in a steel casing enclosed in an extension through the basement foundation wall, also open to the basement.

Antique well pump on steel casing under a home (C) D Friedman Antique well pump on steel casing under a home (C) D Friedman Antique well pump on steel casing under a home (C) D Friedman

From your question you are probably describing a "dug well" or a "constructed spring" It would be unusual but not impossible for someone to build a house over a spring. More often in older homes people dug a cistern or even a dug well in the basement of the home. In niether case can you trust that the water supply is or will remain sanitary.

As you saw water "moving" I infer that you saw groundwater entering the well from one of the source types I described above. Of course it's possible that what you saw is really just a cistern - in which case the flow of water coming into the cistern could be from a spring, a remotely dug or drilled well, roof runoff, a nearby stream, or other source that is either uphill and drains into the cistern by gravity, or is fed by a pump. You'd need to explore the water source and property to figure that out.

At the top of this page is a photo of an access to a spring that we found hundreds of feet away from the home that it served. Water bubbled up into the spring, collected in a concrete chamber that had been built around the spring, and flowed out through a hole near the top of the spring enclosure wall where it entered a pipe that flowed by gravity to a holding cistern in the house itself. From there originally a hand pump drew water into a kitchen sink - later that pump was replaced by a local electric pump and a pressure tank.

Details of dug wells are at Hand Dug Wells. Here are some basics:

From a practical sense, if it's a dug well it's shallow - less than 25 ft deep. (Measure your well dimensions including the height of the water column, total well depth, diameter, and I can say more. If it's a spring it might be more shallow. But in both cases your water supply depends on ground water seeping into the well or spring opening. And you're pumping it out using probably a shallow well one line jet pump. (If you see TWO pipes running from your pump into the well it's a deep well jet pump and it would hardly be likely to be dug.)

If you are going to rely on this water supply for drinking you'll

  • probably need (I would insist on) a treatment system to assure that the water remains sanitary and potable between tests
  • not want to bet on the water quantity being adequate

And yes, typically a dug well originally provided water by bucket and rope, later by hand pump, and later by an electrical pump and pressure tank.

Readers of this document should also see Water Tank Types and before assuming that a water problem is due to the well itself, see Water pump and pressure tank repair diagnosis & cost an specific case which offers an example of diagnosis of loss of water pressure, loss of water, and analyzes the actual repair cost.

Question: what to use to patch a leaky springwater container

I have a hand dug and stone and cement spring at my camp which isn't holding water very well. I want to patch the inside with something that can stay wet and won't be toxic, any ideas? - D.H. 4/3/2013

Reply: approaches to sealing a spring or other container intended to contain potable water

Aquarium sealers non-toxic choices (C) InspectApedia

  1. Hydraulic cement, high in portland content, is compatible and as it's essentially the same as what you've already got - concrete - about the same in toxicity. But if the cracks and leaks are because the concrete structure you built to contain springwater is tipping, bending, breaking, leaks will probably recur until you fix the underlying support.
  2. An alternative that is surely not toxic would be to try a silicone or similar sealant sold for use in constructing an aquarium. If we have a product that doesn't kill the fish that's a good sign. As you will see from our clip of advertisements for aquarium sealers in our photo above these are generally silicone sealant products sold by Ag, DAP, DOW, Marineland, Perfecto, and other manufacturers. [Click any InspectApedia.com image to see an enlarged detailed version.]
  3. An alternative for which you'd need to read the MSDS but that might work well would be swimming pool patching compounds.
  4. I am hesitant to recommend some of the excellent caulks and sealants without checking the caulk's chemistry. But in general, the most toxic chemical in some caulks would be mineral spirits (possibly a source of benzene, a carcinogen, for example).

Acrylic / latex caulks, do not contain mineral spirits but our research (see CAULKS_NONTOXIC) indicates that it would usually be more accurate to call these products "low toxicity caulks and sealants" rather than "non-toxic". Nothing, not even water, is completely "non-toxic".

For example, DAP's Acrylic Latex Caulk is such a product, and is availble in versions that include or exclude silicone. Silicone, itself rather inert when cured, is key in making a caulk waterproof.



  • Please see CAULKS_NONTOXIC for details about choosing a non-toxic or at least low toxicity caulk or sealant.
  • See CAULKS & SEALANTS, EXTERIOR for details about selecting and using these products

Watch out: surface preparation is also key to a successful caulk or seal job. Be sure that the areas around the cracks or sealants you are using are clean and if the sealant requires, also dry and at a suitable temperature.

...

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Questions & answers or comments about using springwater for drinking water.

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Technical Reviewers & References

Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.

