How to Add Air to a Water Pressure Tank by Draining Using Gravity & a Garden Hose InspectAPedia® -
How to restore lost air in a building water pressure tank using a garden hose and gravity
How to add the correct amount of air back to a water pressure tank
Alternative procedure for fine-tuning the water tank air pressure setting
How to diagnose & correct short cycling "on-off" of the building water pump
Well pump & water tank diagnosis & repair procedures
Questions & answers on the procedure for adding air to a water pressure tank by draining the tank using a garden hose.
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This article describes How to restore lost air in a building water pressure tank using a garden hose and gravity in a building water supply system where a private well is the
water source. This procedure is used as a simple means to correct water pump short cycling when the cause is a water-logged water tank.
This article also provides a second procedure for cases in which the water pressure tank is already working normally but wants fine-tuning of its air pressure - at Alternative procedure for water tank air pressure
Bladderless Steel Water Pressure Tanks can lose their air charge over time and may need air added by any of several methods described beginning at WATER TANK AIR, HOW TO ADD.
Bladder type or "captive air" water tanks do not normally need to have makeup air added, and water pressure or short cycling problems with bladder-type water tanks are usually traced to a failure of the bladder itself - a component that may be replaceable. See WATER TANK BLADDERS & CAPTIVE AIR.
Rocking the water pressure tank: (Gently) If the water-containing rubber bladder in a "captive air" water tank is defective (it can become stuck to itself and remain collapsed), the result can be a rapid on-off short cycling of the water pump. We test water pressure tanks to see if they're empty or nearly empty of water by seeing if we can rock or move the tank. If the tank is heavy with water it does not move easily. Be careful not to jiggle and break a pipe! Bladder type or captive-air water pressure tanks and their repairs are described just above and in more detail at WATER TANK TYPES.
Readers of this document should also see Water pump and pressure tank repair diagnosis & cost an specific case which offers an example of diagnosis of loss of water pressure, loss of water, and analyzes the actual repair cost.
The illustration at page top is courtesy of Carson Dunlop, Inc. in Toronto.
3: USE GRAVITY - Method 3: Use Gravity to drain the tank and to let air into it
The photograph shows a typical water tank with
controls located near the tank bottom. Clicking on this photo shows an enlargement of the blue-handled drain valve
that might be used to drain all of the water out of this tank in the "gravity procedure" we discuss
below. In this particular photograph, you can see lots of water system components that can be identified:
The well casing top - the rusty round disk on the floor to the front right of the gray water tank, with
a black plastic supply pipe leaving the well casing. The upside down "U" shaped little copper pipe also leaving the
well casing top is an air vent to let air into the well during the pumping cycle.
The piping from well casing to water tank which in this case goes from black plastic at the well
to galvanized pipe to the pump control switch (gray box) to copper into the bottom of the water tank.
The water pump pressure control switch the gray box with wires to and from it, connected on
the piping between the well and the bottom of the water tank.
The water tank and water system blue handled drain valve, the round blue-handled valve attached on the
left side of the water pipe entering the bottom of the water tank.
Here is a close up photo of that valve along with a yellow-handled shutoff valve
The water system yellow-handled shutoff valve. Here is a close up photo showing
both drain valve and shutoff valve.
Water supply piping into the home in this case is at the right of the gray box containing the water pump pressure control switch.
The bottom of a water treatment device, probably a chlorinator can be seen at the right of this photo. The black-bottomed
round container and next to it a solid black container may be a combination water softener and chlorinator or just a chlorination system.
We suspect this because we see a small diameter plastic tube connected on a tee in the black plastic line leaving the well casing top. This
is typical of a chlorine injection system used on bacteria-contaminated wells.
Water leaks may be present as the floor is wet around this equipment.
On your water supply system these components may not all be present and they may at slightly different locations.
Here is a step by step method to add air to a water tank to stop short cycling of the
pump. You'll need a garden hose. That's about it, but read all of these instructions
through before starting this project
The procedure just below is most suitable for a bladderless steel water pressure tank.
