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How to Diagnose & Repair Slowly-Dropping Water Pressure InspectAPedia®  -     Diagnosis of water pressure that falls after the well pump has shut off Explanations of erratic well pump and pressure control behavior Tracing a water pressure problem to pressure gauge, pressure switch, pump relay, check valve, foot valve, or building water leaks How to decide if water pump pressure control switch or water pump replacement is needed Questions & answers about water pressure that falls off slowly or deteriorates

Troubleshooting deteriorating water pressure in buildings: this article describes how to diagnose slow water pressure loss and erratic well pump behavior.

The process of diagnosis and the costs of the repair are explained. Consumer advice on saving money on water supply repair costs includes a review of the parts and labor costs of a typical well pump and pressure tank replacement case. Readers whose wells simply run out of water should also see How to Test Well Water Quantity and see How to Get More Water From a Well.

Readers should see Water Pressure Intermittent, or to start at the top, see WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR and also Water pressure Later Returns "on its own" - more details about intermittent water pressure and what to do about it. If your building has water pressure problems, see WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS. Readers whose wells simply run out of water should also see How to Test Well Water Quantity and see How to Get More Water From a Well.

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How do we diagnose slow pressure or loss of water pressure in a building after the well pump has cycled off, and what are the common causes and repairs for erratic well pump or pressure switch behavior?

Short cycling of a well pump (see WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING) has several possible causes, including a partly-clogged sensor on the pressure switch (blocked by debris, water pressure is slow to enter the pump control, and slow to leave it). A similar problem can happen at a pressure gauge, making the gauge slow to register an increase and then to bleed down, showing a pressure drop more slowly than the actual water pressure drop.

Meaning of a Slow Responding Well Pump Pressure Switch

A slow response of a well water pump pressure switch (WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL) and/or pump relay control (WATER PUMP RELAY SWITCH) to the actual water pressure suggest a blocked pressure switch sensing port - due to debris in the water or hard water. (More details on this problem are at ).

Note that water pump relay switches are often installed when the well pump is actually down in the well (a submersible pump) while in-building water pumps (1 line or 2-line jet pumps) will not usually require the heavy-duty pump relay control. Instead the in-building pumps are controlled directly by the pressure switch.

Meaning of Building Water Pressure Drop to Zero

A building water pressure drop to zero when the well pump is still able to switch on and restore water pressure (if the gauge is accurate - see WATER PRESSURE GAUGE ACCURACY) suggests a bad foot valve or bad check valve that is letting water pressure drain back into the well. If building water pressure is lost entirely and does not immediately recover when the pump turns on, see WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR.

When building water pressure appears to drop after the pump is turned off, some causes include

• Water is running in the building, such as a running toilet (usually shows as very slow pressure drop, 10 minutes or more); if a faucet were on full or a pipe in the building has burst, running water rapidly, you'd probably know it; In this case water pressure would be expected to drop to the pump cut-in pressure and the pump would come on again (but monitoring this can be confused if the pressure gauge is not working properly, or if the pump pressure control switch is not working properly).
• Water running in well piping, such as a leak in piping in the well, or a lost foot valve, or a bad check valve at the building, can bleed water pressure backwards down into the well when the pump stops. This can drop water pressure to zero.
• Water pressure not really dropping (nor rising) exactly as the pressure gauge indicates, can be due to a partly clogged pressure port on the gauge (by debris), slowing its response; but in this case the gauge won't normally drop down to zero. We discuss gauge problems with air or water pressure gauge readings on water tanks at How to Read Water Tank Air Pressure Accurately

Sorting Out the Job of the Pressure Switch vs. the Pump Relay Switch

We were unsure about the "clunk" reported by a reader as an intermittent sound at the pump relay, but a possible explanation would be confusion between what the little water pressure switch is doing versus what the heavy duty pump relay switch is doing.

