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This article describes how air should be added to a building water tank in a building water supply system where a private well is the water source and the well tank is not a bladder type or "captive air" tank. Readers of this document should also see WATER TANK BLADDER PRESSURE ADJUSTMENT where we discuss adjusting air pressure in a bladder type water tank to factory specs. Readers of this document should also see Water pump and pressure tank repair diagnosis & cost an specific case which offers an example of diagnosis of loss of water pressure, loss of water, and analyzes the actual repair cost. The illustration at page top is courtesy of Carson Dunlop, Inc. in Toronto.

Be sure to see our full article on water pump and water tank safety, located at WATER PUMP & TANK SAFETY .

HOW MUCH AIR TO ADD - How Much Air is needed in the water pressure tank?

These comments only apply to methods 1 (using an air volume control) and 2 (using an air valve) for adding air to a water tank, discussed above. Method 3 (draining water out of the tank) is so simple you just don't care about this question.

Here we are discussing adding air into a water tank, up to some starting pressure (the pump is turned off during this procedure) so that the water pump itself doesn't have to work too hard. Don't confuse the air pressures we discuss here with the water pressures we discuss at WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT

Some basic concepts about water tank air pressure: if the air pressure in the water tank is higher than the pump pressure control cut-in pressure, in a captive-air water tank the pump can't turn on. In a "glass lined" bladderless water tank this problem will self-correct - when a nearby faucet is opened excess air will simply gush out of the faucet at the end of the drawdown cycle. If the air pressure in the water tank (when the tank is empty) is much below the pump pressure switch cut-in pressure, the volume of water that can be drawn out of the water tank will be reduced and the system will not perform properly.

• Just prevent short water pump cycling: You want enough air in the tank that the pump stops short-cycling. Don't worry, you can't put in too much air - as long as there is a pressure relief valve on the tank bottom you cannot damage the tank by trying to put in excessive air pressure.
• Don't put too much air into a captive-air bladder-type water tank: we have had a number of reports of ruptured bladders in water tanks. If you put too much air into one of these tanks (the air is in the tank but outside of the bladder) the water pump wont' be able to push much water into the bladder and you'll get a short draw-down cycle. Conversely if you set the pump pressure too high on one of these systems, you might cause the water bladder to rupture inside the tank.
  
  In general, bladder type water tank manufacturers recommend that the tank be empty of water when you set the air pressure in the tank to the specified psi. If you set the air pressure to the specified psi while there is water in the tank, the air volume will be incorrect (too small) and the water tank will not perform properly.
  
  See WATER TANK BLADDERS & CAPTIVE AIR and also WATER TANK BLADDER PRESSURE ADJUSTMENT where we discuss adjusting air pressure in a bladder type water tank to factory specs. We discuss water pump pressure control adjustments at WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT
• Don't blow up the water tank: If the tank does not have a pressure relief valve intended for water tanks installed on the tank bottom or nearby to protect the tank from over pressure you should have one installed. Especially with systems using a submersible pump capable of pumping to high pressure, this is an important safety device.
• 18 or 28 psi should be ok: If you are uncertain about whether or not the tank is protected from overpressure, you are safe pumping the starting air pressure inside your water tank up to 18 psi if your water pump is operating in the 20-40 psi pressure range.
  
  You can try starting at 28 psi before re-starting the pump if your water pump is set to operate in the 30-50 psi range. Some plumbers and well tank manufacturers instruct installers add air pressure to the water tank until air pressure in an empty tank is set to 2 psi below the preset water pump cut-in pressure. We discuss how to set the water pump cut in and cut out pressures at WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT.
• At least 30 seconds of water draw-down time is a reasonable minimum target: that is, with other water system pump and tank components operating normally, we want to be able to run at leasat 30 seconds of water at a nearby kitchen tap before the pump has to turn on. Longer draw-down cycles are better, up to the point of an excessive air charge.
  
  Even without emptying water from a non-bladder type water tank we can often get things working satisfactorily by simply adding air until the tank drawdown cycle is sufficient.
• Excess air will just be discharged: Provided that your water tank is one that does not use an internal bladder to keep water separate from air, if you have put more air into the pressure tank than necessary, the excess air will simply squirt out of various faucets the next time you run water and then the problem will go away.

Water tank condensation marks: If you look at an older pressure tank you can usually see a darker or even rusted color at the bottom portion of the tank. The top edge of this colored area marks the normal air-water boundary in the tank. (Condensation on the water-filled part of the tank causes this corrosion or darkening.) In this photograph the black mold and debris stains on the lower portion of the water tank probably show the usual levels at which water has been maintained in the tank. So if you've pumped air into the tank and later you see that the top of the area of tank covered by condensation is about where this line is, you're in business. If you see condensation occurring 2 or 3 inches from the top of the tank you need to add more air. We used to put in enough air to give a minimum of 30 seconds of water running before the pump came on but this number varies widely depending on pump power and on how fast an individual fixture runs. So ignore air quantity advice based on time except to watch out for real short-cycling as described earlier.

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WATER PRESSURE REGULATOR ADJUST
WATER PRESSURE REPAIR GUIDE & COSTS
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WATER PUMPS & WELL TANKS
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WATER TANK TYPES: WATER, OIL, EXPANSION, ALL
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WATER TANK AIR, HOW TO ADD
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  WATER TANK AIR ADD AT AIR VALVE
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  HOW MUCH AIR TO ADD
  AIR HOW OFTEN TO ADD
WATER TANK BLADDERS & CAPTIVE AIR
WATER TANK REPLACEMENT
WATER TANK BLADDER PRESSURE ADJUSTMENT
WATER TANK PRESSURE CALCULATIONS
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