  • [1] Debra Lynn Dodd, "What are the Best Nontoxic Caulks?", Mother Earth Living, http://www.motherearthliving.com/home- products/what-are-the-best-nontoxic-caulks.aspx, retrieved 4/3/2013
  • [2] DAP Inc., "Alex Plus Clear Caulk MSDS Material Data Safety Sheet", http://www.dap.com/docs/msds/00010019002_english.pdf retrieved 4/3/2013, copy on file as DAP_Acrylic_Latex_Alex_Plus_Caulk_MSDS.pdf.
    DAP Inc., 2400 Boston Street Suite 200, Baltimore MD 21224, Tel: 888-327-8477 (non-emergency matters). Excerpt:
    Emergency Overview: A white to off-white paste product with a very slight ammonia odor. WARNING! May cause eye, skin, nose, throat and respiratory tract irritation. May cause eye or skin irritation. Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. This product contains ethylene glycol.
  • [3] Dow Corning, "Dow Corning® 790 Silicone Building Sealant, Gray, MSDS Material Data Safety Sheet", retrieved 4/3/2013, copy on file as Dow_Silicone_Sealant_790_MSDS.pdf, Dow Corning Corporation, South Saginaw Road, Midland MI 48636, Customer Service: 989-496-6000; Emergency Telephone: 989-496-5900.
  • [4] AFMSafecoat, No company address provided by their website! Telephone: 800-239-0321, Email: info@afmsafecoat.com, Website: http://www.afmsafecoat.com/.
    From the product MSDS [on file as Safecoat_gmeycr7130 Caulking Compund msds 2008.pdf] the company is identified as American Formulating & Manufacturing, 3251 Third Ave., San Diego CA 92103, Tel: 619-239-0321.
  • [5] "Nano-tech sunscreen presents potential health risk". ABC News. December 18, 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/18/2450030.htm [Wikipedia retrieved 4/3/13]
  • Drinking Water Contaminant Levels - Maximum Allowed
  • Drinking Water Supply, Contamination Levels, Water Testing Procedures
  • Drinking Water Testing Advice for home buyers home owners home inspectors
  • Interpreting Drinking Water Test Results and Correcting Unsatisfactory Water
  • Lead Contamination in Drinking Water: Testing & Correction - Advice
  • Shock or Chlorinate a Well, How to - Procedure for Shocking a Well to (temporarily or maybe longer) "Correct" Bacterial Contamination
  • Water Testing: background comments on classes of water contaminants, & links to home buyer advice about water testing, drinking water, water supply
  • Wikipedia provided background information about some topics discussed at this website provided this citation is also found in the same article along with a " retrieved on" date. NOTE: because Wikipedia entries are fluid and can be amended in real time, we cite the retrieval date of Wikipedia citations and we do not assert that the information found there is necessarily authoritative. 4/3/2013: retrieved data from Wikipedia entries for Titanium dioxide.

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

  • Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
  • Home Reference Book - Carson DunlopThe Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.

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  • GO TO Carson Dunlop's Home Study Course Information - How to Become a Home Inspector: Carson Dunlop's nationally recognized Home Study Course, selected by ASHI the American Society of Home Inspectors and other professionals and associations. This website author is a contributor to this course.
    Building inspection education & report writing systems from Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd
  • Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto, have provided us with (and we recommend) Carson Dunlop Weldon & Associates' Technical Reference Guide to manufacturer's model and serial number information for heating and cooling equipment
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  • ...
  • Crystal Clear Supply provides portable ceramic water filter purifiers and portable reverse osmosis water treatment equipment - see http://www.crystalclearsupply.com/category_s/7.htm
  • Handbook of Disinfectants and Antiseptics, Joseph M. Ascenzi (Editor), CRC, 1995, ISBN-10: 0824795245 ISBN-13: 978-0824795245 "The evaluation of chemical germicides predates the golden age of microbiology..." -
    This well-focused, up-to-date reference details the current medical uses of antiseptics and disinfectants -- particularly in the control of hospital-acquired infections -- presenting methods for evaluating products to obtain regulatory approval and examining chemical, physical, and microbiological properties as well as the toxicology of the most widely used commercial chemicals.
  • Potable Aqua® emergency drinking water germicidal tablets are produced by the Wisconsin Pharmacal Co., Jackson WI 53037. 800-558-6614 pharmacalway.com
  • Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization (Hardcover)
    by A. D. Russell (Editor), W. B. Hugo (Editor), G. A. J. Ayliffe (Editor), Blackwell Science, 2004. ISBN-10: 1405101997, ISBN-13: 978-1405101998.
    "This superb book is the best of its kind available and one that will undoubtedly be useful, if not essential, to workers in a variety of industries. Thirty-one distinguished specialists deal comprehensively with the subject matter indicated by the title ... The book is produced with care, is very readable with useful selected references at the end of each chapter and an excellent index. It is an essential source book for everyone interested in this field. For pharmacy undergraduates, it will complement the excellent text on pharmaceutical microbiology by two of the present editors."
    The Pharmaceutical Journal: "This is an excellent book. It deals comprehensively and authoritatively with its subject with contributions from 31 distinguished specialists. There is a great deal to interest all those involved in hospital infection ... This book is exceptionally well laid out. There are well chosen references for each chapter and an excellent index. It is highly recommended." The Journal of Hospital Infection.: "The editors and authors must be congratulated for this excellent treatise on nonantibiotic antimicrobial measures in hospitals and industry ... The publication is highly recommended to hospital and research personnel, especially to clinical microbiologists, infection-control and environmental-safety specialists, pharmacists, and dieticians."
    New England Journal of Medicine: City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. Covers the many methods of the elimination or prevention of microbial growth. Provides an historical overview, descriptions of the types of antimicrobial agents, factors affecting efficacy, evaluation methods, and types of resistance. Features sterilization methods, and more. Previous edition: c1999. DNLM: Sterilization--methods.
  • U.S. Army Field Manual 21-10, Field Hygiene and Sanitation, 1988, web search 07/02/2010, original source: http://www.enlisted.info/field-manuals/fm-21-10-field-hygiene-and-sanitation.shtml
    The purpose of this manual is to assist individual soldiers, unit commanders, leaders and field sanitation teams in preventing disease and environmental injuries. The manual provides information on preventive medicine measures (PMM) to the individual soldier as well as essential information for the unit commander, unit leaders, and the unit field sanitation team on applying unit level PMM.
  • When Technology Fails, Matthew Stein, Chelsea Green Publisher, 2008,493 pages. ISBN-10: 1933392452 ISBN-13: 978-1933392455, "... how to find and sterilize water in the face of utility failure, as well as practical information for dealing with water-quality issues even when the public tap water is still flowing". Mr. Stein's website is www.whentechfails.com/
  • ...

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