Normally, the water pressure at the pressure sensing switch is what turns the pump on and off, either by directly switching the pump on and off in response to sensing the cut-in or cut-out pressure at the pump or water tank, OR indirectly by turning on and off a heavy-duty pump relay switch that is used to turn higher horsepower and thus higher amperage-drawing (submersible) well pumps on and off.

Running a high-amp well pump off of a little pressure control switch will often burn up the switch contacts, or the amperage draw may exceed the rating of the pressure switch itself - that's why the relay switch is used.

So the "duty cycle of the pump" cited by our reader doesn't seem to explain this problem, though some other electrical problem in the pump wiring or controls could be causing the pump to cycle on and off while the pressure switch continues to call for pumping - such as a faulty thermal overload switch.

List of Diagnostic Steps for Slowly-Falling Building Water Pressure

• Turn off the main building water valve when the well pump has started running, isolating the pressure tank and pump controls from the building. Now the pump should bring the water tank and controls up to the cutoff pressure and things should stay there. If water pressure drops after the pump stops, either your main house valve is leaking and there is water running in the building, or there is a bad check valve or foot valve and water and pressure are returning to the well. See MAIN WATER SHUTOFF VALVE.
• Put an independent, working water pressure gauge on the system, say at the pressure tank drain valve, and see what is actually happening to building water pressure;
• Use a neon tester or a VOM to see when the pressure gauge contacts are closed and calling for the pump relay to close and thus turn on the pump; make the same checks at the pump relay. WATCH OUT there are electrocution hazards if you are not careful. See Using DMMs & VOMs Safely.

Reader Question about Dropping Water Pressure

I have a residential well that is about 11 years old. I believe the pump itself is a submersible type located at the end of the pipe at the bottom of the casing in the back yard. In the house, there is a bladder type pressure tank, a control box on the wall, a pressure switch and guage on the water pipe. After that is the water filter and water softener. Then it branches out to the house.

My Well pump is short cycling. Here's what I see:

Looking at the pipes in the basement where the well attaches to the house water system, I watch the water pressure guage. Its at 60 psi. I open a facet and run some water until the well pump turns on. The pressure guage is about 40 psi when the pump turns on. I stop running water.

The pressure rises to about 55 psi and the well pump turns off. I watch the pressure guage and it slowly drops a few psi while maybe 10 seconds have passed.

The slow water pressure drop problem and its diagnosis are discussed in this article beginning at Water Pressure Falls Slowly, Erratic Pumping.

Also see WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING.

The pump turns back on and pumps up to about 58 psi and turns off.

I watch the pressure guage and it slowly drops a few psi while about 10 more seconds pass. The pump turns back on and pumps up to 60 psi and now I hear a solid "clunk" noise in the well control (relay) box on the wall and the pump turns off. This time, there is no drop in pressure and the pump does not turn back on unless I use more water.

I found this information about the "foot valve" and "well pump pressure" that may help explain the cause but what is the "clunk" noise and why doesn't the clunk happen every time the pump cycles? Does the clunk only happen when the foot valve is engaged? Or is the well pump unable to produce 60 psi every time and has its own shut-off at the pump itself?

Well piping foot valve leaks:

In some cases a defective foot valve in the well can cause water to drain back out of the building system into the well, dropping pressure in the water tank and causing the pump to run mysteriously. The "foot valve" is an anti-siphon device intended to hold water in the pipe that rises up inside the well after the pump has shut off. If the foot valve is damaged you'll need a plumber to pull the well line and replace the valve. The foot valve itself is an inexpensive part but pulling the well line can be costly. On the author's well the foot valve lasts typically about 20 years. See WELL PIPING FOOT VALVES.

Well pump pressure:

Exceeding well pump pressure capability: If you set the cut out (stop pumping) pressure higher than the water pump is capable of reaching, the pump will just keep running indefinitely until it burns up or blows a fuse or trips a circuit breaker or overheats. See WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT.

General Tips for Diagnosing Water Pressure Problems

This sketch, courtesy of Carson Dunlop, shows five factors that affect the water pressure and flow in a building. What the sketch has not included are water pressure, quantity, or flow problems that originate at the well, well pump, or water pressure tank. Here is our comprehensive guide to diagnosing bad water pressure.