Use the bathroom if you need to, while you can still flush. Then run and save some water into a container for drinking
or other purposes (see "Warning, Loss of Pump Prime" below)
before starting this procedure, just in case you get into trouble. A few gallons is more than
enough for most situations.
Turn off electric power to the water pump. In this photo the thoughtful prior owner has
marked the electrical switch above and to the left of the water tank with the word "WELL" so we figure this is probably
the electrical switch to turn off the water pump.
Turn this switch off now. Do
this at the electric panel if there is not a special switch for the pump
located nearer the water pressure tank.
Note about the main and other water shutoff valves: you don't have to open or
close any other shutoff valves at the tank to follow this procedure. This is
great since these shutoffs, seldom used, often don't work anyway.
But if the
drain valve at the bottom of (or near the bottom of) the water tank is
old, stuck, damaged, or otherwise inoperable, you may want to revert to methods
#1 or #2 above until you can ask a plumber to replace the drain at the bottom of the
pressure tank.
Attach a garden hose to the tank drain. The water tank drain valve is usually
located at or near the front bottom of the water tank itself, and it looks just like an outdoor or
laundry faucet except you have to bend over and fiddle around to get the
hose attached since it's down near the floor.
The tank drain will always be
located at the bottom of the tank. Don't
get mixed up with some higher faucet somewhere else or this method won't work.
If there is a floor drain near the tank you
can simply drain the tank to that drain, but watch out! Often these drains are
clogged. Don't have a basement flood; have a garden hose handy to drain to
outside if needed.
In this photo, the long handle marked "water" is the water shutoff between the water
tank and the rest of the building. When this valve is at right angles to the
direction of the water pipe, that shutoff is "off".
We leave it open (parallel to the pipe, as you see it here) for this
procedure so that air can get into the tank from a nearby open faucet in the building.
In this photo the round black handled valve marks the water tank drain to which
you will attach a garden hose.
The small brass fitting to the right of the black
drain valve is a pressure relief valve needed on any pressurized tank.
The water pressure gauge is also visible in the center of this photo as is the blue base of our
water tank in the background. On your water system these components may be
located differently.
Run the other end of the garden hose outside and
to a location where the end of the hose will be lower than the tank drain.
After all eventually we're going to be relying on gravity and water does not
run uphill.
Open the water tank drain faucet. Shortly you should see water running out of the other end of the hose.
Let air into the tank. Eventually water will
virtually stop running out of the hose. But if all of the fixtures in the building are
turned off there may be no easy path for air to flow backwards through the plumbing and
into the water tank. So water may still remain in the pressure tank. If you push (gently!) on the water tank you may discover that it still is heavy - containing water.
(Don't wiggle the tank all over the
place or you might cause a pipe to leak.) Now water is barely running out of
the hose because no air can get into the tank. It's like holding a full soda bottle
upside down - air has to work to get in past the water gurgling out. In this
case air would have to bubble all the way in up through the garden hose. We'll
meet our maker before this will ever happen.
So here are some ways to get air
into the tank, arranged in order of preference:
Use that Schrader Valve: Once no pressure is left in
the tank, since you have a Schrader valve on the tank you can just press the
little valve pin in the center of the valve. You might get a little squirt of water.
This means the tank is still under pressure.
Wait a few minutes then try again.
Once there is no pressure in the tank the valve stem will stay pressed down and
you'll hear air hissing and bubbling into the tank. Isn't this just the
neatest thing? You could speed things along with a bicycle pump but it's not
necessary.
No Schrader valve? or in a hurry? open a plug which might be found on the water tank top or center of the side
of the water tank.
This works fastest but has
several risks: it's hard to get this plug out and in doing so you might jiggle
the tank so much you cause a pipe leak nearby. And if you don't have pipe
sealant or Teflon tape you may have trouble getting the plug back in and
absolutely tight. If the plug leaks you're worse off than before we started. I'd
hold this idea in reserve for systems without a Schrader valve.
No Schrader and No Plug? Open other plumbing fixtures in the building: at a nearby sink, for example.
This step can speed things along, depending on
how pipes are routed. Opening a nearby fixture valve gives an easy path for
air to enter the tank.