If you have no water pressure at all, see No Water Pressure and see the other water pressure diagnostic articles listed just below.

If your water pressure is intermittent, starts and stops, or varies in pressure, see Water Pressure Intermittent and see the other water pressure diagnostic articles listed just below.

If there is some water pressure but the pressure and/or flow are poor? See the diagnostic articles listed just below.

Water supply piping problem? See Bad water pressure Clogged Pipes & Water pipe clog repair guide.

Keep in mind that if water is running elsewhere in the building (another shower, sink, dishwasher, clothes washer, garden hose, etc) then the water pressure you will observe at your location will usually be reduced.

If you have good cold water pressure but not enough hot water pressure or hot water quantity, see HOT WATER IMPROVEMENTS

If you have good water pressure at some fixtures but not at others, you probably have a clog in building piping (such as due to mineral deposits, rust, or even excessive solder in new work), or mineral and debris clogged strainers at faucets and shower heads (check these first). Also see Water pipe clog diagnosis and  Water pipe clog repair guide.

How to Diagnose Poor Well Water or Pump Water Pressure

For our complete water pressure and pump, well, and piping problems diagnostic article list, see WATER PRESSURE REPAIR GUIDE & COSTS and WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR. Separately we also provide a WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE. The following articles pertain if you have a private well, pump, and tank system for your building or if your incoming community water supply pressure and flow are just too low to start with:

1. Water Tank Problems? See Water Pressure Tank Problems. Examples of water tank problems include poor water pressure or the well pump rapidly turning on and off (short cycling).
   
2. Water pump problems? Examples of water pump problems include poor water pressure or no water pressure at all. See
• WATER PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL ADJUSTMENT - poor building water pressure or flow
• PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL REPAIR - pump is not delivering water at all or water pressure is poor
• WATER PUMP RELAY SWITCH - submersible pump has stopped working
• WATER PUMP PRIMING PROCEDURE - well pump keeps losing prime - pump runs but gives no water
• WATER PUMPS & TANKS & WELLS - complete list of articles
• WATER PUMP CONTROLS & SWITCHES - complete list of well pump controls and switches, identification, diagnosis, repair
• WATER PRESSURE GAUGE ACCURACY - maybe water pressure is fine and it's the gauge that's bad?
  
3. Water piping or well piping problems? If your water pump keeps losing prime, a shallow well jet pump well line could have a bad foot valve (in the well WELL PIPING FOOT VALVES) or there may be a bad check valve on well piping at or near the water tank or near the above-ground water pump (CHECK VALVES) and so be losing prime. A leak in the well line piping itself can also lead to loss of prime.
4. Well Problems? Do you run out of water or after running water for some interval water pressure and flow are poor? Well problem diagnosis starts at  WELLS CISTERNS & SPRINGS. Before assuming that there is no water in the well, check to see if the water pump is working properly, including loss of pump prime (WATER PUMP PRIMING PROCEDURE) and a bad or leaky well piping foot valve (WELL PIPING FOOT VALVES).
   
5. Bad water pump or water tank pressure regulator control? See WATER PRESSURE REDUCER / REGULATOR (not usually installed on private well and pump systems, often present on municipal water supply systems that use an in-building local water pump and pressure tank to boost pressure). Water pump pressure regulator switch diagnosis and repair steps include these:
   • How to Adjust Water Pump Pressure: The detailed, step by step procedure for inspecting and adjusting the water pressure control switch is discussed in detail at ADJUST PUMP PRESSURE CONTROL.
   • Diagnosing Water Pump Short Cycling on and off: If your water pump is clicking on and off too often or quite rapidly see SHORT CYCLING.
   • Diagnosing Water Pressure Drops without explanation when the pump stops, see Water Pressure Falls Slowly, Erratic Pumping: bad pressure control switch, building water running or leak, bad pressure gauge, bad check valve, bad foot valve.
   • Diagnosing & Repairing Lost Air in the Water Tank: The problem of lost air in the water pressure tank along with how to correct that condition are discussed beginning at SIGNS OF AIR LOSS.
   • Diagnosing & Repairing a Water Pressure Control or Water Pump Control Switch: We discuss diagnosing and repairing a water pressure control switch that sticks "on" or "off" or simply won't operate, at water pump Pressure Switch Repairs.
     