Remember to close these fixtures up
before turning the water back on. If you forget to close open fixtures you'll either
hear them running when the pump is turned back on, or you'll notice that the pump
just runs and runs when it's turned on.
Also, as a general warning, if you find any building
water control valves hard to
operate, leave them alone or you may cause a leak, or you may open the valve and
be unable to close it later. Older, unused valves are often best left alone
until you have a plumber and spare parts readily at-hand.
When to stop letting air into the tank - gravity
method: Using this "gravity method" you simply let ALL of the
water out of the tank. Once air is hissing and bubbling into the tank and
water is gurgling out of the garden hose you're nearly home free. Just let it
run until nothing is happening. You can't make a mistake since any excess air
will be automatically purged later when you run various fixtures.
Close the tank drain and remove the garden hose. Also close any other valves or fixtures you may have opened
in the building.
Warning about loss of pump prime: in a few instances, draining the water tank can also drain water out of the
pump itself - if the pump is inside the building. Some (indoor) water pumps, if drained dry, won't be able to lift
water back into the system.
Such pumps need to be re-primed. This is a use for that water we told you to run and
set aside before beginning your project. Pumps that need to be primed will have a fitting (or a simple pipe plug) atop the water pump
housing itself that is opened, and into which pump priming water is poured until this chamber is filled - usually a
quart is about enough to refill the pump. This is never a problem with submersible (in-the-well) water pumps.
Turn electric power to the well water pump back on.
Check for leaks: Walk calmly back to the water pressure tank and listen and watch for leaks.
Water Leaks Found: Is water squirting all over the place?
It is? Remain calm. It's just water. Humans are mostly made out of water anyway. If the leak is significant,
turn off electric power to the water pump, using the switch at the pump ONLY if you're not also standing on a wet floor.
If the floor is wet, go to the electric panel and turn the pump off there.
Water tank drain valve leak: If it's leaking from the tank
drain try closing it off more tightly. If it won't stop leaking there you need
to turn off the electric power once again and go out to buy a garden hose
end-cap to screw over the tank drain so you can use the system while
waiting for a plumber to replace the drain valve washer or parts. Don't' forget
to get a hose washer to fit inside the garden-hose cap or the cap will leak
too.
Water tank Schrader valve water leak: If water is leaking
from the Schrader Valve try just pressing the valve tip down and releasing it a
couple of times. This will usually re-seat the valve stem and leaking will
stop. If this doesn't work, borrow a valve stem cap from your car and
screw it over the Schrader valve end to stop the leak. This will let you use
the system until a plumber can replace the valve stem core or replace the
valve.
Other water leaks: if water is leaking from
somewhere else you did something we didn't anticipate and you'll need to shut
off the system and call me or call a plumber.
Air leaks in the plumbing system: Is air hissing out of somewhere?
Remain calm. We can fix this too. After all, humans breathe air. It's not so bad.
Schrader valve air leak: if air is leaking out of
this valve follow the Schrader valve water leak procedure just above. You might
have to jiggle the valve stem a few times or wait a full minute then try again.
This almost always works. If not use a tire valve cap to close off the leak as
described above.
Air volume control air leak: If air is hissing
out from the air volume control you can almost always stop it by pressing a
finger a time or two for a few seconds or more atop the leaking hole.
You
can find the hole buy simply feeling for where air is squirting out. The
back pressure created when you press your finger over the leak will often clean
and re-seat the little valve in this device. If this doesn't work you might try
just letting the tank fill up with water to see what happens.
No big flood is going
to occur. If water keeps on leaking out of the tank you'll need to shut off the
electric power and call a plumber to replace the valve. (A rare requirement.)
I hate these AVC's anyway as they so often are worthless. On my systems if the
AVC gives me trouble we take it off and throw it away, screwing a plug into wherever
it was mounted. So there!
Air leaks at plumbing fixtures in the building: using this method we've put a lot of air into the pressure tank. When the pump
first comes on some air will be pushed up into the building piping. Don't
worry, it won't hurt a thing. But when you first run water at various
fixtures some air may come squirting out with the water. This problem will
correct itself as soon as you've run a minute or so of water at the offending
fixture. Don't worry, it's normal.
If air is leaking out of
somewhere else I'd love to hear about it, as we can't imagine what you did. You may try waiting a few minutes to see if it
stops. In worst case you'll have some water spillage and you'll need to call a
plumber.
That's it. You've finished restoring lost air from the building water supply pressure tank!
3-Alt: Alternative procedure for fine-tuning bladder-type water tank air pressure
This alternative method for fine-tuning the air pressure setting in a water pressure tank was suggested by reader Mark Caruso. CONTACT
us to suggest changes and additions to this water tank procedure.
Watch out: The water tank air pressure adjustment described below is only suitable if your water tank is already working normally and if there is no evidence of a waterlogged pressure tank, significant water pressure tank air loss, or a SHORT CYCLING WATER PUMP.
Note that adjusting the water tank air pressure is not a substitute for adjusting the water tank pressure control switch discussed at WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT. The pressure control switch sets the cut in and cut out pressures of the water supply system. The proper volume of air in the pressure tank avoids short cycling of the water pump as we discuss beginning at SHORT CYCLING WATER PUMP.
Mr. Caruso's alternate idea for fine-tuning a non-waterlogged water pressure tank air charge includes these four simple steps:
Close off all plumbing fixtures that are using water in the building.
Turn on the water pump and let the system run until the water pump turns off (the system water pressure has reached the "cut out" pressure set on the pump control switch).
Open one or more plumbing fixtures to drain the water pressure in the system; during this draining, monitor the air pressure; note the air pressure at which the water pump restarts – this calibration tells you approximately the current pump cut-in pressure setting as measured with your water tank pressure gauge. We say "approximately because pressure gauges are not precise and sometimes give very inaccurate readings. See WATER PRESSURE GAUGE ACCURACY.
Use this calibration setting minus 2 psi to charge the water tank air bladder following the procedure described at WATER TANK BLADDER PRESSURE ADJUSTMENT
Questions & Answers regarding this article
Questions & answers on the procedure for adding air to a water pressure tank by draining the tank using a garden hose.
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Thanks to reader Mark Caruso
for discussing alternative methods for fine tuning the water pressure tank air pressure setting - July 2010
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Access Water Energy, PO Box 2061, Moorabbin, VIC 3189, Australia, Tel: 1300 797 758, email: sales@accesswater.com.au Moorabbin Office: Kingston Trade Centre, 100 Cochranes Rd, Moorabbin, VIC 3189
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Smart Tank, Installation Instructions [ copy on file as /water/Smart_Tank_Flexcon.pdf ] - , Flexcon Industries, 300 Pond St., Randolph MA 02368, www.flexconind.com, Tel: 800-527-0030 - web search 07/24/2010, original source: http://www.flexconind.com/pdf/st_install.pdf
Typical Shallow Well One Line Jet Pump Installation [ copy on file as /water/Jet_Pump_Grove_Elect_Jet_Pumps_1.pdf ] - , Grove Electric, G&G Electric & Plumbing, 1900 NE 78th St., Suite 101, Vancouver WA 98665 www.grovelectric.com - web search -7/15/2010 original source: http://www.groverelectric.com/howto/38_Typical%20Jet%20Pump%20Installation.pdf
Typical Deep Well Two Line Jet Pump Installation [ copy on file as /water/Jet_Pump_Grove_Elect.pdf ] - , Grove Electric, G&G Electric & Plumbing, 1900 NE 78th St., Suite 101, Vancouver WA 98665 www.grovelectric.com - web search -7/15/2010 original source: http://www.groverelectric.com/howto/38_Typical%20Jet%20Pump%20Installation.pdf
Water Fact Sheet #3, Using Low-Yielding Wells [ copy on file as /water/Low_Yield_Wells_Penn_State.pdf ] - , Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, Cooperative Extension, School of Forest Resources, web search 07/24/2010, original source: http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/XH0002.pdf
Water pressure tanks - how to diagnose the need for air, how to add air, stop water pump short cycling to avoid damage - water storage water pressure tank safety.
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How to Add Air to a Water Pressure Tank by Draining Using Gravity & a Garden Hose