6. Bad Hot Water Pressure? See HOT WATER IMPROVEMENT especially if the building cold water pressure is acceptable but hot water pressure and flow are poor. Accumulated debris in a water heater, and debris from a corroded or disintegrating hot water tank dip tube or hot water tank sacrificial anode can also block the hot water outlet opening, resulting in low hot water pressure in a building.
7. Bad cold or hot water pressure and flow just at certain plumbing fixtures? See our discussion of Poor water pressure just at certain plumbing fixtures just above.
8. Problems with water treatment equipment can cause loss of water pressure or no water flow: a clogged water filter, or a malfunction in water disinfection or other water treatment equipment can cause a reduction in water pressure or even a complete stop in water flow in a building. See WATER FILTERS for details about clogged filters, and see WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT CHOICES for our complete list of types of water treatment equipment.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about deteriorating well water pressure or flow rate

Question: why would my submersible pump system recovery time have gotten so much longer?

I have a well with a pump at 60'. Recently the pump "recovery" time has increased dramatically. When I check the ohms on the electric it appears that there is no problem and when checking amps when running, it is drawing about 10 amps. What can the problem be? - C H Werner

Reply: some causes of dropping water delivery rate from the well

C H

In addition to the diagnostic articles listed earlier in the article above, you should check out our two approaches to diagnosing loss of water pressure: WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR and in table form, WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE.

If your well pump is running longer to reach the pressure control switch cut-off point, I can suggest several causes (listed in the above article and table) that you will want to investigate:

- the water level in the well may be dropping or the well recovery rate is deteriorating; when the well pump is protected against running dry by a tailpiece or other equipment then the pump may simply run longer to satisfy the pressure tank and control. See How to Test Well Water Quantity

- the well pump impeller assembly could be damaged

- the well pipe foot valve or pickup strainer may be clogged - see FOOT VALVES, WELL PIPING

- the voltage may be improper or a bad electrical connection may be delivering low voltage to the pump. You'd think the pump wouldn't run at all but that's not always the case.

- there could be a leak in the well piping anywhere between the building water tank and the water pickup in well bottom

- water could be running in the building at the same time that the pump is running - perhaps one or more running toilets that were not notices

- something else that we haven't thought-of

Keep us posted on which of these you find - it will assist other readers.

Questions & Answers regarding this article

Questions & answers about water pressure that falls off slowly or deteriorates.

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WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS
  Water Pressure Intermittent
  No Water Pressure
  Well Tank relation to Water Pressure
  Shaking the Water Tank?
  Water Pressure Falls Slowly, Erratic Pumping
  Water Pressure Intermittent
  Water Pressure Tank Problems
  Water Pressure Tank Diagnosis
  Water pressure Later Returns "on its own"
  Water pipe clog diagnosis
  Water pipe clog repair guide
  WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS

• Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission to use illustrations from their publication, The Illustrated Home which illustrates construction details and building components. Carson Dunlop provides home inspection education including the ASHI-adopted Home Inspection Training Program (home study course), publications such as the Home Reference Book, report writing materials including the Horizon report writer, and home inspection services. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
• Thanks to Jeneral Sewer Service - George - 845-297-2285, a New York Hudson Valley drain and sewer cleaning and de-clogging expert for technical details and consulting on drain clog diagnosis and repair, including proper use of the Kinetic Water Ram for drain clearing - 3/14/2009
• Thanks to our reader, Carole Cimitile, 2/17/2009, for reminding us that small problems like faucet o-rings, clogged faucet strainers and similar local plumbing fixture defects can have a big impact on hot water flow, cold water flow, or both hot and cold water flow and pressure problems.
  

• Plumbing Diagnosis & Repair: Water supply, drainage, septic systems, water testing, water contamination, defective plumbing materials & products.
• Water pump and pressure tank repair diagnosis & cost an specific case offers an example of diagnosis of loss of water pressure, loss of water, and analyzes the actual repair cost
• Water pressure tank failures & water pump short cycling diagnosis and repair

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

• Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.

The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 2010, $69.00 U.S., is available from Carson Dunlop, and from the InspectAPedia bookstore. The 2010 edition of the Home Reference Book is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. InspectAPedia.com ® author/editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.

• Crystal Clear Supply provides portable ceramic water filter purifiers and portable reverse osmosis water treatment equipment - see http://www.crystalclearsupply.com/category_s/7.htm
• Handbook of Disinfectants and Antiseptics, Joseph M. Ascenzi (Editor), CRC, 1995, ISBN-10: 0824795245 ISBN-13: 978-0824795245 "The evaluation of chemical germicides predates the golden age of microbiology..." -
  This well-focused, up-to-date reference details the current medical uses of antiseptics and disinfectants -- particularly in the control of hospital-acquired infections -- presenting methods for evaluating products to obtain regulatory approval and examining chemical, physical, and microbiological properties as well as the toxicology of the most widely used commercial chemicals.
• Potable Aqua® emergency drinking water germicidal tablets are produced by the Wisconsin Pharmacal Co., Jackson WI 53037. 800-558-6614 pharmacalway.com
• Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization (Hardcover)
  by A. D. Russell (Editor), W. B. Hugo (Editor), G. A. J. Ayliffe (Editor), Blackwell Science, 2004. ISBN-10: 1405101997, ISBN-13: 978-1405101998.
  "This superb book is the best of its kind available and one that will undoubtedly be useful, if not essential, to workers in a variety of industries. Thirty-one distinguished specialists deal comprehensively with the subject matter indicated by the title ... The book is produced with care, is very readable with useful selected references at the end of each chapter and an excellent index. It is an essential source book for everyone interested in this field. For pharmacy undergraduates, it will complement the excellent text on pharmaceutical microbiology by two of the present editors."
  The Pharmaceutical Journal: "This is an excellent book. It deals comprehensively and authoritatively with its subject with contributions from 31 distinguished specialists. There is a great deal to interest all those involved in hospital infection ... This book is exceptionally well laid out. There are well chosen references for each chapter and an excellent index. It is highly recommended." The Journal of Hospital Infection.: "The editors and authors must be congratulated for this excellent treatise on nonantibiotic antimicrobial measures in hospitals and industry ... The publication is highly recommended to hospital and research personnel, especially to clinical microbiologists, infection-control and environmental-safety specialists, pharmacists, and dieticians."
  New England Journal of Medicine: City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. Covers the many methods of the elimination or prevention of microbial growth. Provides an historical overview, descriptions of the types of antimicrobial agents, factors affecting efficacy, evaluation methods, and types of resistance. Features sterilization methods, and more. Previous edition: c1999. DNLM: Sterilization--methods.
• U.S. Army Field Manual 21-10, Field Hygiene and Sanitation, 1988, web search 07/02/2010, original source: http://www.enlisted.info/field-manuals/fm-21-10-field-hygiene-and-sanitation.shtml
  The purpose of this manual is to assist individual soldiers, unit commanders, leaders and field sanitation teams in preventing disease and environmental injuries. The manual provides information on preventive medicine measures (PMM) to the individual soldier as well as essential information for the unit commander, unit leaders, and the unit field sanitation team on applying unit level PMM.
• When Technology Fails, Matthew Stein, Chelsea Green Publisher, 2008,493 pages. ISBN-10: 1933392452 ISBN-13: 978-1933392455, "... how to find and sterilize water in the face of utility failure, as well as practical information for dealing with water-quality issues even when the public tap water is still flowing". Mr. Stein's website is www.whentechfails.com/
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